Analysis of apolipoproteins

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 5-22

  Laker, M F ^a   Evans, K ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Dyslipoproteinaemias; Immunochemical methods; Lipoproteins; Standardization

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN A2; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; APOLIPOPROTEIN B100; APOLIPOPROTEIN B48; APOLIPOPROTEIN C2; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LIPOPROTEIN A; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE;

ACCURACY; CALIBRATION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CORONARY RISK; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE 3; IMMUNOASSAY; IMMUNOCHEMISTRY; INCIDENCE; LIPID ANALYSIS; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFERENCE VALUE; REVIEW; TURBIDIMETRY;

EID: 0030020262     PISSN: 00045632     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/000456329603300102     Document Type: Review

References (226)

1. Kane JP, Havel RJ. Disorders of the biogenesis and secretion of lipoproteins containing the B apolipoproteins. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, eds. Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 1989: 1139-64
2. Schaefer EJ, Heaton WH, Wetzel MG, Brewer HB Jr. Plasma apolipoprotein A-I absence associated with a marked reduction of high density lipoproteins and premature coronary artery disease. Arteriosclerosis 1982; 2: 16-26
3. Dolphin PJ. Lipolytic enzymes and the role of apolipoproteins in the regulation of their activity. In: Rosseneu M, ed. Structure and Function of Apolipoproteins. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1992: 295-362
4. Fielding CJ, Shore VG, Fielding FE. A protein cofactor of lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 46: 1493-8
5. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science 1986; 232: 34-47
6. Tybjærg-Hansen A, Humphries SE. Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100: a single mutation that causes hypercholesterolaemia and premature coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1992; 96: 91-107
7. Mahley RW, Rall SC Jr. Type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia): the role of apolipoprotein E in normal and abnormal lipoprotein metabolism. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, eds. Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 1989: 1195-213
8. Bhatnagar D, Durrington PN. Clinical value of apolipoprotein measurements. Ann Clin Biochem 1991; 28: 427-37
9. Avogaro P, Bittolo Bon G, Cazzolato G, Qunici GB. Are apolipoproteins better predictors than lipids for atherosclerosis? Lancet 1979; i: 901-3
10. Sniderman AD, Shapiro S, Marpole D, Skinner B, Teng B, Kwiterovich PO. Association of coronary atherosclerosis with hyperbetalipoproteinaemia (increased protein but normal cholesterol levels in human plasma low density (b) lipoproteins). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 604-8
11. Riesen WF, Mordasini R, Salzmann C, Theler A, Gurtner HP. Apoproteins and lipids as discriminators of severity of coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 1980; 37: 157-62
12. Brunzell JD, Sniderman AD, Albers JJ, Kwiterovich PO. Apoprotein B and AI and coronary heart disease in humans. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4: 79-83
13. Durrington PN, Hunt L, Ishola M, Kane J, Stephens WP. Serum apolipoproteins AI and B and lipoproteins in middle aged men with and without previous myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1986; 56: 206-12
14. Durrington PN, Ishola M, Hunt L, Arrol S, Bhatnagar D. Apolipoprotein(a), AI, and B and parental history in men with early onset ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1988; i: 1070-3
15. Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Salvini S, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 373-81
16. Wald NJ, Law M, Watt HC, Wu T, Bailey A, Johnson AM, et al. Apolipoproteins and ischaemic heart disease: implications for screening. Lancet 1994; 343: 75-9
17. Scanu AM, Fless GM. Lipoprotein(a). Heterogeneity and biological relevance. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 1709-15
18. Mbewu AD, Durrington PN. Lipoprotein(a): structure, properties and possible involvement in thrombogenesis and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1990; 85: 1-14
19. Guyton JR, Dahlen GH, Patsch W, Kautz JA, Gotto AM Jr. Relationship of plasma lipoprotein Lp(a) levels to race and to apolipoprotein B. Arteriosclerosis 1985; 5: 265-72
20. Armstrong VW, Cremer P, Eberle E, Manke A, Schulze F, Wieland H, et al. The association between serum Lp(a) concentrations and angiographically assessed coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1986; 62: 249-57
21. Seed M, Hoppichler F, Reaveley D, McCarthy S, Thompson GR, Boerwinkle E, et al. Relation of serum lipoprotein(a) concentration and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype to coronary heart disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1494-9
22. Scott J. Lipoprotein(a). Thrombotic and atherogenic. BMJ 1991; 303: 663-4
23. Laker MF, Game FL. Laboratory investigation of dyslipoproteinaemias. In: Betteridge DJ, Illingworth DR, Shepherd J, eds. Lipoprotein Metabolism and Disorders. London: Edward Arnold (in press)
24. Breslow JL. Familial disorders of high density lipoprotein metabolism. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, eds. Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 1989: 1251-66
