Activation of the complement system by pathogenic fungi

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 34-46

  Kozel, Thomas R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3; COMPLEMENT RECEPTOR;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ASPERGILLUS; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDIASIS; CELL WALL; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCY; COMPLEMENT SYSTEM; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; FUNGUS; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INFLAMMATION; MEDIATOR; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; OPSONIZATION; PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; TRICHOPHYTON;

ANIMALIA; ASPERGILLUS; CANDIDA ALBICANS; FILOBASIDIELLA NEOFORMANS; FUNGI; PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS; TRICHOPHYTON;

EID: 0030029567     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.9.1.34-46.1996     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Budzko, D. B., and R. Negroni. 1975. Hemolytic, cytotoxic and complement inactivating properties of extracts of different species of aspergillus. Mycopathologia 57:23-26.
2. Burger, E., L. M. Singer-Vermes, and V. L. G. Calich. 1985. The role of C5 in experimental murine paracoccidioidomycosis J. Infect. Dis. 152:425.
3. Byron, J. K., K. V. Clemons, J. H. McCusker, R. W. Davis, and D. A. Stevens. 1995. Pathogenictiy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in complement factor five-deficient mice. Infect. Immun. 63:478-485.
4. Cabib, E., B. Bowers, A. Sburlati, and S. J. Silverman. 1988 Fungal cell wall synthesis: the construction of a biological structure. Microbiol. Sci. 5: 370-375.
5. Calich, V. L. G., T. L. Kipnis, M. Mariano, C. F. Neto, and W. Dias Da Silva. 1979. The activation of the complement system by Paracoccidioides brasihensis in vitro: its opsonic effect and possible significance for an in vivo model of infection Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 12:20-30.
6. Calich, V. L. G., C. A. C. Vaz, and E. Burger. 1985. PMN chemotactic factor produced by glass-adherent cells in the acute inflammation caused by Paracoccidioides brasihensis. Br. J Exp. Pathol. 66:57-65.
7. Cherniak, R., E. Reiss, M. E. Slodki, R. D. Plattner, and S. O. Blumer. 1980 Structure and antigenic activity of the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococus neoformans. Mol. Immunol 17:1025-1032.
8. Chiang, Y., M. Chuan, C. Chang, H. Yeh, and Y. Lu. 1985. Cutaneous cryptococcosis: a case with C3 deposition on capsules. J. Dermatol. 12: 79-85.
9. Cinader, B., S. Dubiski, and A. C. Wardlaw. 1964. Distribution, inheritance, and properties of an antigen, MUB1, and its relation to hemolytic complement. J. Exp. Med. 120:897-924.
10. Clas, F., and M. Loos. 1982. Requirement for an additional serum factor essential for the antibody-independent activation of the classical complement sequence by gram-negative bacteria. Infect Immun. 37:935-939.
11. Clemons, K. V., J. H. McCusker, R. W. Davis, and D. A. Stevens. 1994. Comparative pathogenesis of clinical and nonclinical isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Infect. Dis 169:859-867.
12. Cole, G. T. 1981. Architecture and chemistry of the cell walls of higher fungi, p. 227-231. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbiology - 1981 American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C
13. Collins, H. L., and G. J. Bancroft. 1992. Cytokine enhancement of complement-dependent phagocytosis by macrophages: synergy of tumor necrosis factor-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:1447-1454.
14. Cooper, N. R. 1985. The classical complement pathway. Activation and regulation of the first complement component Adv. Immunol. 37:151-216.
15. Dahl, M. V., and R. Carpenter. 1986. Polymorpnonuclear leukocytes, complement, and Trichophyton rubrum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 86:138-141.
16. Davies. S. F., D. P. Clifford, J. R. Hoidal, and J. E. Repine. 1982. Opsonic requirements for the uptake of Cryptococcus neoformans by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. J. Infect. Dis 145:870-874.
17. de Messias, I. T., and D. Mohren. 1994. Classical and alternative complement pathway activation in paracoccidioidomycosis J. Invest. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 4:91-95.
18. Denning, T. J. V., and R. R. Davies. 1973. Candida albicans and the chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Sabouraudia 11:210-221.
19. Devi, S. J. N., R. Schneerson, W. Egan, T. J. Ulrich, D. Bryla, J. B. Robbins, and J. E. Bennett. 1991. Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A glucuronoxylomannan-protein conjugate vaccines: synthesis, characterization, and immunogenicity. Infect. Immun. 59:3700-3707.
