Phenotypic variation in xenobiotic metabolism and adverse environmental response: Focus on sulfur-dependent detoxification pathways

Toxicology

Volumn 111, Issue 1-3, 1996, Pages 43-65

  McFadden, S A ^a  

^a Independent Research Advocates   (United States)

Author keywords

Idiopathic environmental intolerance; Risk assessment; sulfation; Sulfoxidation; Sulfur dependent detoxification pathways; Xenobiotic metabolism

Indexed keywords

CARBOCISTEINE; DRUG; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL; PHENOL; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; TYRAMINE;

CONFERENCE PAPER; DETOXIFICATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOOD; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; OXIDATION; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SULFATION; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM;

EID: 0030018709     PISSN: 0300483X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03392-6     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (145)

1. AIA-USA Autism, Intolerance, and Allergy Network USA 1995 Contact: Deborah Tritschler, 5605 Dutchman Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, Ph. 919-387-9018
2. R. Ayesh S.C. Mitchell R.H. Waring R.H. Withrington M.H. Seifert R.L. Smith Sodium aurothiomalate toxicity and sulphoxidation capacity in rheumatoid arthritic patients Br. J. Rheumatol. 26 1987 197 201
3. B.M. Babior C.A. Crowley Chronic granulomatous disease and other disorders of oxidative killing by phagocytes J.B. Stanbury The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease 5th. Ed. 1983 McGraw-Hill New York 1956 1985
4. H. Bartsch F. Kadlubar I. O'Niell Biomarkers in human cancer. I. Predisposition and use in risk assessment Envir. Health Perspect. 1992 98
5. I.R. Bell C.S. Miller G.E. Schwartz An olfactorylimbic model of multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: possible relationships to kindling and affective spectrum disorders Biol. Psychol. 32 1992 218 242
6. I.R. Bell D. Amend A.W. Kaszniak G.E Schwartz Memory deficits, sensory impairment, and depression in the elderly (Letter) Lancet 341 1993 62
7. I.R. Bell G.E. Schwartz J.M. Peterson D. Amend W.A. Stinti Possible time-dependent sensitization to xenobiotics: self-reported illness from odors, foods, and opiate drugs in an older adult population Arch. Environ. Health 48 5 1993 315 327
8. R.L. Blaylock Excitotoxins: The Taste That Kills 1994 Health Press Sante Fe, NM
9. A.R. Boobis D.J. Fawthrop C.E. Seddon C.J. Speirs D.S. Davies Variability in the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of acetaminophen W. Kalow Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism 1992 Pergamon Press New York 791 812 Chpt. 32
10. H. Bradley A. Gough R.S. Sokhi A. Hassell R. Waring P. Emery Sulfate metabolism is abnormal in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Confirmation by in vivo biochemical findings J. Rheumatol. 21 1994 1192 1196
11. H. Bradley R.H. Waring P. Emery V. Arthur Metabolism of low-dose paracetamol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Xenobiotica 21 1991 689 693
12. J. Brockmoller B. Staffeldt I. Roots Evaluation of proposed sulphoxidation pathways of carbocysteine in man by HPLC quantification Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 40 1991 387 392