25. Assmann G, Schmitz G, Brewer HB Jr. Familial high density lipoprotein deficiency: Tangier disease. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, eds. Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 1989: 1267-82
26. Teng B, Sniderman AD, Soutar AK, Thompson GR. Metabolic basis of hyperapobetalipoproteinaemia. Turnover of apolipoprotein B in low density lipoprotein and its precursors and subfractions compared with normal and familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 663-72
27. Goldstein JL, Schrott HG, Hazzard WR, Bierman EL, Motulsky AG. Hyperlipidemia in coronary heart disease. II. Genetic analysis of lipid levels in 176 families and delineation of a new inherited disorder, combined hyperlipidemia. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 1544-68
28. Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 1-21
29. Fredrickson DS, Morganroth J, Levy RI. Type III hyperlipoproteinaemia. An analysis of two contemporary definitions. Ann Intern Med 1975; 82: 150-7
30. Eto M, Watanabe K, Ishii K. A rapid flat gel isoelectric focusing gel method for the determination of apolipoprotein E phenotypes and its application. Clin Chim Acta 1985; 149: 21-8
31. McDowell IFW, Wisdom GB, Trimble ER. Apolipoprotein E phenotype determined by agarose gel electrofocusing and immunoblotting. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 2070-3
32. Houlston RS, Snowden C, Green F, Alberti KGMM, Humphries SE. Apolipoprotein (apo) E genotypes by polymerease chain reaction and allele-specific oligonucleotide probes: no detectable linkage disequilibrium between apoE and apoC-II. Hum Genet 1989; 83: 364-8
33. Hixson JE, Vernier DT. Restriction isotyping of human apolipoprotein E by gene amplification and cleavage with HhaI. J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 545-8
34. Brunzell JD. Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency and other causes of the chylomicronemia syndrome. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, eds. Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 1989: 1165-80
35. Zilversmit DB. Atherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon. Circulation 1979; 60: 473-85
36. Kane JP, Hardman DA, Paulus HE. Heterogeneity of apolipoprotein B: isolation of a new species from chylomicrons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 2465-9
37. Föger B, Patsch JR. Strategies and methods for the assessment of disturbed postprandial lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 1993; 4: 428-33
38. Austin MA, Breslow JL, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Willett WC, Krauss RM. Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. J Am Med Assoc 1988; 260: 1917-21
39. Austin MA, King M-C, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk. Circulation 1990; 82: 495-506
40. Galeano NF, Milne RW, Marcel YL, Levy E, McIntosh RA, Curtin EL, et al. Does LDL size or lipid composition determine apoprotein B configuration and binding to the LDL receptor? Circulation 1989; 80(suppl II): 334
41. Snowden C, Houlston RS, Arif MH, Laker MF, Humphries SE, Alberti KGMM. Disparity between apolipoprotein phenotypes and genotypes (as determined by polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide probes) in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta 1991; 196: 49-57
42. Steinbrecher UP, Witztum JL. Glucosylation of low density lipoproteins to an extent comparable to that seen in diabetes slows their catabolism. Diabetes 1984; 33: 130-4
43. Lyons TJ, Klein RL, Baynes JW, Stevenson HC, Lopes-Virella MF. Stimulation of cholesteryl ester synthesis in human monocyte-derived macrophages by low-density lipoproteins from Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: the influence of non-enzymatic glycosylation of low-density lipoproteins. Diabetologia 1987; 30: 916-23
44. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Modifications of low density lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 915-24
45. Schuh J, Fairclough GF Jr, Haschmeyer RH. Oxygen-mediated heterogeneity of apo-low-density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 3173-7
46. Cazzolato G, Avogaro P, Bittolo-Bon G. Characterisation of a more electronegatively charged LDL subfraction by ion exchange HPLC. Free Radic Biol Med 1991; 11: 247-53
47. Kane JP. Apolipoprotein B: structural and metabolic heterogeneity. Ann Rev Physiol 1983; 45: 637-50
48. Knott TJ, Rall SC Jr, Innererity TL, Jacobson SF, Urdea MS, Levy-Wilson B, et al. Human apolipoprotein B: structure of carboxy-terminal domains, sitess of gene expression, and chromosomal location. Science 1985; 230: 37-43
49. Mehrabian M, Sparks RS, Mohandas T, Klisak IF, Schumaker VN, Heinzman C, et al. Human apolipoprotein B: chromosomal mapping and DNA polymorphisms of hepatic and intestinal species. Somatic Cell Mol Genet 1986; 12: 245-54
50. Ludwig EH, Blackhart BD, Pieroyyi VR, Caiati L, Fortier C, Knott T, et al. DNA sequence of the human apolipoprotein B gene. DNA 1987; 8: 363-72
51. Powell LM, Wallis SC, Pease RJ, Edwards YH, Knott TJ, Scott J. A novel form of tissue-specific RNA processing produces apolipoprotein-B-48 in the intestine. Cell 1987; 50: 831-40
52. Chen S-H, Habib G, Yang CY, Gu Z-W, Lee BR, Weng S, et al. Apolipoprotein B-48 is the product of a messenger RNA with an organ-specific in-frame stop codon. Science 1987; 238: 363-6