20. Diamond, R. D., and N. F. Erickson III. 1982. Chemotaxis of human neutrophils and monocytes induced by Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 38:380-382.
21. Diamond, R. D., J. E. May, M. Kane, M. M. Frank, and J. E. Bennett. 1973. The role of late complement components and the alternate complement pathway in experimental cryptococcosis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 144: 312-315.
22. Diamond, R. D., J. E. May, M. A. Kane, M. M. Frank, and J. E. Bennett. 1974. The role of the classical and alternative complement pathways in host defenses against Cryptococcus neoformans infection. J. Immunol. 112:2260-2270.
23. DiCarlo, F. J., and J. V. Fiore. 1958. On the composition of zymosan. Science 127:756-757.
24. Edwards, J. E., Jr., T. A. Gaither, J. J. O'Shea, D. Rotrosen, T. J. Lawley, S. A. Wright, M. M. Frank, and I. Green. 1986. Expression of specific binding sites on Candida with functional and antigenic characteristics of human complement receptors. J. Immunol. 137:3577-3583.
25. Ehrlich, P., and H. Sachs. 1902 Ueber die Vielheit der Complemente des Serums. Berl. Klin. Wochschr. 39:297-299.
26. Eigentler, A., T. F. Schulz, C. Larcher, E.-M. Breitwieser, B. L. Myones, A. L. Petzer, and M. P. Dierich. 1989. C3bi-binding protein on Candida albicans: temperature-dependent expression and relationship to human complement receptor type 3. Infect. Immun 57:616-622.
27. Ellman, L., I. Green, and M. Frank. 1970. Genetically controlled total deficiency of the fourth component of complement in the guinea pig. Science 170:74-75.
28. Fizpatrick, F. W., and F. J. DiCarlo. 1964. Zymosan. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 118:235-261.
29. Gadebusch, H. H. 1961. Natural host resistance to infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. I. The effect of the properdin system on the experimental disease. J. Infect. Dis. 109:147-153.
30. Galgiani, J. N., R. A. Isenberg, and D. A. Stevens. 1978. Chemotaxigenic activity of extracts from the mycelial and spherule phases of Coccidioides immitis for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect. Immun. 21:862-865.
31. Galgiani, J. N., P. Yam, L. D. Petz, P. L. Williams, and D. A. Stevens. 1980. Complement activation by Coccidioides immitis in vitro and clinical studies. Infect. Immun 28:944-949.
32. Gelfand, J. A., D. L. Hurley, A. S. Fauci, and M. M. Frank. 1978. Role of complement in host defense against experimental disseminated candidiasis. J. Infect. Dis. 138:9-16
33. Gilmore, B. J., E. M. Retsinas, J. S. Lorenz, and M. K. Hostetter. 1988. An iC3b receptor on Candida albicans: structure, function, and correlates for pathogenicity. J Infect. Dis. 157:38-46.
34. Goren, M. B., and J. Warren. 1968. Immunofluorescence studies of reactions at the cryptococcal capsule. J. Infect. Dis. 118:215-229.
35. Graybill, J. R., and J. Ahrens. 1981. Immunization and complement interaction in host defence against murine cryptococcosis. RES J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 30:347-357.
36. Griffin, F. M., Jr. 1981. Roles of macrophage Fc and C3b receptors in phagocytosis of immunologically coated Cryptococcus neoformans Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:3853-3857.
37. Gustafson, K. S., G. M. Vercellotti, C. M. Bendel, and M. K. Hostetter. 1991. Molecular mimicry in Candida albicans: role of an integrin analogue in adhesion of the yeast to human endothelium. J. Clin. Invest. 87:1896-1902
38. Hay. R. J., and E. Nageeb Saeed. 1981. The immunofluorescence staining of fungi in chronic dermatophyte infections. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 6:155-158.
39. Hector, R. F., J. E. Domer, and E. W. Carrow. 1982. Immune responses to Candida albicans in genetically distinct mice. Infect. Immun. 38:1020-1028.
40. Hector, R. F., E. Yee, and M. S. Collins. 1990. Use of DBA/2N mice in models of systemic candidiasis and pulmonary and systemic aspergillosis. Infect. Immun. 58:1476-1478.
41. Heidenreich, F., and M. P. Dierich. 1985 Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea, in contrast to other Candida species, bind iC3b and C3d but not C3b. Infect Immun. 50:598-600.