13. J. Brostoff Mechanisms: an introduction J. Brostoff S.J. Challacombe Food Allergy and Intolerance 1987 Saunders Philadelphia 433 455
14. M. Brown L. Fisher R.T. Mason J. Rivier W. Vale Neurobiological actions of cysteamine Fed. Proc. (FASEB) 44 1985 2556 2560
15. E.J. Calabrese Ecogenetics: Genetic Variation in Susceptibility to Environmental Agents 1984 Wiley New York
16. A. Carlsson B. Fornstedt Catechol metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid as possible markers in the early diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease Neurology 41 1991 50 52
17. Ciba Foundation Environmental Chemicals, Enzyme Function, and Human Disease Ciba Foundation Symposium 76 (New Series) 1980 Excerpta Medica New York
18. A.J. Cooper Biochemistry of sulfur-containing amino acids Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52 1983 187 222
19. D.L. Dadd R.C. Dadd J.J. McGovern R.W. Gardner Therapeutic Diets with Special Emphasis on the Rotary Diversified Diet (With Index of Phenylic Food Compounds) 1980 Nutritional Research Company San Francisco, CA.,
20. I.M. Darling M.L. Mammarella Q. Chen M.E. Morris Salicylate inhibits the renal transport of inorganic sulfate in rat membrane vesicle preparations Drug Metab. Dispos. 22 1994 318 323
21. M.H. Davies L. Klovrza R.H. Waring E. Elias Plasma cysteine and sulphate levels in patients with cirrhosis of the liver Clin. Sci. 87 1994 357 362
22. M.H. Davies J.M. Ngong M. Yucesoy S.K. Acharya C.O. Mills J.B. Weaver R.H. Waring E. Elias The adverse influence of pregnancy upon sulphation: a clue to the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy? J. Hepatol. 21 1994 1127 1134
23. B.A. Davis B. Dawson B. Boulton Investigations of some biological trait markers in migraine: deuterated tyramine challenge test, monoamine oxidase, phenol sulfotransferase, and plasma and urinary biogenic amine and acid metabolite levels Headache 27 1987 384 389
24. I.A. El Fatih J.S. Karim D.J. Millership D.J. Temple A.D. Woolfson The influence of diet on drug metabolism studies of S-carboxymethyl- l -cysteine Int. J. Pharm. 52 1989 155 158
25. B.E. Eleftheriou Psychopharmacogenetics 1975 Plenum Press New York
26. E. Elias R.H. Waring Impaired sulfoxidation in primary biliary cirrhosis (letter) Hepatology 10 1989 1027
27. P. Emery C.S. Panayi G. Huston K.I. Welsh S.C. Mitchell R.R. Shah J.R. Idle R.L. Smith R.H. Waring D-penicillamine-induced toxicity in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of sulphoxidation status and HLA-DR3 J. Rheumatol. 11 1984 626 632
28. P. Emery H. Bradley A. Gough V. Arthur R. Jubb R. Waring Increased prevalence of poor sulphoxidation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: effect of changes in the acute phase response and second line drug treatment Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51 1992 318 320
29. P. Emery M. Salmon H. Bradley P. Wordsworth E. Tunn P.A. Bacon R. Waring Genetically determined factors as predictors of radiological change in patients with early symmetrical arthritis Br. Med. J. 305 1992 1387 1389
30. T. Eriksson A. Granerus A. Linde A. Carlsson “On-Off” phenomenon in Parkinson's Disease: relationship between DOPA and other large neutral amino acids Neurology 38 1988 1245 1248
31. FAUS Feingold Association of the United States 1995 Contact: P.O. Box 6550, Alexandria, VA 22306, ph. 1-800-321-3287.