53. Haddad IA, Ordovas JM, Fitzpatrick T, Karathanasis SK. Linkage, evolution and expression of the rat apolipoprotein A-I, C-III, and apo A-IV genes. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 13268-77
54. Winkler KE, Marsh JB. Metabolism of triglyceride-rich nascent rat hepatic high density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 989-96
55. Ordovas JM, Civeira F, Genest J, Schaefer EJ. Genetic high density lipoprotein deficiency states. Atheroscler Rev 1990; 20: 261-72
56. Milne RW, Weech PK, Marcel YL. Immunochemical methods for studying and quantifying lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. In: Converse CA and Skinner ER, eds. Lipoprotein Analysis. A Practical Approach. Oxford: IRL Press, 1992: 61-84
57. Marcovina SM, Adolphson JL, Parlavecchia M, Albers JJ. Effects of lyophilization of apolipoproteins A-I and B. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 366-9
58. Steinberg KK, Cooper GR, Graiser SR, Rosseneu M. Some considerations of methodology and standardization of apolipoprotein A-I immunoassays. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 415-26
59. Bury J, Rosseneu M. Apolipoprotein quantitation by ELISA: technical aspects and clinical applications. Rev Immunoassay Tech 1988; 1: 1-25
60. Ghosh DK, Menon KMJ. Induction of high density lipoprotein receptors in rat corpus luteum by human choriogonadotrophin. Biochem J 1987; 244: 471-9
61. Marcovina SM, Albers JJ. Standardization of the immunochemical determination of apolipoproteins A-I and B: a report on the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry meeting on standardization of apolipoprotein A-I and B measurements (basis for future consensus), Vienna, Austria, April 18-19, 1989. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 2009-15
62. Labeur C, Shepherd J, Rosseneu M. Immunological assays of apolipoproteins in plasma: methods and instrumentaion. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 591-7
63. Lees RS. Immunoassay of plasma low density lipoproteins. Science 1970; 169: 493-4
64. Sniderman A, Teng B, Jerry M. Determination of B protein of low density lipoprotein directly in plasma. J Lipid Res 1975; 16: 465-7
65. Albers JJ, Wahl PW, Cabana VG, Hazzard WR, Hoover JJ. Quantitation of apolipoprotein A-I of human plasma high density lipoprotein. Metabolism 1976; 25: 633-44
66. Redman FC, Vermond A. The quantitative determination of apolipoprotein A-I (apo-Ip-Gln I) in human serum by radial immunodiffusion assay (RID). Clin Chim Acta 1978; 87: 387-94
67. Havekes L, Hemmink J, De Wit E. Low-density-lipoprotein apoprotein B in plasma as measured by radial immunodiffusion and rock immunoelectrophoresis. Clin Chem 1978; 27: 1829-33
68. Curry MD, Gustafson A, Alaupovic P, McConathy WJ. Electroimmunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and radial immunodiffusion assay evaluated for quantification of human apolipoprotein B. Clin Chem 1978; 24: 280-6
69. Marcovina S, Di Cola G, Catapano AL. Radial immunodiffusion assay of apolipoprotein A-I with use of two monoclonal antibodies combined. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 2155-9
70. Albers JJ, Adolphson JL. Comparison of commercial kits for apoprotein A-I and apoprotein B with standardised apoprotein A-I and B radioimmunoassays performed at the Northwest Lipid Research Center. J Lipid Res 1988; 29: 102-8
71. Bachorik PS, Cloey TA. Rate immunonephelometry and radial immunodiffusion compared for apolipoproteins A-I and B assay. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 2236-41
72. Cooper GR, Smith SJ, Wiebe DA, Kuchmak M, Hannon WH. International survey of apolipoprotein AI and B measurements (1983-1984). Clin Chem 1985; 31: 223-8
73. Richter W. Micromethod for immunochemical quantitation of dextran and studies on role of antigen size in single radial immunodiffusion. Inter Arch Allergy 1972; 43: 700-15
74. Kahan J, Sundblad L. Immunochemical determination of beta-lipoproteins. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1969; 24: 61-8
75. Curry MD, Alaupovic P, Suenram CA. Determination of apolipoprotein A and its constitutive A-I and A-II polypeptides by separate electroimmunoassays. Clin Chem 1976; 22: 315-22
76. Durrington PN, Whicher JT, Warren C, Bolton CH, Hartog M. A comparison of methods for the immunoassay of serum apolipoprotein B in man. Clin Chim Acta 1976; 71: 95-108
77. Shapiro D, Ballantyne FC, Shepherd J. Comparison of immunonephelometry and electroimmunoassay for estimation of plasma apolipoprotein A-I. Clin Chim Acta 1980; 103: 7-13
78. Miller JP, Mao SJT, Patsch JR, Gotto AM Jr. The measurement of apolipoprotein A-I in human plasma by electroimmunoassay. J Lipid Res 1980; 21: 775-80
79. Vladutiu GD, Glueck CJ, Schultz MT, McNeely S, Guthrie R. Beta-lipoprotein quantitation in cord blood spotted on filter paper: a screening test. Clin Chem 1980; 26: 1285-90
80. Fruchart JC, Dulhilleul P, Kora I, Duquesne M, Clavey V, Gentilini JL. Rapid determination of human plasma apolipoprotein B. Clin Chim Acta 1981; 114: 123-6
81. Rosseneu M, Vinaimont N, Vercaemst R, De Keersgieter W, Belpaire F. Standardisation of immunoaossays for the quantitation of plasma apo B protein. Anal Biochem 1981; 116: 204-10
82. Weech PK. Electroimmunoassay rocket areas estimated with a desktop computer system: an expedient in the assay of serum apolipoproteins. Clin Chem 1981; 27: 357-8