42. Henwick, S., S. V. Hetherington, and C. C. Patrick. 1993. Complement binding to aspergillus conidia correlates with pathogenicity. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 122:27-35.
43. Hess, W. M., and D. L. Stocks. 1969. Surface characteristics of Aspergillus conidia. Mycologia 61:560-571.
44. Horisberger, M., and M. Vonlanthen. 1977. Localization of mannan and chitin on thin sections of budding yeast cells with gold markers. Arch. Microbiol. 115:1-7.
45. Horstmann, R. D., M. K. Pangburn, and H. J. Müller-Eberhard. 1985. Species specificity of recognition by the alternative pathway of complement. J. Immunol. 134:1101-1104.
46. Hosteller, M. K., J. S. Lorenz, L. Preus, and K. E. Kendrick. 1990. The iC3b receptor on Candida albicans: subcellular localization and modulation of receptor expression by glucose. J. Infect. Dis. 161:761-768.
47. Hostetter, M. K., M. L. Thomas, F. S. Rosen, and B. F. Tack. 1982. Binding of C3b proceeds by a transesteriflcation reaction at the thiolester site. Nature (London) 298:72-75.
48. Houpt, D., G. S. T. Pfrommer, B. Young, T. Larson, and T. R. Kozel. 1994. Characteristics of antibodies in normal human serum that are reactive with the Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan. Infect. Immun. 62: 2857-2864.
49. Hughes-Jones, N. C. 1986. The classical pathway, p. 21-44. In G. D. Ross (ed.), Immunobiology of the complement system: an introduction for research and clinical medicine. Academic Press, Inc , Orlando. Fla.
50. James, P. G., R. Cherniak, R. G. Jones, C. A. Stortz, and E. Reiss. 1990. Cell-wall glucans of Cryptococcus neoformans CAP 67. Carbohydr. Res. 198: 23-38.
51. Kawasaki, T., R. Etoh, and I. Yamashina. 1978. Isolation and characterization of a mannan-binding protein from rabbit liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 81:1018.
52. Keller, R. G., G. S. T. Pfrommer, and T. R. Kozel. 1994. Occurences, specificities, and functions of ubiquitous antibodies in human serum that are reactive with the Cryptococcus neoformans cell wall. Infect. Immun. 62: 215-220.
53. Kozel, T. R., R. R. Brown, and G. S. T. Pfrommer. 1987. Activation and binding of C3 by Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 55:1890-1894.
54. Kozel, T. R., B. Highison, and C. H. Stratton. 1984. Localization on encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans of serum components opsonic for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils. Infect. Immun. 43:574-579.
55. Kozel, T. R., and G. S. T. Pfrommer. 1986. Activation of the complement system by Cryptococcus neoformans leads to binding of iC3b to the yeast. Infect. Immun. 52:1-5.
56. Kozel, T. R., G. S. T. Pfrommer, A. S. Guerlain, B. A. Highison, and G. J. Highison. 1988. Strain variation in phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans. dissociation of susceptibility to phagocytosis from activation and binding of opsonic fragments of C3. Infect. Immun. 56:2794-2800.
57. Kozel, T. R., M. A. Wilson, T. P. Farrell, and S. M. Levitz. 1989. Activation of C3 and binding to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia and hyphae. Infect. Immun 57:3412-3417.
58. Kozel, T. R., M. A. Wilson, and J. W. Murphy. 1991. Early events in initiation of alternative complement pathway activation by the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 59:3101-3110.
59. Kozel, T. R., M. A. Wilson, G. S. T. Pfrommer, and A. M. Schlageter. 1989. Activation and binding of opsonic fragments of C3 on encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans by using an alternative complement pathway reconstituted from six isolated proteins. Infect. Immun. 57:1922-1927.
60. Law, S. K., and R. P. Levine. 1977. Interaction between the third complement protein and cell surface macromolecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:2701-2705.
61. Law, S. K., N. A. Lichtenberg, and R. P. Levine. 1979. Evidence for an ester linkage between the labile binding site of C3b and receptive surfaces. J. Immunol. 123:1388-1394.
62. Law, S. K. A., T. M. Minich, and R. P. Levine. 1981. Binding reaction between the third human complement protein and small molecules. Biochemistry 20:7457-7463.
63. Laxalt, K. A., and T. R. Kozel. 1979. Chemotaxigenesis and activation of the alternative complement pathway by encapsulated and nonencapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 26:435-440.