32. B.F. Feingold Why Your Child is Hyperactive 1974 Random House New York
33. T. Florin G. Neale G.R. Gibson S.U. Christl J.H. Cummings Metabolism of dietary sulphate: absorption and excretion in humans Gut 32 1991 766 773
34. B. Fornstedt E. Rosengren A. Carlsson Occurrence and distribution of 5- S -cysteinyl derivatives of dopamine, DOPA, and DOPAC in the brains of eight mammalian species Neuropharmacology 24 1986 451 454
35. B. Fornstedt E. Pileblad A. Carlsson In vivo autoxidation of dopamine in guinea pig striatum increases with age J. Neurochem. 55 2 1990 665
36. G.V. Goddard The kindling model of epilepsy Trends Neurosci. 6 1983 275 279
37. G.V. Goddard D.C. McIntyre C.K. Leech A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation Exp. Neurol. 25 1969 295 330
38. C. Gordon H. Bradley R.H. Waring P. Emery Abnormal sulphur oxidation in systemic lupus erythematosus Lancet 339 1992 25 26
39. W.L. Gregory O.F. James J.R. Idle Carbocysteine polymorphism and disease (letter) Lancet 339 1992 616
40. W.L. Gregory O.F. James I. Turner C.O. Meese J.R. Idle Re-evaluation of the metabolism of carbocisteine in a British white population Pharmacogenetics 3 1993 270 274
41. O.W. Griffith Mammalian sulfur amino acid metabolism: an overview Methods in Enzymology Vol. 143 1987 366 376
42. C.S. Haley R.H. Waring S.C. Mitchell R.R. Shah J.R. Idle R.L. Smith Lack of congruence of S-carboxymethyl- l -cysteine sulphoxidation and debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation in a Caucasian population Xenobiotica 15 1985 445 450
43. E. Hannington A.M. Harper The role of tyramine in the aetiology of migraine, and related studies on the cerebral and extracerebral circulations Headache 8 1968 84 97
44. C.M. Harris S.C. Mitchell R.H. Waring G.L. Hendry The case of the black-speckled dolls: an occupational hazard of unusual sulphur metabolism Lancet i 1986 492 493
45. M.T. Heafield S. Fearn G.B. Steventon R.H. Waring A.C. Williams S.G. Sturman Plasma cysteine and sulphate levels in patients with motor neurone, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease Neurosci. Lett. 110 1990 216 220
46. U. Hofman M. Eichelbaum S. Seefried Identification of thiodiglycolic acid, thiodiglycolic acid sulfoxide, and (3-carboxymethylthio)lactic acid as major human biotransformation products of S -carboxymethyl-L-cysteine Drug Metab. Dispos. 19 1991 222 226
47. Y. Hosokawa S. Niizeki H. Tojo I. Sato K. Yamaguchi Hepatic cysteine dioxygenase activity and sulfur amino acid metabolism in rats: possible indicators in the evaluation of protein quality J. Nutr. 118 1988 456 461
48. Y. Hosokawa A. Matsumoto J. Oka H. Itakura K. Yamaguchi Isolation and characterization of a cDNA for rat liver cysteine dioxygenase Biochem.Biophys. Res. Commun. 168 1990 473 478
49. Ibc Usa Conferences Inc., Pharmacogenetics: Optimizing Drug Discovery and Development 1995 May 4–5, 1995, Bethesda, MD (508-481-6400)
50. S. Ito T. Kato K. Fujita Covalent binding of catechols to proteins through the sulphydryl group Biochem. Pharmacol. 37 1988 1707 1710
51. W. Kalow Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism 1992 Pergamon Press New York
52. M.R. Kantz Advanced polymer matrix resins and constituents: an overview of manufacturing, composition, and handling R.S. Kurtzman H.J. Clewell Conference on Occupational Health Aspects of Advanced Composite Technology in the Aerospace Industry, Applied Industrial Hygiene 1989 1 8 Special Issue (12/1989)
53. A.K. Karim M.S. El Fellah D.A. Evans Human acetylator polymorphism: estimate of allele frequency in Libya and details of global distribution J. Med. Genet. 18 1981 325 330
54. J.G. Klingman D.W. Choi Toxicity of sulfurcontaining amino acids on cultured cortical neurons (Abstract) Neurology 39 1989 242