83. Reardon MF, Poapst ME, Uffelman KD, Steiner G. Improved method for quantitation of B apoprotein in plasma lipoproteins by electroimmunoassay. Clin Chem 1981; 27: 892-5
84. 1 and B in serum. Clin Biochem 1989; 22: 339-44
85. Schonfeld G, Lees R, George PK, Pfleger B. Assay of total plasma apolipoprotein B. Concentration in human subjects. J Clin Invest 1974; 53: 1458-67
86. Albers JJ, Cabana G, Hazzard WR. Immunoassay of human plasma apolipoprotein B. Metabolism 1975; 24: 1339-51
87. Fainaru M, Glangeaud C, Eisenberg A. Radioimmunoassay of human high density lipoprotein apoprotein A-I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1975; 386: 432-44
88. Bedford DK, Shepherd J, Morgan HG. Radioimmunoassay for human plasma apolipoprotein B. Clin Chim Acta 1976; 70: 267-76
89. Karlin JB, Juhn DJ, Starr JI, Scanu AM, Rubenstein AH. Measurement of human high density lipoprotein A-I in serum by radioimmunoassay. J Lipid Res 1976; 17: 30-7
90. Thompson GR, Birnbaumer ME, Levy RI, Gotto AM Jr. Solid phase radioimmunoassay of apolipoprotein B (apoB) in normal human plasma. Atherosclerosis 1976; 24: 107-18
91. 125I-labelled low-density lipoproteins by combined use of two monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 1890-7
92. Maynard Y, Roden DC, Tikkanen MJ, Schonfeld G, Ladenson JH. Radioimmunoassay of apolipoprotein B with use of monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chem 1984; 30: 1620-4
93. Marcovina S, Kottke BA, Mao SJT. Monoclonal antibodies can precipitate low density lipoprotein. II. Radioimmunoasay with single and combined monoclonal antibodies for determining apolipoprotein B in serum of patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 1659-63
94. Schonfeld G, Patsch B, Pfleger B, Witztum JL, Weidman SW. Lipolysis produces changes in the immunoreactivity and cell reactivity of very low density lipoproteins. J Clin Invest 1979; 64: 1288-97
95. Mao SJT, Kottke BA. Tween-20 increases the immunoreactivity of apolipoprotein A-I in plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980; 620: 447-53
96. Fruchart JC, Desreumaux C, Dewailly P, Sezille G, Jaillard J, Carlier Y, et al. Enzyme immunoassay for human apolipoprotein B, the major protein moiety in low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins. Clin Chem 1978; 24: 455-9
97. Holmquist L. Quantitation of human serum apolipoprotein B by enzyme immunoassay. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 121: 327-36
98. Fievet C, Koffigan M, Ouvry D, Marcovina S, Moschetto Y, Fruchart JC. Noncompetitive enzyme-linked immunoassay for apolipoprotein B in serum. Clin Chem 1984; 30: 98-100
99. Bury J, Rosseneu M. Quantification of human serum apolipoprotein AI by enzyme immunoassay. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 247-51
100. Riesen WF, Sturzenegger E, Imhof C, Mordasini R. Quantitation of apolipoprotein B by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chim Acta 1986; 154: 29-40
101. Young SG, Smith RS, Hogle DM, Curtiss LK, Witztum JL. Two new monoclonal antibody based enzyme-linked assays of apolipoprotein B. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 1484-90
102. Dubois DY, Cantraine F, Malmendier CL. Comparison of different sandwich immunoassays for the quantitation of human apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. J Immunol Meth 1987; 96: 115-20
103. Betard C, Vu-Dac N, Mezdour H, Nestruck AC, Leroy J, Fruchart JC. Standardization of an enzymometric assay for apolipoprotein A-I by using mixtures of monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1987; 25: 893-9
104. Ordovas JM, Peterson JP, Santaniello P, Cohn JS, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for human plasma apolipoprotein B. J Lipid Res 1987; 28: 1216-24
105. Barkia A, Martin C, Puchois P, Gwesquiere JC, Cachera G, Tartar A, et al. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for human proapolipoprotein A-I using specific antibodies against synthetic peptide. J Lipid Res 1988; 29: 77-84
106. Albers JJ, Lodge MS, Curtiss LK. Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a candidate reference method for the measurement of apolipoprotein B-100. J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 1443-58
107. Wang XL, Dudman NPB, Wilcken DEL. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of apolipoprotein B in blood spotted onto filter paper, suitable for neonatal screening. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 1000-4
108. Rifai N, King ME. Immunoturbidometric assays of apolipoproteins A, AI, AII, and B in serum. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 957-61
109. Riepponen P, Marniemi J, Rautaoja T. Immunoturbidometric determination of apolipoproteins A-I and B in serum. Scand J Lab Invest 1987; 47: 739-44
110. Irish GR, Ledue TB, Barrantes DM. Measurement of apolipoprotein A-I in serum with the Technicon RA-1000 system. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 1266
111. Mount JN, Kearney EM, Rosseneu M, Slavin BM. Immunoturbidometric assays for serum apolipoproteins A-I and B using the Cobas Bio centrifugal analyser. J Clin Path 1988; 41: 471-4
112. Brustolin D, Maierna M, Aguzzi F, Zoppi F, Taremghi G, Berti G. Immunoturbidometric method for routine determinations of apolipoproteins A-I and B. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 742-7
113. Ballentyne FC, Williamson J, Shapiro D, Caslake MJ, Perry B. Estimation of apolipoprotein B in man by immunonephelometry. Clin Chem 1978; 24: 788-92