64. Lehmann, P. F., and E. Reiss. 1980. Comparison by ELISA of serum anti-Candida albicans mannan IgG levels of a normal population and in diseased patients. Mycopathologia 70:89-93.
65. Levitz, S. M., and A. Tabuni. 1991. Binding of Cryptococcus neoformans by human cultured macrophages: requirements for multiple complement receptors and actin. J. Clin. Invest. 87:528-535.
66. Liszewski, M. K., and J. P. Atkinson. 1993. The complement system, p. 917-939. In W. E. Paul (ed.). Fundamental immunology. Raven Press, Ltd., New York.
67. Lovchik, J. A., and M. F. Lipscomb. 1993. Role of C5 and neutrophils in the pulmonary intravascular clearance of circulating Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 9:617-627.
68. 2 complex, of the classical pathway of complement, without involvement of C1q. J. Immunol. 144:2287-2294.
69. Macher, A. M., J. E. Bennett, J. E. Gadek, and M. M. Frank. 1978. Complement depletion in cryptococcal sepsis. J. Immunol. 120:1686-1690.
70. Mitchell, T. G., and L. Friedman. 1972. In vitro phagocytosis and intracellular fate of variously encapsulated strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 5:491-498.
71. Moors, M. A., T. L. Stull, K. J. Blank, H. R. Buckley, and D. M. Mosser. 1992. A role for complement receptor-like molecules in iron acquisition by Candida albicans. J. Exp Med. 175:1643-1651.
72. Morrison, R. P., and J. E. Cutler. 1981. In vitro studies of the interaction of murine phagocytic cells with Candida albicans. RES J. Reticuloendothel Soc. 29:23-34.
73. Mukherjee, J., G. Nussbaum, M. D. Scharff, and A. Casadevall. 1995. Protective and non-protective monoclonal antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans originating from one B-cell J. Exp. Med. 181:405-409.
74. Mukherjee, J., M. D. Scharff, and A. Casadevall. 1992. Protective murine monoclonal antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 60:4534-4541.
75. Müller-Eberhard, H. J., and K.-E. Fjellstrom. 1971. Isolation of the anticomplementary protein from cobra venom and its mode of action on C3. J. Immunol. 107:1665-1672
76. Munk, M. E., and W. Dias Da Silva. 1992. Activation of human complement system Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and its deposition on the yeast form cell surface. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30:481-484.
77. Munk, M. E., A. Kajdacsy-Balla, G. Del Negro, L. C. Cuce, and W. Dias Da Silva. 1992. Activation of human complement system in paracoccidioidomycosis J. Med. Vet Mycol 30:317-321
78. Nilsson, U. R., and H. J. Müller-Eberhard. 1967. Deficiency of the fifth component of complement in mice with an inherited complement defect. J. Exp. Med. 125:1-16.
79. Ohta, M., M. Okada, I. Yamashina, and T. Kawasaki. 1990. The mechanism of carbohydrate-mediated complement activation by the serum mannan-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1980-1984.
80. Ollert, M. W., E. Wadsworth, and R. A. Calderone. 1990. Reduced expression of the functionally active complement receptor for iC3b but not for C3d on an avirulent mutant of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 58:909-913.
81. Pangburn, M. K., and H. J. Müller-Eberhard. 1983. Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of the control of C3b by the complement regulatory proteins factors H and I. Biochemistry 22:178-185.
82. Pangburn, M. K., and H. J. Müller-Eberhard. 1984. The alternative pathway of complement. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 7:163-192.
83. Pangburn, M. K., R. D. Schreiber, and H. J. Müller-Eberhard. 1977. Human complement C3b inactivator: isolation, characterization, and demonstration of an absolute requirement for the serum protein β1H for cleavage of C3b and C4b in solution. J. Exp. Med. 146:257-270.
84. Pfrommer, G. S. T., S. M. Dickens, M. A. Wilson, B. J. Young, and T. R. Kozel. 1993. Accelerated decay of C3b to iC3b when C3b is bound to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule. Infect. Immun. 61:4360-4366.
85. Pillemer, L., L. Blum, I. H. Lepow, O. A. Ross, E. W. Todd, and A. C. Wardlaw. 1954. Properdin system and immunity: demonstration and isolation of new serum protein, properdin, and its role in immune phenomena. Science 120:279-285.
86. Poulain, D., G. Tronchin, J. F. Dubremetz, and J. Biguet. 1978. Ultrastructure of the cell wall of Candida albicans blastospores: study of its constitutive layers by the use of a cytochemical technique revealing polysaccharides. Ann. Microbiol (Inst. Pasteur) 129:141-153.