55. A. Kupfer J.R. Idle False positives with current carbocisteine protocol for sulphoxidation phenotyping (letter) Lancet 335 1990 1107
56. R.S. Larson E.M. Scheide Occupational health aspects of advanced composite manufacture and use R.S. Kurtzman H.J. Clewell Conference on Occupational Health Aspects of Advanced Composite Technology in the Aerospace Industry, Applied Industrial Hygiene 1989 57 59 Special Issue (12/1989)
57. G. Levy Sulfate conjugation in drug metabolism: role of inorganic sulfate Fed. Proc. 45 1986 2235 2240 8
58. J. Littlewood V. Glover M. Sandler R. Petty R. Peatfield F.C. Rose Platelet phenolsulphotransferase deficiency in dietary migraine Lancet i 1982 983 985
59. R. Madhok H.A. Capell R.H. Waring Does sulphoxidation state predict gold toxicity in rheumatoid arthritics? Br. Med. J. 294 1987 483
60. R. Madhok R. Zoma H.I. Torley H.A. Capell R. Waring J.A. Hunter The relationship of sulfoxidation status to efficacy and toxicity of penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum. 33 1990 574 577
61. M. Marabani R. Madhok H.A. Capell R.H. Waring Sulphasalazine toxicity does not correlate with sulphoxidation capacity Br. J. Rheumatol. 26 1987 2 4
62. K.P. McCann M.T. Akbari A.C. Williams D.B. Ramsden Human cysteine dioxygenase type I: primary structure derived from base sequencing of cDNA Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1209 1994 107 110
63. D.J. McComb P.D. Cairns K. Kovacs S. Szabo Effects of cysteamine on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the rat Fed. Proc. (FASEB) 44 1985 2551 2555
64. V.A. McKusick Mendelian Inheritance in Man: Catalogs of Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, and X-Linked Phenotypes 8th Ed. 1988 John Hopkins University Press Baltimore 1019 1020
65. C.O. Meese U. Hofmann M. Eichelbaum Polymorphic sulphoxidation of carbocisteine (letter) Lancet 336 1990 693 694
66. C.O. Meese C. Fischer A. Kupfer H. Wisser M. Eichelbaum Identification of the “major” polymorphic carbocysteine metabolite as S-(carboxymethylthio) l -cysteine Biochem. Pharmacol. 42 1991 13 16
67. Genetics and Psychopharmacology J. Mendlewicz Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry Vol. 10 1975
68. W.J. Millard S.M. Sagar J.B. Martin Cysteamine-induced depletion of somostatin and prolactin Fed. Proc. (FASEB) 44 1985 2546 2550
69. Proceedings of the conference on low-level exposure to chemicals and neurobiologic sensitivity 6–7 April 1994, Baltimore, MD F.L. Mitchell P. Price Toxicol. Ind. Health 10 1994 273 674
70. S.C. Mitchell R.H. Waring Detection of inorganic sulphate and other anions on paper and thin-layer chromatograms J. Chromatogr. 166 1978 341 343
71. S.C. Mitchell R.H. Waring The deficiency of sulfoxidation of S-carboxymethyl- l -cysteine Pharmacol. Ther. 43 1989 237 249
72. S.C. Mitchell R.H. Waring S -Oxygenases. III. Human pharmacogenetics L.A. Damani Sulphur-Containing Drugs and Related Organic Compounds Vol. IIA 1989 Ellis Horwood Chichester 101 119 Chpt. 5
73. S.C. Mitchell R.H. Waring C.S. Haley J.R. Idle R.L. Smith Genetic aspects of the polymodally distributed sulphoxidation of S-carboxymethyl- l -cysteine in man Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 18 1984 507 521
74. S.C. Mitchell R.H. Waring V.L. Wilson J.R. Idle H. Autrup C.C. Harris J.C. Ritchie M.J. Crothers S.M. Sieber Sulphoxidation of S -carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in the Rhesus monkey ( Macaca mullati ), Cynomologus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis ), African Green monkey ( Cercopithecus aethiops ), and the Marmoset ( Callithrix jaccus ) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84B 1986 143 144