114. Fievet-Desreumaux C, Dedonder-Decoopman E, Fruchart JC, Dewailly P, Sezille G. Immunochemical determination of human apolipoprotein B by laser nephelometry. Clin Chim Acta 1979; 95: 405-8
115. Hueck CC, Schlierf G. Nephelometry of apolipoprotein B in human serum. Clin Chem 1979; 25: 221-6
116. Lopes-Virella MFL, Virella G, Evans G, Malenkos SB, Colwell JA. Immunonephelometric assay of human apolipoprotein A-I. Clin Chem 1980; 26: 1205-8
117. Fievet-Desreumaux C, Dedonder-Decoopman E, Dewailly P, Sezille G. Immunochemical of human apolipoprotein A-I by laser nephelometry. Clin Chim Acta 1980; 107: 145-8
118. Rosseneu M, Vercaemst R, Vinaimont N, Van Tornout P, Henderson LO, Herbert PN. Quantitative determination of human plasma apolipoprotein A-I by laser immunonephelometry. Clin Chem 1981; 27: 856-9
119. Rosseneu M, Vinaimont N, Vercaemst R, De Keersgieter W, Belpaire F. Standardisation of immunoassays for the quantitation of plasma apo B protein. Clin Chim Acta 1981; 116: 204-10
120. Weinstock N, Bartholome M, Seidel D. Determination of apolipoprotein A-I by kinetic nephelometry. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981; 663: 279-88
121. Wieland H, Cremer P, Seidel D. Determination of apolipoprotein B by kinetic (rate) nephelometry. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 893-902
122. Kuusi T, Palosuo T, Ehnholm C. Immunonephelometric measurements of human plasma apolipoproteins A-I and A-II: an assay performed by consecutive addition of the two antisera to a single specimen. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1985; 45: 245-53
123. DaCol P, Kostner GM. Immunoquantification of total apolipoprotein B in serum by nephelometry: influence of lipase treatment and detergents. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 1045-50
124. Hallaway BJ, Rastogi A, Kottke BA. Apolipoprotein B quantified by particle-concentration fluorescence immunoassay. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 2387-91
125. Smith SJ, Cooper GR, Henderson LO, Hannon WH, the Apolipoprotein Standardization Group. An international collaborative study on standardization of apolipoproteins A-I and B. Part I. Evaluation of a lyophilized candidate reference and calibration material. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 2240-9
126. Albers JJ, Marcovina SM. Standardization of apolipoprotein B and A-I measurements. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 1357-61
127. Albers JJ. The Apoprotein and Antibody Standardization Program Planning Committee. The apoprotein and antibody standardization program. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 144-5
128. Slater HR, Tindle RW, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. A monoclonal-antibody-based immunoradiometric assay for apoprotein B in low-density lipoprotein. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 841-5
129. Markwell MK, Hass SM, Bieber LL, Tolbert NE. A modification of the Lowry procedure to simplify protein determination in membrane and lipoprotein samples. Anal Biochem 1978; 87: 206-10
130. Henderson LG, Powell MK, Smith SJ, Hannon WH, Cooper GR, Marcovina SM. Impact of protein measurements on standardization of apolipoproteins A-I and B. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 1911-17
131. Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Dati F, Ledue TB, Ritchie RF. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry Standardization Project for measurements of apolipoproteins A-I and B. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 1676-82
132. Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Henderson LO, Hannon WH. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry standardization project for measurements of apolipoproteins A-I and B. III. Comparability of apolipoprotein A-I values by use of international reference material. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 773-8
133. Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Kennedy H, Mei JV, Henderson LO, Hannon WH. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry standardization project for measurements of apolipoproteins A-I and B. IV. Comparability of apolipoprotein B values by use of international reference material. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 586-92
134. Marcovina SM, Gaur VP, Albers JJ. Biological variability of cholesterol, triglyceride, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and apolipoproteins A-I and B. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 574-8
135. Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiological Committee. Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American populations: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1979; 60: 427-39
136. Heiss G, Tamir I, Davis CE, Tyroler HA, Rifkind BM, Schonfeld G, et al. Lipoprotein-cholesterol distributions in selected North American populations: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1980; 61: 202-15
137. Viikari J, Rönnemaa T, Seppänen A, Marniemi J, Porkka K, Räsänen L, et al. Serum lipids and lipoproteins in children, adolescents and young adults in 1980-1986. Ann Med 1991; 23: 53-9
138. Donahue RP, Jacobs DR Jr, Sidney S, Wagenknecht LE, Albers JJ, Hulley SB. Distribution of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in young adults. The CARDIA study. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 656-64