87. Ratnoff, W. D., J. M. Pepple, and J. A. Winkelstein. 1980. Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 30:147-149.
88. Ray, T. L, and K. D. Wuepper. 1976. Activation of the alternative (properdin) pathway of complement by Candida albicans and related species. J. Invest. Dermatol. 67:700-703.
89. Ray, T. L., and K. D. Wuepper. 1978. Experimental cutaneous candidiasis in rodents. II Role of the stratum comeum barrier and serum complement as a mediator of a protective inflammatory response. Arch. Dermatol. 114: 539-543.
90. Rhodes, J. C. 1985 Contribution of complement component C5 to the pathogenesis of experimental murine cryptococcosis Sabouraudia 23:225-234.
91. Rhodes, J. C., L. S. Wicker, and W. J. Urba. 1980. Genetic control of susceptibility to Cryptococcus neoformans in mice. Infect. Immun. 29:494-499.
92. Rosenberg, L. T., and D. K. Tachibana. 1962 Activity of mouse complement. J. Immunol. 89:861-867.
93. Sahu, A., T. R. Kozel, and M. K. Pangburn. 1994. Specificity of the thioester-containing reactive site of human C3 and its significance to complement activation. Biochem. J. 302:429-436.
94. Sohnle, P. G., M. M. Frank, and C. H. Kirkpatrick. 1976. Deposition of complement components in the cutaneous lesions of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 5:340-350.
95. Sohnle, P. G., and C. H. Kirkpatrick 1976. Deposition of complement in the lesions of experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs. J Cutan. Pathol. 3:232-238.
96. Sturtevant, J., and J.-P. Latge. 1992. Participation of complement in the phagocytosis of the conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus by human polymorphonuclear cells. J. Infect Dis. 166:580-586.
97. Sturtevant, J. E., and J.-P. Latge. 1992. Interactions between conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus and human complement component C3 Infect. Immun. 60:1913-1918.
98. Swan, J. W., M. V. Dahl, P. A. Coppo, and D. E. Hammerschmidt. 1983. Complement activation by Trichophyton rubrum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 80: 156-158.
99. Tagami, H., N. Natsume, T. Aoshima, F. Inuoe, S. Suehisa, and M. Yamada. 1982. Analysis of transcpidermal leukocyte chemotaxis in experimental dermatophytosis in guinea pigs. Arch Dermatol. Res 273:205-217.
100. Thong, Y. H., and A. Ferrante. 1978. Alternative pathway of complement activation by Candida albicans. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 8:620-622.
101. Tnielsen, K., T. Young, and T. R. Kozel. 1992. In vivo complement activation and binding of C3 to encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 60:3937-3939.
102. Van den Berg, C. W., P. C. Aerts, and H. van Dijk. 1991. In vivo anticomplementary activities of the cobra venom factors from Naja naja and Naja haje. J. Immunol. Methods 136:287-294.
103. Vogel, C.-W., C. A. Smith, and H. J. Müller-Eberhard. 1984. Cobra venom factor: structural homology with the third component of human complement. J Immunol. 133:3235-3241.
104. von Dungern, E. 1900. Beitrage zur Immunitatslehre. Muench. Med. Wochenschr. 47:677-680.
105. Washburn, R. G., B. J. Bryant-Varela, N. C. Julian, and J. E. Bennett. 1991. Differences in Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide structure influence assembly of alternative complement pathway C3 convertase on fungal surfaces. Mol. Immunol. 28:465-470.
106. Washburn, R. G., D. J. DeHart, D. E. Agwu, B. J. Bryant-Varela, and N. C. Julian. 1990. Aspergillus fumigatus complement inhibitor: production, characterization, and purification by Hydrophobic interaction and thin-layer chromatography. Infect. Immun. 58:3508-3515.
107. Washburn, R. G., C. H. Hammer, and J. E. Bennet. 1986. Inhibition of complement by culture supernatants of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Infect. Dis. 154:944-951.
108. Wilson, M. A., and T. R. Kozel. 1992 Contribution of antibody in normal human serum to early deposition of C3 onto encapsulated and nonencapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 60:754-761.
109. Young, B. J., and T. R. Kozel. 1993. Effects of strain variation, serotype, and structural modification on the kinetics for activation and binding of C3 to Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 61:2966-2972.