Determination of Xenopus cell lineage by maternal factors and cell interactions

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

Volumn 32, Issue , 1996, Pages 103-138

  Moody, S A ^a   Bauer, D V ^a   Hainski, A M ^a   Huang Sen, ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030027937     PISSN: 00702153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60426-3     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. V. Ambros H.R. Horvitz Heterochronic mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Science 226 1985 409 416
2. M. Asashima H. Nakano H. Sugino T. Nakamura Y. Eto D. Ejima S. Nishimatsu N. Ueno K. Kinoshita Presence of activin (erythoid differentiation factor) in unfertilized eggs and blastulae of Xenopus laevis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 1991 6511 6514
3. H. Balakier R.A. Pedersen Allocation of cells to inner cell mass and trophectoderm lineages in preimplantation mouse embryos Dev. Biol. 90 1982 352 362
4. U. Banerjee S.L. Zipursky The role of cell-cell interaction in the development of the Drosophila visual system Neuron 4 1990 177 187
5. D.V. Bauer S.A. Moody Disruption of cell-cell interactions reduces the CNS contribution of tier-3 blastomeres of the 32-cell Xenopus embryo Mol. Biol. Cell 3 1992 107a
6. D.V. Bauer S. Huang S.A. Moody The cleavage stage origin of Spemann's Organizer: Analysis of the movements of blastomere clones before and during gastrulation in Xenopus Development (Cambridge, UK) 120 1994 1179 1189
7. E.E. Brown J.M. Denegre M.V. Danilchik Deep cytoplasmic rearrangements in ventralized Xenopus embryos Dev. Biol. 160 1993 148 156
8. P. Cardellini Reversal of dorsoventral polarity in Xenopus laevis embryos by 180° rotation of the animal micromeres at the eight-cell stage Dev. Biol. 128 1988 428 434
9. M. Chalfie H.R. Horvitz J.E. Sulston Mutations that lead to reiterations of cell lineages of Celegans. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 24 1981 59 69
10. K.B. Clegg L. Piko Size and specific activity of the UTP pool and overall rates of RNA synthesis in early mouse embryos Dev. Biol. 58 1977 76 95
11. R.A. Cornell D. Kimelman Combinatorial signalling in development BioEssays 16 1994 577 581
12. R.A. Cornell D. Kimelman Activin-mediated mesoderm induction requires FGF Development (Cambridge, UK) 120 1994 453 462
13. J.M. Dagle J.A. Walder D.L. Weeks Targeted degradation of mRNA in Xenopus oocytes and embryos directed by modified oligonucleotides: Studies of An2 and cyclin in embryogenesis Nucleic Acids Res. 18 1990 4751 4757
14. L. Dale J.M.W. Slack Fate map for the 32-cell stage of Xenopus laevis Development (Cambridge, UK) 99 1987 527 551
15. M.V. Danilchik S.D. Black The first cleavage plane and the embryonic axis are determined by separate mechanisms in Xenopus laevis. I. Independence in undisturbed embryos. Dev. Biol. 128 1988 58 64
16. M.V. Danilchik J.M. Denegre Deep cytoplasmic rearrangements during early development in Xenopus laevis Development (Cambridge. UK) 111 1991 845 856
17. M.V. Danilchik J.C. Gerhart Differentiation of the animal-vegetal axis in Xenopus laevis oocytes I. Polarized intracellular translocation of platelets establishes the yolk gradient. Dev. Biol. 122 1987 101 112
18. E.H. Davidson How embryos work: A comparative view of diverse modes of cell fate specification Development (Cambridge. UK) 108 1990 365 389
19. I.B. Dawid Intercellular signalling and gene regulation during early embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 6259 6262
20. I.B. Dawid M. Taira P.J. Good M.R. Rebagliati The role of growth factors in embryonic induction in Xenopus laevis Mol. Reprod. Dev. 32 1992 136 144
21. J.M. Denegre M.V. Danilchik Deep cytoplasmic rearrangements in axis-respecified Xenopus embryos Dev. Biol. 160 1993 157 164