139. Rosseneu M, Vercaemst R, Steinberg KK, Cooper GR. Some considerations of methodology and standardization of apolipoprotein B immunoassays. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 427-33
140. Azad K, Court S, Parkin JM, Laker MF, Alberti KGMM. Lipid levels in schoolchildren in North East England: effects of feeding and age. Ann Clin Biochem 1994; 31: 233-9
141. Alaupovic P, McConathy WJ, Fesmire J, Tavella M, Bard JM. Profiles of apolipoproteins and apolipoprotein B-containing particles in dyslipoproteinemias. Clin Chem 1988; 34: B13-B27
142. Zilversmit DB, Shea TM. Quantitation of apoB-148 and apoB-100 by gel scanning or radio-iodination. J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 1639-46
143. Peel AS, Zampelas A, Williams CM, Gould BJ. A novel antiserum specific to apolipoprotein B-48: application in the investigation of postprandial lipaemia in humans. Clin Sci 1993; 85: 521-4
144. Myant NB. Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100: a review, including some comparisons with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1993; 104: 1-18
145. Gaubatz JW, Heidemann C, Gotto AM Jr, Morrisett JD, Dahlen GH. Human plasma lipoprotein (a) - structural properties. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 4582-9
146. Utermann G, Weber W. Protein composition of Lp(a) lipoprotein from human plasma. FEBS Lett 1983; 154: 357-61
147. McClean JW, Tomlinson JE, Kuang W-J, Eaton DL, Chen EY, Fless GM, et al. cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein (a) is homologous to plasminogen. Nature (Lon) 1987; 330: 132-7
148. Kratzin H, Armstrong VW, Niehaus M, Hilschmann N, Seidel D. Structural relationship of an apolipoprotein(a) phenotype (570 kDa) to plasminogen: homologous kringle domains are linked by carbohydrate-rich regions. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1987; 368: 1533-44
149. Koschinsky M, Beisiegel U, Henne-Bruns D, Eaton DL, Lawn RM. Apolipoprotein(a) size heterogeneity is related to variable number of repeat sequences in its mRNA. Biochemistry 1990; 29: 640-4
150. Utermann G, Menzel HJ, Kraft HG, Duba HC, Kemmler HG, Seitz C. Lp(a) glycoprotein phenotypes. Inheritance and relationship to Lp(a) lipoprotein concentrations in plasma. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 458-65
151. Gaubatz JW, Ghanem KI, Guervera J Jr, Nava ML, Patsch W, Morisett JD. Polymorphic forms of human apolipoprotein(a): inheritance and relationship of their molecular weights to plasma levels of lipoprotein(a). J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 603-13
152. Lackner C, Boerwinkle E, Leffert CC, Rahmig T, Hobbs HH. Molecular basis of apolipoprotein (a) isoform heterogeneity as revealed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 2153-61
153. Albers JJ, Hazzard WR. Immunochemical quantification of human plasma Lp(a) lipoprotein. Lipids 1974; 9: 15-26
154. Gaubatz JW, Cushing GL, Morrisett JD. Quantitation, isolation, and characterisation of human lipoprotein(a). Methods Enzymol 1986; 129: 167-86
155. Molinari E, Pichler P, Krempler F, Kostner GA. A rapid screening method for pathological lipoprotein(a) concentrations by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Clin Chim Acta 1983; 128: 373-8
156. Albers JJ, Adolphson JL, Hazzard WR. Radioimmunoassay of human plasma Lp(a) lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 1977; 18: 331-8
157. Fless GM, Snyder ML, Scanu AM. Enzyme-linked immunoassay for Lp(a). J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 651-62
158. Labeur C, Michiels G, Bury J, Usher DC, Rosseneu M. Lipoprotein(a) quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 1380-4
159. Rainwater DL, Manis GS. Immunochemical characterisation and quantitation of lipoprotein (a) in baboons. Development of an assay depending on two antigenically distinct proteins. Atherosclerosis 1988; 73: 23-31
160. Abe A, Maeda S, Makino K, Seishima M, Simokawa K, Noma A, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of lipoprotein (a) in serum and cord blood. Clin Chim Acta 1988; 177: 31-40
161. Vu-Dac N, Mezdour H, Parra HJ, Luc G, Luyeye I, Fruchart JC. A selective bi-site immunoenzymatic procedure for human Lp(a) lipoprotein quantification using monoclonal antibodies against apo(a) and apoB. J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 1437-43
162. Wong WLT, Eaton DL, Berloi A, Fendly B, Hass PE. A monoclonal-antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem 1990; 36: 192-7
163. Taddei-Peters WC, Butman BT, Jones GR, Venetta TM, Macomber PE, Ransom JH. Quantification of lipoprotein(a) particles containing various apolipoprotein(a) isoforms by a monoclonal anti-apo(a) capture antibody and a polyclonal anti-apolipoprotein B detection antibody sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 1382-9
164. Cazzolato G, Prakasch G, Green S, Kostner GM. The determination of lipoprotein Lp(a) by rate and end-point nephelometry. Clin Chim Acta 1983; 135: 203-8
165. Gillery P, Arthuis P, Cuperlier C, Circaud R. Rate nephelometric assay of serum lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem 1993; 39: 503-8
166. Albers JJ, Marcovina SM, Lodge MS. The unique lipoprotein(a): properties and immunochemical measurement. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 2019-26
167. Seman LJ, Jenner JL, McNamara JR, Schaefer EJ. Quantification of lipoprotein(a) in plasma by assaying cholesterol in lectin-bound plasma fraction. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 400-3
