The epidemiology of osteoporosis: The oriental perspective in a world context

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

Volumn 323, Issue , 1996, Pages 65-74

  Lau, Edith M C ^a,c   Cooper, Cyrus ^b  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^c Department of Community Medicine   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BONE DENSITY; BONE MINERAL; CALCIUM INTAKE; CAUCASIAN; CHINESE; CONFERENCE PAPER; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0030023788     PISSN: 0009921X     EISSN: 15281132     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00003086-199602000-00009     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (76)

1. Alderman BW, Weiss NS, Dailing JR, Ure C, Ballard JH: Reproductive history and postmenopausal risk of hip and forearm fracture. Am J Epidemiol 114:262-267, 1989.
2. Aloia JF, Cohn SH, Vaswani A, et al: Risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Med 78: 95-100, 1985.
3. Bassett CA: Biophysical Principles Affecting Bone Structure. In Bourne GH (ed). The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone. Vol 3. Ed 2. New York, Academic Press 1-76, 1971.
4. Beverly MC, Rider TA, Evans MJ, Smith R: Local bone mineral response to brief exercise that stresses the skeleton. Br Med J 299:233-235, 1989.
5. Bikle DD, Genant HK, Cann C, et al: Bone disease in alcohol abuse. Am J Med 80:393-397, 1986.
6. Boyce WJ, Vessey MP: Rising incidence of fracture of the proximal femur. Lancet 1:150-151, 1985.
7. Brocklehurst JC, Exton-Smith AN, Lempert-Barber SM, Hunt LP, Palmer MK: Fracture of the femur in old age: A two-centre study of associated clinical factors and the cause of the fall. Age Ageing 7:7-15, 1978.
8. Cann CE, Genant HK, Kolb FO, Ettinger B: Quantitative computed tomography for prediction of vertebral fracture risk. Bone 6:1-7, 1985.
9. Carter DR: Mechanical loading histories and cortical bone remodelling. Calcif Tissue Int 36:19-24, 1984.
10. Chalmers J, Ho KC: Geographical variations in senile osteoporosis. J Bone Joint Surgery 52B: 667-675, 1970.
11. Chow R, Harrison JE, Notarius C: Effect of two randomised exercise programmes on bone mass of healthy postmenopausal women. Br Med J 295:1441-1444, 1987.
12. Consensus Development Conference. Prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int 1:114-117, 1991.
13. Cook PJ, Exton-Smith AN, Brocklehurst JC, Lempert-Barber SM: Fractured femurs, falls and bone disorders. J R Coll Physicians Lond 16:45-49, 1982.
14. Cooper C, Barker DJP, Wickham C: Physical activity, muscle strength and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Britain. Br Med J 297:1443-1446, 1988.
15. Cooper C, Campion G, Melton LJ: Hip fractures in the elderly: A World-wide projection. Osteoporosis Int 2:285-289, 1992.
16. Cooper C, Melton LJ: Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Trends Endo Metab 3:224-229, 1992.
17. Cummings SL, Black DMM, Nevitt MC, The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group: Appendicular bone density and age predict hip fracture in women. JAMA 263:665-668, 1990.
18. Cummings SR: Are patients with hip fractures more osteoporotic? Review of the evidence. Am J Med 78:487-494, 1985.
19. Cummings SR, Cauley JA, Palermo L, et al, for The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group: Racial difference in hip axis lengths might explain racial differences in rates of hip fractures. Osteoporosis Int 4:226-229, 1994.
20. Cundy T, Cornish J, Evans MG, et al: Sources of interracial variation in bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 10:368-373, 1995.
21. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallai GE, Krall EA, et al: A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. New Engl J Med 323:878-883, 1990.
22. Eastell R, Wahner HW, O'Fallon WM, et al: Unequal decrease in bone density of lumbar spine and ultradistal radius in Colles and vertebral fracture syndromes. J Clin Invest 83:168-174, 1989.
23. Garn SM, Pao EM, Rihl ME: Compact bone in Chinese and Japanese. Science 143:1439-1440, 1964.
24. Gryfe CI, Amies A, Ashley MJ: A longitudinal study of falls in an elderly population: 1. Incidence and mortality. Ageing 6:201-210, 1977.
25. Hagiwara S, Miki T, Nishizawa Y, et al: Quantification of bone mineral content using dual-photon absorptiometry in a normal Japanese population. J Bone Miner Res 4:217-222, 1989.