22. C.Q. Doe C. Goodman Early events in insect neurogenesis. II. The role of cell interactions and cell lineage in the determination of neuronal precursor cells. Dev. Biol. 111 1985 206 219
23. C.E. Dohrmann A. Hemmati-Brivanlou G.H. Thomsen A. Firlds T.M. Woolf D.A. Melton Expression of activin mRNA during early development in Xenopus laevis Dev. Biol. 157 1993 474 483
24. R.P. Elinson K.R. Kao The location of dorsal information in frog early development Dev., Growth Differ. 31 1989 423 430
25. R.P. Elinson P. Pasceri Two UV-sensitive targets in dorsoanterior specification of frog embryos Development (Cambridge, UK) 106 1989 511 518
26. R.P. Elinson B. Rowning A transient array of parallel microtubules in frog eggs: Potential tracks for a cytoplasmic rotation that specifies the dorso-ventral axis Dev. Biol. 128 1988 185 197
27. R.P. Elinson M.L. King C. Forristall Isolated vegetal cortex from Xenopus oocytes selectively retains localized mRNAs Dev. Biol. 160 1993 554 562
28. E.C. Ferguson P.W. Sternberg R. Horvitz A genetic pathway for the specification of vulval cell lineages of Caenorhabditis elegans Nature (London) 326 1987 259 267
29. M. Fujisue Y. Kobayakawa K. Yamana Occurrence of dorsal axis-inducing activity around the vegetal pole of an uncleaved Xenopus egg and displacement to the equatorial region by cortical rotation Development (Cambridge, UK) 118 1993 163 170
30. A. Fukui T. Nakamura U. Hideho K. Sugino H. Sugino M. Asashima Identification of activins A., AB, and B and follistatin proteins in Xenopus embryos Dev. Biol. 163 1994 279 281
31. B.C. Gallagher S.A. Moody The influence of neighboring blastomeres on the lineage of the VI.2 blastomere of the 16-cell Xenopus embryo as determined by ablation experiments Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 12 1986 1121
32. B.C. Gallagher A.M. Hainski S.A. Moody Autonomous differentiation of dorsal axial structures from an animal cap cleavage stage blastomere in Xenopus Development (Cambridge, UK) 112 1991 1103 1114
33. J. Gerhart M. Danilchik T. Doniach S. Roberts B. Rowning R. Stewart Cortical rotation of the Xenopus egg: Consequences for the anteroposterior pattern of embryonic dorsal development Development (Cambridge, UK) 107 Suppl. 1989 37 52
34. R.L. Gimlich Acquisition of developmental autonomy in the equatorial region of the Xenopus embryo Dev. Biol. 115 1986 340 352
35. R.L. Gimlich J.C. Gerhart Early cellular interactions promote embryonic axis formation in Xenopus laevis Dev. Biol. 104 1984 117 130
36. S. Godsave J.M.W. Slack Single cell analysis of mesoderm formation in the Xenopus embryo Development (Cambridge, UK) 111 1991 523 530
37. G.E. Gray J.C. Glover J. Majors J.R. Sanes Radial arrangement of clonally related cells in the chicken optic tectum: Lineage analysis with a recombinant retrovirus Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 1988 7356 7360
38. J.B. Gurdon T.J. Mohun S. Fairman S. Brennan All components required for the eventual activation of muscle specific genes are localized in the subequatorial region of an uncleaved egg Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 1985 139 143
39. R. Gururajan H. Perry-O'Keefe D.A. Melton D.L. Weeks The Xenopus localized messenger RNA AN3 may encode an ATP-dependent RNA helicase Nature (London) 349 1991 717 719
40. A.M. Hainskit S.A. Moody Xenopus maternal RNAs from a dorsal animal blast-omere induce a secondary axis in host embryos Development (Cambridge, UK) 116 1992 347 355
41. V. Hartenstein Early neurogenesis in Xenopus: The spatio-temporal pattern of proliferation and cell lineages in the embryonic spinal cord Neuron 3 1989 359 411
42. V. Hartenstein J.A. Campos-Ortega Early neurogenesis in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193 1984 308 325
43. P. Hausen M. Riebesell “The Early Development of Xenopus laevis” 1991 Springer-Verlag New York