168. Duvic CR, Smith G, Sledge WE, Lee LT, Murray MD, Roheim PS, et al. Identification of a mouse monoclonal antibody, LHLP-1, specific for human Lp(a). J Lipid Res 1985; 26: 540-8
169. Guo H-C, Armstrong VW, Luc G, Billardon C, Goulinet S, Nustede R, et al. Characterization of five mouse monoclonal antibodies to apolipoprotein(a) from human Lp(a). J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 597-606
170. Fless GM, Rolih CA, Scanu AM. Heterogeneity of human plasma lipoprotein(a). J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 11470-8
171. Farrer M, Game FL, Adams PC, Laker MF, Alberti KGMM. A simple, sensitive technique for classification of apolipoprotein(a) isoforms by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Clin Chim Acta 1992; 207: 215-25
172. Hwang J, Menon KMJ. Binding of apolipoprotein A-I and A-II after recombination with phospholipid vesicles to the high density lipoprotein receptor of luteinized rat ovary. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 5660-8
173. Barbaras R, Puchois P, Fruchart JC, Ailhaud G. Cholesterol efflux from cultured adipose cells is mediated by LpA-I particles but not by LpA-I:A-II particles. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1987; 142: 63-9
174. Cheung MC, Albers JJ. The measurement of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II levels in men and women by immunoassay. J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 43-50
175. Albers JJ, Cheung MC, Wahl PW. Effect of storage on the measurement of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II by radial immunodiffusion. J Lipid Res 1980; 21: 874-8
176. Mao SJT, Gotto AM Jr, Jackson RL. Immunochemistry of human plasma high density lipoproteins. Radioimmunoassay of apolipoprotein A-II. Biochemistry 1975; 14: 4127-31
177. Schonfeld G, Chen J, McDonnell WF, Jeng I. Apolipoprotein A-II content of plasma high density lipoproteins measured by radioimmunoassay. J Lipid Res 1977; 18: 645-54
178. Mordasini RC, Riesen WF. Electroimmunoassay and radioimmunoassay for the quantification of high density apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1980; 18: 917-20
179. Dufaux B, Ilsemann K, Assmann G. Competitive enzyme immunoassay for apolipoprotein A-II. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1983; 21: 39-43
180. Stein EA, DiPersio L, Pesce AJ, Kashyap M, Kao J-T, Srivastava L, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of apolipoprotein AII in plasma, with use of monoclonal antibody. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 967-71
181. Fruchart JC, Ailhaud G. Apolipoprotein A-containing lipoprotein particles: physiological role, quantification, and clinical significance. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 793-7
182. Cheung MC, Albers JJ. Characterization of lipoprotein particles isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography: particles containing AI and AII and particles containing AI but no AII. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 12201-9
183. Koren E, Puchois P, Alaupovic P, Fesmire J, Kandoussi A, Fruchart JC.
184. Cheung MC, Albers JJ. Distribution of high density lipoprotein particles with different apoprotein composition: particles with A-I and A-II and particles with A-I but no A-II. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 747-53
185. Atmeh RF, Shepherd J, Packard CJ. Subpopulations of apolipoprotein A-I in human high density lipoproteins. Their metabolism, properties and response to drug therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 751: 175-88
186. Puchois P, Kandoussi A, Fievet P, Fournier JL, Bertrand M, Koren E, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I containing lipoproteins in coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1987; 68: 35-40
187. Breckenridge WC, Little JA, Steiner G, Chow A, Poapst M. Hypertriglyceridemia associated with deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: 1265-73
188. Curry MD, McConathy WJ, Fesmire JD, Alaupovic P. Quantitative determination of apolipoproteins C-I and C-II in human plasma by separate electroimmunoassays. Clin Chem 1981; 27: 543-8
189. Jauhiaianen M, Laitinen M, Penttilä, Puhakainen E, Hietanen E. Determination of human apolipoprotein C-II by electroimmunoassay. Studies on standardization and determination before and after physical training. Int J Biochem 1983; 15: 501-6
190. Kashyap ML, Srivastava LS, Chen C, Perisutti G, Campbell M, Lutmer RF, et al. Radioimmunoassay of human apolipoprotein CII. J Clin Invest 1977; 69: 171-80
191. Schonfeld G, George PK, Miller J, Reilly P, Witztum J. Apolipoprotein C-I and C-III levels in hyperlipoproteinemia. Metabolism 1979; 28: 1001-10
192. Barr SI, Kottke BA, Chang JY, Mao SJT. Immunochemistry of human plasma apolipoprotein C-II as studied by radioimmunoassay. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981; 663: 491-505
193. Holmquist L. Quantitation of human serum very low density apolipoprotein B, C-I, C-II, C-III and E by enzyme immunoassay. J Immunol Meth 1980; 34: 243-51
194. Bury J, Michiels G, Rosseneu M. Human apolipoprotein C-II quantitation by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1986; 24: 457-61
195. Poirer J, Davignon J, Bouthillier D, Kogan S, Bertrand P, Gauthier S. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1993; 342: 697-99