75. S.C. Mitchell R.H. Waring D. Land W.V. Thorpe Odorous urine following asparagus ingestion in man Experientia 43 1987 382 383
76. S.C. Mitchell R.H. Waring G.B. Steventon Variation in the S -oxidation of cysteine derivatives W. Kalow Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism 1992 Pergamon Press New York 367 382
77. J. Monro Hepatic conjugation ability Presented at the 29th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine Oct. '94, Virginia Beach, VA Tape SCE945/no. 26 1994 Available from: Insta-Tape, Inc., P.O. Box 1279, Monrovia, CA 91017-5729
78. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Breaking the code of environmental genetics. Environ Health Perspect. 102 1994 432 435
79. J.W. Olney Role of excitotoxins in developmental neuropathology APMIS 101 1993 103 112
80. J.W. Olney Excitotoxins in foods Neurotoxicology 15 1994 536 544
81. J.W. Olney Excitatory transmitter neurotoxicity Neurobiol. Aging 14 1994 259 260
82. J.W. Olney O.L. Ho Brain damage in infant mice following oral intake of glutamate, aspartate, or cysteine Nature 227 1970 609 611
83. J.W Olney O.L. Ho V. Rhee B. Schainker Cysteine-induced brain damage in infant and fetal rodents Brain Res. 45 1972 309 313
84. J.W. Olney C. Zorumski M.T. Price J. Labruyere l -Cysteine: a bicarbonate-sensitive endogenous excitotoxin Science 248 1990 596 599
85. A.B. Olomu C.R. Vickers R.H. Waring D. Clements C. Babbs T.W. Warnes E. Elias High incidence of poor sulfoxidation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis N. Engl. J. Med. 318 1988 1089 1092
86. Genetic Variability in Responses to Chemical Exposure G.S. Omenn H.V. Gelboin Banbury Report 16 1984 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press New York
87. B.A. O'Reilly R.H. Waring Enzyme and sulphur oxidation deficiencies in autistic children with known food/chemical intolerances J. Orthomol. Med. 8 1993 198 200
88. H.S Pall A.C. Williams R. Waring E. Elias Motorneurone disease as manifestation of pesticide toxicity (letter) Lancet ii 1987 685
89. A. Pean G.B. Steventon R.H. Waring H. Foster S. Sturman A.C. Williams Pathways of cysteine metabolism in MND/ALS J. Neurol. Sci. 124 1994 59 61
90. T.L. Perry M.G Norman V.W. Yong S. Whiting J.U Crichton S. Hansen S.J. Kish HallervordenSpatz Disease: cysteine accumulation and cystine dioxygenase deficiency in the globus pallidus Ann. Neurol. 18 1985 482 489
91. T.L. Perry C. Krieger S. Hansen A. Tabatbaei Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: fasting plasma levels of cysteine and inorganic sulfate are normal, as are brain contents of cysteine Neurology 41 1991 487 490
92. T.L Perry C. Krieger S. Hansen A. Tabatbaei Reply from the authors Neurology 41 1991 1851 1852
93. R.H. Porter P.J. Roberts Glutamate metabotropic receptor activation in neonatal rat cerebral cortex by sulphur-containing excitatory amino acids Neurosci. Lett. 154 1993 78 80
94. J. Preston J. Johnson Appendix B: special cautions when taking MAO inhibitors Clinical Psychopharmacology Made Ridiculously Simple 1990 MedMaster Miami, FL
95. D.A. Price-Evans Genetic Factors in Drug Therapy: Clinical and Molecular Pharmacogenetics 1993 University Press Cambridge
96. T. Pullar A. Zoma H.A. Capell M. Farid-Kahn D.H. Brown W.E. Smith Alteration of thiol and Superoxide dismutase status in rheumatoid arthritis treated with sulphasalazine Br. J. Rheum. 26 1987 202 206
97. B.S. Ramakrishna I.C. Roberts-Thomson P.R. Pannall W.E. Roediger Impaired sulphation of phenol by the colonic mucosa in quiescent and active ulcerative colitis Gut 32 1991 45 49
98. D. Riley A.E. Lang Practical application of a low-protein diet for Parkinson's Disease Neurology 38 1988 1026 1031