44. J. Heasman C.C. Wylie P. Hausen J.C. Smith Fates and states of determination of single vegetal pole blastomeres of X laevis. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 37 1984 185 194
45. A. Hemmati-Brivanlou D.A. Wright D.A. Melton Embryonic expression and functional analysis of a Xenopus activin receptor Dev. Dyn. 194 1992 1 11
46. J. Herkovits G.A. Ubbels The infrastructure of the dorsal yolk-free cytoplasm and the immediately surrounding cytoplasm in the symmetrized egg of Xenopus laevis J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 51 1979 155 164
47. G. Hirose M. Jacobson Clonal organization of the central nervous system of the frog I. Clones stemming from individual blastomeres of the 16-cell and earlier stages. Dev. Biol. 71 1979 191 202
48. T. Holowacz R.P. Elinson Cortical cytoplasm, which induces dorsal axis formation in Xenopus , is inactivated by UV irradiation of the oocyte Development (Cambridge, UK) 119 1993 277 285
49. C.E. Holt T.W. Bertsch H.M. Ellis W.A. Harris Cellular determination in the Xenopus retina is independent of lineage and birth date Neuron 1 1988 15 26
50. P.E. Hoppe R.J. Greenspan Local function of the Notch gene for embryonic ecto-dermal pathway choice in Drosophila Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 46 1986 773 783
51. E. Houliston Microtubule translocation and polymerisation during cortical rotation in Xenopus eggs Development (Cambridge, UK) 120 1994 1213 1220
52. E. Houliston R.P. Elinson Patterns of microtubule polymerization relating to cortical rotation in Xenopus laevis eggs Development (Cambridge, UK) 112 1991 107 117
53. E. Houliston R.P. Elinson Evidence for the involvement of microtubules, ER, and kinesin in the cortical rotation of fertilized frog eggs J. Cell Biol. 114 1991 1017 1028
54. S. Huang S.A. Moody Does lineage determine the dopamine phenotype in the tadpole hypothalamus?: A quantitative analysis J. Neurosci. 12 1992 1351 1362
55. S. Huang S.A. Moody The retinal fate of Xenopus cleavage stage progenitors is dependent upon blastomere position and competence: Studies of normal and regulated clones J. Neurosci. 13 1993 3183 3210
56. S. Huang S.A. Moody Development of glycine and GABA amacrine cells; coexpression of neurotransmitters Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20 1994 654
57. S. Huang S.A. Moody Asymmetrical blastomere origin and spatial domains of dopamine and Neuropeptide Y amacrine subtypes in Xenopus tadpole retina J. Comp. Neurol. 360 1995 2 13
58. H. Imoh Appearance and distribution of RNA-rich cytoplasms in the embryo of Xenopus laevis during early development Dev., Growth Differ. 26 1984 167 176
59. M. Jacobson Rohon-Beard neuron origin from blastomeres of the 16-cell frog embryo J. Neurosci. 1 1981 918 922
60. M. Jacobson Rohon-Beard neurons arise from a substitute ancestral cell after removal of the cell from which they normally arise in the 16-cell frog embryo J. Neurosci. 1 1981 923 927
61. M. Jacobson Clonal organization of the central nervous system of the frog. III. Clones stemming from individual blastomeres of the 128-, 256-, and 512-cell stages. Dev. Biol. 71 1983 191 202
62. M. Jacobson G. Hirose Clonal organization of the central nervous system of the frog. II. Clones stemming from individual blastomeres of the 32- and 64-cell stages. J. Neuro-sci. 1 1981 271 284
63. M. Jamrich S. Sato Differential gene expression in the anterior neural plate during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis Development (Cambridge, UK) 105 1989 779 786
64. J. Jenkinson On the relationship between the symmetry of the egg, the symmetry of segmentation, and the symmetry of the embryo in the frog Biometrics 7 1909 148 209
65. Jessell T.M. Melton D.A Diffusible factors in vertebrate embryonic induction Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 68 1992 257 270