196. Saunders AM, Schmader K, Breitner JCS, Benson MD, Brown WT, Goldfarb L, et al. Apolipoprotein E ∈4 allele distributions in late-onset Alzheimer's disease and in other amyloid-forming diseases. Lancet 1993; 432: 710-11
197. Scott J. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1993; 432: 696
198. Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science 1988; 240: 622-30
199. Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF. Apolipoprotein polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 1-21
200. Steinmetz A, Saile R, Sefraoui M, Parra HJ, Fruchart JC. Confusion of apolipoprotein E phenotyping by serum amyloid. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 671-2
201. Mailly F, Davignon J, Nestruck AC. Analytical isoelectric focusing with immobilised pH gradients of human apolipoprotein E from very low density lipoproteins and total plasma. J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 149-55
202. Luley C, Baumstark MW, Wieland H. Rapid apolipoprotein E phenotyping by immunofixation in agarose. J Lipid Res 1991; 32: 880-3
203. Wenham PR, Sedky A, Spooner RJ. Apolipoprotein phenotyping: a word of caution. Ann Clin Biochem 1991; 28: 599-605
204. Weisgraber KH, Newhouse YM, Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E genotyping using polymerase chain reaction and allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 157: 1212-7
205. Emi M, Wu LL, Robertson MA, Myers RL, Hegele RA, Williams RR, et al. Genotyping and sequence analysis of apolipoprotein E isoforms. Genomics 1988; 3: 373-9
206. Green EK, Bain SC, Day PJ, Barnett AH, Charleson F, Jones AF, et al. Detection of human apolipoprotein E3, E2 and E4 genotypes by allele-specific oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain assay: development and validation. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 1263-8
207. Wenham PR, Newton CR, Price WH. Analysis of apolipoprotein E genotypes by the amplification refractory mutation system. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 241-4
208. Laker MF. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in diabetes mellitus. In: Alberti KGMM, Krall LP, eds. The Diabetes Annual 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986: 267-82
209. Kushwaha RS, Hazzard WR. Type III hyperlipoproteinemia: diagnosis in whole plasma by apolipoprotein immunoassay. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87: 509-16
210. Curry MD, McConathy WJ, Fesmire JD, Alaupovic P. Determination of human apolipoprotein E by electroimmunoassay. Biochim Biophys Acta 1976; 439: 413-25
211. Blum CB, Aron L, Sciacca R. Radioimmunoassay studies of human apolipoprotein E. J Clin Invest 1980; 66: 1240-50
212. Mackie A, Caslake MJ, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Concentration and distribution of human plasma apolipoprotein E. Clin Chim Acta 1981; 116: 35-45
213. Au YPT, Bren ND, Kottke BA. A rapid apolipoprotein E radioimmunoassay using solid-phase Staphylococcus protein. Use of pooled plasma as a secondary standard. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 138: 455-62
214. Bury J, Vercaemst R, Rosseneu M, Belpaire F. Apolipoprotein E quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 265-70
215. Alsayed N, Rebourcet R, Chapman J. Concentrations of apoprotein CII, CIII and E in total serum and in the apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, determined by a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 2047-52
216. Weisweiler P, Schwandt P. Immunonephelometric quantitation of apolipoprotein E in human serum. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1983; 21: 227-30
217. Rifai N, Silverman LM. A simple immunotechnique for the determination of serum concentration of apolipoprotein E. Clin Chim Acta 1987; 163: 207-13
218. Evans K, Laker MF. Intra-individual factors affecting lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein measurement: a review. Ann Clin Biochem 1995; 32: 261-80
219. Cohn JS, McNamara JR, Cohn SD, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ. Postprandial plasma lipoprotein changes in human subjects of different ages. J Lipid Res 1988; 29: 469-79
220. Azad K, Court S, Parkin JM, Laker MF, Alberti KGMM. Lipid levels in schoolchildren in North East England: effects of feeding and age. Ann Clin Biochem 1994; 31: 233-9
221. Rifai N, Merrill R, Holly RG. Postprandial effect of a high fat meal on plasma lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein measurements. Ann Clin Biochem 1990; 27: 489-93
222. Edelstein C, Gordon JI, Poscas K, Sims HF, Strass AW, Scanu AM. In vitro conversion of proapoprotein A-I to apoprotein A-I. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 11430-3
223. Hankinson SE, London SJ, Chute CG, Barbieri RL, Jones L, Kaplan LA, et al. Effect of transport conditions on the stability of biochemical markers in blood. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 2313-16
224. Evans K, Mitcheson J, Laker MF. Effect of storage at 4°C and -20°C on lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations. Clin Chem (in press)
225. Sgoutas DS, Tuten T. Effect of freezing and thawing of serum on the immunoassay of lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem 1992; 38: 1873-7
226. Hofmann AF. The aminopyrine demethylation breath test and serum bile acid level: nominated but not yet elected to join the common liver tests. Hepatology 1982; 2: 512-17