26. Hegsted DM: Calcium and osteoporosis. J Nutr 116:2316-2319, 1986.
27. Ho SC, Donnan S, Sham A: Dietary intake among elderly Chinese in Hong Kong. J Hum Nutr Dietetics 1:205, 1988.
28. Ho SC, Leung PC, Swaminathan R, et al: Determinants of bone mass in Chinese women aged 21-40 years. II. Pattern of dietary calcium intake and association with bone mineral density. Osteoporosis Int 4:167-175, 1994.
29. Holbrook TL, Barren-Connor E, Wingard DL: Dietary calcium and risk of hip fracture: 14-year prospective population study. Lancet 5:1046-1049, 1988.
30. Hu JF, Zhao XH, Jia JB, Parpia B, Campbell TC: Dietary calcium and bone density among middle-aged and elderly women in China. Am J Clin Nutr 58:219-227, 1993.
31. Hutchinson TA, Polansky SM, Feinstein AR: Postmenopausal estrogens protect against fractures of hip and distal radius. Lancet 2:705-709, 1979.
32. Johnell O, Nilsson BE: Hip fracture and accident disposition. Acta Orthop Scand 56:302-304, 1985.
33. Kanis JA, Pitt FA: Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Bone 13 (Suppl):7-15, 1992.
34. Kin K, Kushida K, Yamazaki K, Okamoto S, Inoue T: Bone mineral density of the spine in normal Japanese subjects using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: Effect of obesity and menopausal status. Calcif Tissue Int 49:101-106, 1991.
35. Kin K, Lee JHE, Kushida K, et al: Bone density and body composition on the Pacific Rim: a comparison between Japan-born and U.S.-born Japanese-American women. J Bone Miner Res 8:861-869, 1993.
36. Krolner B, Toft B, Nielsen SP, Tondevold E: Physical exercise as prophylaxis against involutional vertebral bone loss: A controlled trial. Clin Sci 64:541-546, 1983.
37. Lacey JM, Anderson JJB: Older women in Japan and the United States: Physical and nutritional comparisons. In Takahashi HE (ed).Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Bone Morphometry, Japan, Nishimura 562-565, 1991.
38. Lanyon LE, Rubin CT: Regulation of Bone Mass in Response to Physical Activity. In Dixon AJ (ed). Osteoporosis: A Multi-Disciplinary Problem. London, Academic Press 51-62, 1983.
39. Lau E: Hip Fracture in Asia - Trends, Risk Factors and Prevention. In Christiansen C, Riis B (eds). Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Osteoporosis, Aalborg, Handelstrykkeriet Adlborg APS 56-81, 1993.
40. Lau E, Donnan D, Barker D, Cooper C: Physical activity and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Hong Kong. Br Med J 296:1441-1443, 1988.
41. Lau E, Woo J, Leung PC, Swaminathan R, Leung D: The effects of calcium supplementation and exercise on bone density in elderly Chinese women. Osteoporosis Int 2:168-173, 1992.
42. Lau EMC: Hip fracture in Hong Kong: Incidence, risk factors and prevention. Medical Doctorate Thesis. Hong Kong, Chinese University 1989.
43. Lau EMC, Tsai KS, Woo J, et al: Bone mineral density in Hong Kong and Taiwan Chinese women: A comparative study. Hong Kong Medical Journal 1:53-57, 1995.
44. Lau EMC, Woo J, Leung PC, Leung D: Low bone mineral density, grip strength and skin-fold thickness are important risk factors for hip fracture in Hong Kong Chinese. Osteoporosis Int 3:66-69, 1993.
45. Lee ST, Lee KO, Bose K: Osteoporosis in elderly Chinese (letter). Br Med J 296:1402, 1988.
46. Lee WTK, Leung SF, Lui SSH: Relationship between long-term calcium intake and bone mineral content of children aged from birth to 5 years. Br J Nutr 70:235-248, 1993.
47. Lee WTK, Leung SF, Ng MY, et al: Bone mineral content of two populations of Chinese children with different calcium intakes. Bone Miner 23:195-206, 1993.
48. Lindsay R: The Influence of Cigarette Smoking on Bone Mass and Bone Loss. In DeLuca HF (ed). Osteoporosis: Recent Advances in Pathogenesis and Treatment. Baltimore, University Park Press 481-485, 1981.
49. Maggi S, Kelsey JL, Litvak J, Heyse SP: Incidence of hip fractures in the elderly: A cross-national analysis. Osteoporosis Int 1:232-241, 1991.