66. M.H. Johnson The molecular and cellular basis of preimplantation mouse development Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 56 1981 463 498
67. M.H. Johnson C.A. Ziomek Induction of polarity in mouse 8-cell blastomeres: Specificity, geometry and stability J. Cell Biol. 91 1981 303 308
68. E.A. Jones H.R. Woodland The development of animal cap cells in Xenopus: A measure of the start of animal cap competence to form mesoderm Development (Cambridge, UK) 101 1987 557 563
69. H. Kageura Spatial distribution of the capacity to initiate a secondary embryo in the 32-cell embryo of Xenopus laevis Dev. Biol. 142 1990 432 438
70. H. Kageura K. Yamana Pattern regulation in isolated halves and blastomeres of early Xenopus laevis J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 74 1983 221 234
71. H. Kageura K. Yamana Pattern regulation in defect embryos of Xenopus laevis Dev. Biol. 101 1984 410 415
72. H. Kageura K. Yamana Pattern formation in 8-cell composite embryos of Xenopus laevis J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 91 1986 79 100
73. R.E. Keller The cellular basis of amphibian gastrulation L. Browder “Developmental Biology: A Comprehensive Synthesis” 2 1986 Plenum New York 241 327
74. R.E. Keller M. Danilchik R. Gimlich J. Shih The function of convergent extension during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 89 Suppl. 1985 185 209
75. S.J. Kelly Studies of the developmental potential of 4- and 8-cell stage mouse blastomeres J. Exp. Zool. 200 1977 365 376
76. M. Kessel P. Grass Murine developmental control genes Science 249 1990 374 379
77. D.S. Kessler D.A. Melton Vertebrate embryonic induction: Mesodermal and neural patterning Science 266 1994 596 604
78. D. Kimelman J.L. Christian R.T. Moon Synergistic principles of development: Overlapping patterning systems in Xenopus mesoderm induction Development (Cambridge, UK) 116 1992 1 9
79. C.B. Kimmel R.D. Law Cell lineage of zebrafish blastomeres. II. Clonal analyses of the blastula and gastrula stages. Dev. Biol. 108 1985 94 101
80. C.B. Kimmel R.M. Warga Tissue-specific cell lineages originate in the gastrula of the zebrafish Science 231 1986 365 368
81. K. Kinoshita T. Bessho A. Makoto Competence prepattern in the animal hemisphere of the 8-cell-stage Xenopus embryo Dev. Biol. 160 1993 276 284
82. M. Kirschner J.C. Gerhart K. Hara G.A. Ubbels Initiation of the cell cycle and establishment of bilateral symmetry in Xenopus eggs Symp. Soc. Dev. Biol. 38 1980 187 215
83. S.L. Klein The first cleavage furrow demarcates the dorsal-ventral axis in Xenopus embryos Dev. Biol. 120 1987 299 304
84. S.L. Klein M.L. King Correlations between cell fate and the distribution of proteins that are synthesized before the midblastula transition in Xenopus Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 197 1988 275 281
85. M. Kloc L.D. Etkin Delocalization of Vg-1 mRNA from the vegetal cortex in Xenopus oocytes after destruction of Xlsirt RNA Science 265 1994 1101 1103
86. M. Kloc B.A. Reddy M. Miller E. Eastman L.D. Etkin A localized maternal transcript in Xenopus laevis Mol. Reprod. Dev. 28 1991 341 345
87. M. Kloc G. Spohr L.D. Etkin Translocation of repetitive RNA sequences with the germ plasm in Xenopus oocytes Science 262 1993 1712 1714
88. T. Komiya H. Itoh K. Ikenishi M. Furusawa Isolation and characterization of a novel gene of the dead box protein family which is specifically expressed in germ cells of Xenopus laevis Dev. Biol. 162 1994 354 363
89. M. Ku D.A. Melton Xwnt-11: A maternally expressed Xenopus wnt gene Development (Cambridge, UK) 119 1993 1161 1173
90. J.S. Laufer P. Bazzicalupo W.B. Wood Segregation of developmental potential in early embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 19 1980 569 577