99. P.J. Rogers G.M. Tyce R.M. Weinshilboum D.T. O'Connor K.R. Bailey A.A. Bove Catecholamine metabolic pathways and exercise training: plasma and urine catecholamines, metabolic enzymes, and chromogranin-A Circulation 84 1991 2346 2356
100. S.A. Rogers The EI Syndrome: An Rx for Environmental Illness 1986 Prestige Publishers Syracuse, NY
101. L.E. Rosenberg C.R. Scriver Disorders of the sulfur amino acids P.K. Bondy L.E. Rosenberg Duncan's Diseases of Metabolism: Genetics and Metabolism 1974 Saunders Philadelphia 544 556
102. E. Rosengren E. Linder-Eliasson A. Carlsson Detection of 5- S -cysteinyldopamine in human brain J. Neural Transm. 63 1985 247 253
103. J.A. Roth A.J. Rivett Commentary: does sulfate conjugation contribute to the metabolic inactivation of catecholamines in humans? Biochem. Pharmacol. 31 1982 3017 3021
104. G.K. Scadding R. Ayesh J. Brostoff S.C. Mitchell R.H. Waring R.L. Smith Poor sulphoxidation ability in patients with food sensitivity Br. Med. J. 297 1988 105 107
105. B.F. Scharschmidt J.R. Lake Impaired sulfoxidation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology Elsewhere Hepatology 9 1989 654 658
106. C.S. Schwartz Toxicity of advanced composite matrix materials R.S. Kurtzman H.J. Clewell Conference on Occupational Health Aspects of Advanced Composite Technology in the Aerospace Industry, Applied Industrial Hygiene 1989 23 38 Special Issue (12/1989)
107. D.B. Shennan T.V. Russell Salicylate inhibits human placental sulphate transport in vivo Biochem. Pharmacol. 41 1991 723 728
108. I.G. Sipes A.J. Gandolfi Biotransformation of toxicants C.D. Klaassen M.O. Amdur Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons 3rd Ed. 1986 Macmillan London
109. B. Staffeldt J. Brockmoller I. Roots Evaluation of possible polymorphisms in sulfoxidation of carbocystein analysed by HPLC methods Eur. J. Pharmacol. 183 1990 627 628
110. G.B. Steventon A.C. Williams R.H. Waring H.S. Pall D. Adams Xenobiotic metabolism in motorneurone disease Lancet ii 1988 644 647
111. G.B. Steventon M.T. Heafield R.H. Waring A.C. Williams Xenobiotic metabolism in Parkinson's Disease Neurology 39 1989 883 887
112. G.B. Steventon M.T. Heafield S. Sturman R.H. Waring A.C. Williams Xenobiotic metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease Neurology 40 1990 1095 1098
113. G.B. Steventon C. Humfrey S. Sturman R.H. Waring A.C. Williams Monoamine oxidase B and Parkinson's Disease (letter) Lancet 335 1990 180
114. G.B. Steventon R.H. Waring M.T.E. Heafield S.G. Sturman A.C. Williams Cystine, sulfate, and ALS Neurology 41 1991 1851 1852
115. G.B. Steventon R.H. Waring A.C. Williams Pesticide toxicity and motor neuron disease (letter) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 53 1991 621 622
116. S. Szabo S. Reichlin Somatostatin depletion by cysteamine: mechanism and implication for duodenal ulceration Fed. Proc. (FASEB) 44 1985 2540 2545
117. L.B. Turnbull L. Teng J.M. Kinzie J.E. Pitts F.M. Pinchbeck R.B. Bruce Excretion and biotransformation of carboxymethylcysteine in rat, dog, monkey and man Xenobiotica 8 1978 621 628
118. University of Cincinnati Center for Environmental Genetics: Annual Report 1994–1995, NIEHS Research Grant ES06096 1995
119. L. Vecsei R. Ekman C. Alling E. Widerlov Influence of cysteamine and cysteine on open field behavior, and on brain concentrations of catecholamines, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and corticotropin releasing hormone in the rat J. Neural Transm. 78 1989 209 220
120. Human genetic variation in response to medical and environmental agents: pharmacogenetics and ecogenetics F. Vogel W. Buselmaier W. Reichert G. Kellermann P. Berg International Titisee Conference October 13–15, 1977 Hum. Genet. 1 1978