50. Matkovic V, Kostial K, Simonovic I, et al: Bone status and fracture rates in two regions of Yugoslavia. Am J Clin Nutr 32:540-549, 1979.
51. Mazess RB, Barden HS, Ettinger M: Spine and femur density using dual-photon absorptiometry in U.S. white women. Bone Miner 2:211-219, 1987.
52. Melton LJ, Ilstrup DM, Riggs BL, Beckenbaugh RD: Fifty year trend in hip fracture incidence. Clin Orthop 162:144-149, 1982.
53. Melton LJ, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL: Secular trends in the incidence of hip fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 41:57-64, 1989.
54. Melton LJ, Wahner HW, Richelson LS, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL: Osteoporosis and the risk for hip fracture. Am J Epidemiol 114:254-261, 1986.
55. Nakamura T, Yoshikawa T, Mizuno Y, et al: Do geometric properties of the femoral neck explain Japanese-American differences in hip fracture incidence? (Abstract) J Bone Miner Res 8 (Suppl 1):867, 1993.
56. Norimatsu H, Mori S, Uesato T, Yoshikawa T, Katsuyama N: Bone mineral density of the spine and proximal femur in normal and osteoporotic subjects in Japan. Bone Miner 5:213-222, 1989.
57. Obrant KJ, Bengner U, Johnell O, Nilsson BE, Sernbo I: Increasing age-adjusted risk of fragility fractures: A sign of increasing osteoporosis in successive generations. Calcif Tissue Int 44:157-167, 1989.
58. Orimo H: Epidemiology of Fractures in Asia. In Christiansen C, Overgaard K (eds). Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Osteoporosis. Copenhagen, Osteopress 66-70, 1990.
59. Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, Gerkins VR, et al: Menopausal estrogen therapy and hip fractures. Ann Intern Med 95:28-31, 1981.
60. Philips S, Fox N, Jacobs J, Wright WE: The direct medical costs of osteoporosis for American women aged 45 and older. Bone 9:271-279, 1988.
61. Pocock NA, Eisman JA, Kelly PJ, Sambrook PN, Yeates MG: Effects of tobacco use on axial and appendicular bone mineral density. Bone 10:329-331, 1989.
62. Pun KK, Chan LWL, Chung V: The problem of calcium deficiency in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Practitioner 11:287-294, 1989.
63. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Camble GD, Sharpe SJ: Effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. New Engl J Med 328:460-464, 1993.
64. Rose G: Sick individuals and sick populations. Int J Epidemiol 14:32-38, 1985.
65. Russell-Aulet M, Wang J, Thornton JC, Colt EWD, Pierson RN: Bone mineral density and mass in a cross-sectional study of white and Asian women. J Bone Miner Res 8:575-582, 1993.
66. Seeman E, Melton LJ, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL: Risk factors for spinal osteoporosis in men. Am J Med 75:977-983, 1983.
67. Simkin A, Ayalon J, Leichter I: Increased trabecular bone density due to bone-loading exercises in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Calcif Tissue Int 40:59-63, 1987.
68. Smith R: Exercise and osteoporosis. Br Med J 290:1163-1164, 1985.
69. Spencer H, Rubio N, Rubio E, Indreika M, Seitam A: Chronic alcoholism: frequently overlooked cause of osteoporosis in men. Am J Med 80:393-397, 1986.
70. Sugimoto T, Tsutsumi M, Fujii Y, et al: Comparison of bone mineral content among Japanese, Koreans, and Taiwanese assessed by dual-photon absorptiometry. J Bone Miner Res 7:153-159, 1992.
71. Tang GWK: Menopausal symptoms. J Hong Kong Med Assoc 45:249-254, 1993.
72. Tostesen AN, Rosenthal DI, Melton LJ, Weinstein MC: The cost of effectiveness of screening perimenopausal white women for osteoporosis: bone densitometry and hormone replacement therapy. Ann Intern Med 113:594-603, 1990.
73. Wickham C, Walsh K, Cooper C, et al: Dietary calcium, physical activity and risk of hip fracture: a prospective study. Br Med J 299:889-892, 1989.
74. Wild D, Nayak USL, Isaacs B: How dangerous are falls in old people at home? Br Med J 282:266-268, 1981.
75. Williams AR, Weiss NS, Ure CL, Ballard J, Daling JR: Effect of weight, smoking and estrogen use on the risk of hip and forearm fractures in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 60:695-699, 1982.
76. Wong PCN: Fracture epidemiology in a mixed Southeastern Asian community (Singapore). Clin Orthop 45:55-61, 1966.