91. P. Lemaire J.B. Gurdon A role for cytoplasmic determinants in mesoderm patterning: Cell-autonomous activation of the goosecoid and Xwnt-8 genes along the dorsoventral axis of early Xenopus embryos Development (Cambridge, UK) 120 1994 1191 1199
92. J.M. Linnen C.P. Bailey D.L. Weeks Two related localized mRNAs from Xenopus laevis encode ubiquitin-like fusion proteins Gene 128 1993 181 188
93. C. London R. Akers C. Phillips Expression of Epi 1, an epidermis-specific marker in Xenopus laevis embryos, is specified prior to gastrulation Dev. Biol. 129 1988 380 389
94. A.P. Mahowald Germ plasm revisited and illuminated Science 255 1992 1216 1217
95. R. Masho Fates of animal-dorsal blastomeres of eight-cell stage Xenopus embryos vary according to the specific patterns of the third cleavage plane Dev., Growth Differ. 30 1988 347 359
96. R. Masho Close correlation between the first cleavage plane and the body axis in early Xenopus embryos Dev., Growth Differ. 32 1990 57 64
97. R. Masho H.Y. Kubota Developmental fates of blastomeres of eight-cell stage Xenopus embryos Dev., Growth Differ. 28 1986 113 123
98. D.A. Melton Translocation of a localized maternal mRNA to the vegetal pole of Xenopus oocytes Nature (London) 328 1987 80 82
99. S. Miyata H. Kageura H.K. Kihara Regional differences of proteins in isolated cells of early embryos of Xenopus laevis Cell Diff. 21 1987 47 52
100. Moody S.A Fates of the blastomeres of the 16-cell stage Xenopus embryo Dev. Biol. 119 1987 560 578
101. S.A. Moody Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell stage Xenopus embryo Dev. Biol. 122 1987 300 319
102. S.A. Moody Quantitative lineage analysis of the origin of frog primary motor and sensory neurons from cleavage stage blastomeres J. Neurosci. 9 1989 2919 2930
103. S.A. Moody D.W. Best Blastomere interactions are necessary for CNS lineage expression by some frog cells Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 14 1988 1132
104. S.A. Moody K.S. Kersey Clonal analysis of GABAergic neurons in frog embryo spinal cord Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15 1989 885
105. S.A. Moody M.J. Kline Segregation of fate during cleavage of frog (Xenopus laevis) blastomeres Anal. Embtyol. 182 1990 347 362
106. S.A. Moody A.M. Hainski D.V. Bauer Determination of dorsal fates of cleavage blastomeres in frog Mol. Biol. Cell 4 1993 120a
107. L. Mosquera C. Forristall Y. Zhou M.L. King A mRNA localized to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocyte encodes a protein with a nanos-like zinc finger domain Development (Cambridge, UK) 117 1993 377 386
108. D.J. Nagajski S.C. Guthrie C.C. Ford A.E. Warner The correlation between patterns of dye transfer through gap junctions and future developmental fate in Xenopus: The consequences of u.v irradiation and lithium treatment. Development (Cambridge, UK) 105 1989 747 752
109. O. Nakamura K. Kishiyama Prospective fates of blastomeres at the 32-cell stage of Xenopus laevis embryos Proc. Jpn. Acad. 47 1971 407 412
110. J.W. Newport M.W. Kirschner A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos: I. Characterization and timing of cellular changes at midblastula stage. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 30 1982 675 686
111. J.W. Newport M.V. Kirschner A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos: II. Control of the onset of transcription. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 30 1982 687 696
112. P.D. Nieuwkoop The “organisation center” of the amphibian embryo: Its origin, spatial organisation and morphogenetic action Adv. Morphog. 10 1973 1 39
113. H. Nishida Localization of egg cytoplasm that promotes differentiation to epidermis in embryos of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi Development (Cambridge, UK) 120 1994 235 243
114. C. Nusslein-Volhard Determination of the embryonic axes of Drosophila Development (Cambridge, UK), Suppl 1 1991 1 10