121. R.H. Waring The Metabolism of S -carboxymethylcyseine in rodents, marmosets, and humans Xenobiotica 8 1978 265 270
122. R.H. Waring Variation in human metabolism of S -carboxymethylcysteine Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmokinet. 5 1980 49 52
123. R.H. Waring Statement on 1/19/95 to AIA-USA of Raleigh, NC 1995
124. R.H. Waring S.C. Mitchell The metabolism and elimination of S-carboxymethyl- l -cysteine in man Drug Metab. Dispos. 10 1982 61 62
125. 35S)- d -penicillamine in man Xenobiotica 18 1988 235 244
126. R.H. Waring S.C. Mitchell Carbocisteine sulphoxidation phenotype (letter) Lancet 335 1990 1527
127. R.H. Waring P. Emery The genetic basis of responses to drugs: a rheumatological perspective Scientific Reviews in Rheumatology M. Walport Br. J. Rheum. 32 1993 181 188
128. R.H. Waring J.M. Ngong Sulphate metabolism in allergy-induced autism: relevance to the disease aetiology Biological Perspectives in Autism 1993 The Autism Research Unit, University of Sunderland 25 33
129. R.H. Waring S.C. Mitchell R.R. Shah J.R. Idle R.L. Smith Polymorphic sulphoxidation of S-carboxymethyl- l -cysteine in man Biochem. Pharmacol. 31 1982 3151 3154
130. R.H. Waring S.C. Mitchell R.R. Shah The metabolism of S-carboxymethyl- l -cysteine in man: isolation of an ester glucuronic acid conjugate from urine Xenobiotica 13 1983 311 317
131. R.H. Waring S.C. Mitchell J. O'Gorman J. Fraser Cytosolic sulphoxidation of S-carboxymethyl- l cysteine in mammals Biochem. Pharmacol. 35 1986 2999 3002
132. R.H. Waring G.B. Steventon G.S. Sturman M.T. Heafield M.C. Smith A.C. Williams S -Methylation in motor neuron disease and Parkinson's Disease Lancet ii 1989 356 357
133. R.H. Waring C. Gordon P. Emery Reply. Carbocisteine polymorphism and disease (letter) Lancet 339 1992 616 617
134. R.G. Watson A. Olomu D. Clements R.H. Waring S. Mitchell E. Elias A proposed mechanism for chlorpromazine jaundice: defective hepatic sulphoxidation combined with rapid hydroxylation (Abstract) Hepatology 7 1988 72 78
135. W.W. Weber The Acetylator Genes and Drug Response 1987 Oxford University Press New York
136. W.W. Weber D.W. Hein N -Acetylation pharmacogenetics Pharmacol. Rev. 37 1985 25 73
137. R.M. Weinshilboum Sulfate Conjugation of neurotransmitters and drugs Fed. Proc. (FASEB) 45 1986 2220 2222
138. R.M. Weinshilboum Sulfotransferase pharmacogenetics W. Kalow Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism 1992 Pergamon Press New York 227 242 Chpt. 7
139. A. Williams G. Steventon S. Sturman R. Waring Xenobiotic enzyme profiles and Parkinson's Disease Neurology 41 1991 29 32
140. Proceedings of the 31st Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment J.S. Woods L. Sever J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 40 1993 147 510
141. A.D. Woodhead M.A. Bender R.C. Leonard Phenotypic Variation in Populations: Relevance to Risk Assessment 1988 Plenum Press New York
142. K. Yamaguchi Y. Hosokawa Cysteine dioxygenase Methods in Enzymology Vol. 143 1987 395 403
143. K. Yamaguchi Y. Hosokawa N. Kohashi Y. Kori S. Sakakibara I. Ueda Rat liver cysteine dioxygenase (cysteine oxidase) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 83 1978 479 491
144. K. Yamaguchi Y. Hosokawa S. Niizeki H. Tojo I. Sato Nutritional significance of cysteine dioxygenase on the biological evaluation of dietary protein in growing rats S.S. Oja P. Kontro L. Ahtee M.K. Paasonen Taurine: Biological Actions and Clinical Perspectives 1985 Alan R. Liss New York 23 32
145. J. Zou R. Pentney J.A. Roth Immunohistochemical detection of phenol sulfotransferase-containing neurons in human brain J. Neurochem. 55 1990 1154 1158