115. R.A. Pedersen K. Wu H. Balakier Origin of the inner cell mass in mouse embryos: Cell lineage analysis by microinjection Dev. Biol. 117 1986 581 595
116. D.W. Raible J.S. Eisen Restriction of neural crest fate in the trunk of the embryonic zebrafish Development (Cambridge, UK) 120 1994 495 503
117. M.R. Rebagliati Dawid I.B. Expression of activin transcripts in follicle cells and oocytes of Xenopus laevis Dev. Biol. 159 1993 574 580
118. M.R. Rebagliati D.L. Weeks R.P. Harvey D.A. Melton Identification and cloning of localized maternal RNAs from Xenopus eggs Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 42 1985 769 777
119. B.A. Reddy M. Kloc L.D. Etkin The cloning and characterization of a localized maternal transcript in Xenopus laevis whose zygotic counterpart is detected in the CNS Mech. Dev. 39 1992 143 150
120. R.E. Ressom K.E. Dixon Relocation and reorganization of germ plasm in Xenopus embryos after fertilization Development (Cambridge, UK) 103 1988 507 518
121. M.S. Saha R.M. Grainger A labile period in the determination of the anterior-posterior axis during early neural development Neuron 8 1992 1003 1014
122. S.R. Scharf J.C. Gerhart Axis determination in eggs of Xenopus laevis: A critical period before first cleavage, identified by common effects of cold, pressure and ultraviolet irradiation Dev. Biol. 99 1983 75 87
123. A.M. Schechtman Relation between the grey crescent and the organizer center of a urodele egg (Triturus torosus) Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Org. 134 1935 207 208
124. D.S. Schneider Y. Jin D. Moristato K.V. Anderson A processed form of Spatzle protein defines dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo Development (Cambridge, UK) 120 1994 1243 1250
125. H.R. Scholer Octamania: The POU factors in murine development Trends Genet. 7 1991 323 329
126. M.M. Schroeder D.L. Gard Organization and regulation of cortical microtubules during the first cell cycle of Xenopus eggs Development (Cambridge, UK) 114 1992 699 709
127. C.R. Sharpe A. Fritz E.M. De Robertis J.B. Gurdon A homeobox-containing marker of posterior neural differentiation shows the importance of predetermination in neural induction Cell (Cambridge. Mass.) 50 1987 749 758
128. H.L. Sive K. Hattori H. Weintraub Progressive determination during formation of the anteroposterior axis in Xenopus laevis Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 58 1989 171 180
129. J.M.W. Slack “From Egg to Embryo: Regional Specification in Early Development” 2nd ed. 1991 Cambridge Univ. Press New York
130. J.C. Smith F.M. Watt Biochemical specificity of Xenopus notochord Differentiation (Berlin) 29 1985 109 115
131. W.C. Smith R.M. Harland Injected Xwnt-8 RNA induces a complete body axis in Xenopus embryos Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 67 1991 753 765
132. W.C. Smith R.M. Harland Expression cloning of noggin, a new dorsalizing factor localized to the Spemann organizer in Xenopus embryos Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 70 1992 829 840
133. Sokol S. D.A. Melton Pre-existent pattern in Xenopus animal pole cells revealed by induction with activin Nature (London) 351 1991 409 411
134. G.S. Stent D.A. Weisblat Cell lineage in the development of invertebrate nervous systems Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 8 1985 45 70
135. S. Strome The germ of the issue Nature (London) 358 1992 368 369
136. S. Sudarwati P.D. Nieuwkoop Mesoderm formation in the anuran, Xenopus laevis (Daudin) Wilhelm Roux Arch. Entwicklungsmerh. Org. 166 1971 189 201
137. J.E. Sulston E. Schierenberg J.G. White J.N. Thomson The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Dev. Biol. 100 1983 64 119
138. A.S. Suzuki J. Manabe A. Hirakawa Dynamic distribution of region-specific protein during oogenesis and early embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis Wilhelm Rom's Arch. Dev. Biol. 200 1991 213 222
139. H. Takasaki Fates and roles of the presumptive organizer region in the 32-cell embryo in normal development of Xenopus laevis Dev., Growth Differ. 29 1987 141 152
140. H. Takasaki H. Konishi Dorsal blastomeres in the equatorial region of the 32-cell Xenopus embryo autonomously produce progeny committed to the organizer Dev., Growth Differ. 31 1989 147 156
141. D. Tannahill D.A. Melton Localized synthesis of the Vg 1 protein during early Xenopus development Development (Cambridge, UK} 106 1989 775 785
142. G.H. Thomsen Melton D.A. Processed Vg 1 protein is an axial mesoderm inducer in Xenopus Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 74 1993 433 441
143. G.H. Thomsen T. Woolf M. Whitman S. Sokol J. Vaughan W. Vale D.A. Melton Activins are expressed early in Xenopus embryogenesis and can induce axial mesoderm and anterior structures Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 63 1990 485 493
144. D.L. Turner C.L. Cepko A common progenitor of neurons and glia persists in rat retina late in development Nature (London) 328 1987 131 136
145. J.P. Vincent J.C. Gerhart Subcortical rotation in Xenopus eggs: An early step in embryonic axis specification Dev. Biol. 123 1987 526 539
146. J.P. Vincent G.F. Oster J.C. Gerhart Kinematics of gray crescent formation in Xenopus eggs: The displacement of subcortical cytoplasm relative to the egg surface Dev. Biol. 113 1986 484 500
147. P.D. Vize G.H. Thomsen Vg 1 and regional specification in vertebrates: A new role for an old molecule Trends Genet. 10 1994 371 376
148. M. Wakahara Modification of dorsal-ventral polarity in Xenopus laevis embryos following withdrawal of egg contents before first cleavage Dev., Growth Differ. 28 1986 543 554
149. M. Wakahara Specification and establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in eggs and embryos of Xenopus laevis Dev., Growth Differ. 31 1989 197 207
150. Warner A.E. Guthrie S.C. Gilula N.B Antibodies to gap junctional protein selectively disrupt junctional communication in the early amphibian embryo Nature (London) 311 1984 127 131
151. D.L. Weeks D.A. Melton A maternal RNA localized to the vegetal hemisphere in Xenopus eggs codes for a growth factor related to TGF-β Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 51 1987 861 867
152. D.A. Weisblat R.T. Sawyer G.S. Stent Cell lineage analysis by intracellular injection of a tracer enzyme Science 202 1978 1295 1298
153. R. Wetts S.E. Fraser Multipotent precursors can give rise to all major cell types of the frog retina Science 239 1988 1142 1145
154. J.G. White H.R. Horvitz J.E. Sulston Neuron differentiation in cell lineage mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans Nature (London) 297 1982 584 589
155. P.A. Wilson D.A. Melton Mesoderm patterning by an inducer gradient depends on secondary cell-cell communication Curr. Biol. 4 1994 676 686
156. W.B. Wood S. Strome J.S. Laufer Localization and determination in embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans W.R. Jeffery R.H. Raff “Time, Space, and Pattern” 1983 Alan R. Liss New York 221 239
157. M. Yuge Y. Kobayakawa M. Fujisue K. Yamana A cytoplasmic determinant for dorsal axis formation in an early embryo of Xenopus laevis Development (Cambridge, UK) 110 1990 1051 1056
158. M. Zanetti A. Ratcliffe F.M. Watt Two subpopulations of differentiated chondrocytes identified with a monoclonal antibody to keratan sulfate J. Cell Biol. 101 1985 53 59
159. C.A. Ziomek M.H. Johnston A.H. Handyside The developmental potential of mouse 16-cell blastomeres J. Exp. Zool. 221 1982 345 355
160. N. Zisckind R.P. Elinson Gravity and microtubules in dorsoventral polarization of the Xenopus egg Dev., Growth Differ. 32 1990 575 581