Rotavirus vaccines: An overview

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 423-434

  Midthun, Karen ^a   Kapikian, Albert Z ^b  

^a CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ROTAVIRUS VACCINE;

HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; ROTAVIRUS; VIRUS CLASSIFICATION; VIRUS IMMUNITY; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS MORPHOLOGY;

ANIMALIA; BOVINAE; HUMAN ROTAVIRUS A; JENNERIA; RHESUS ROTAVIRUS; ROTAVIRUS;

EID: 0030016529     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.9.3.423-434.1996     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Anderson, E. L, R. B. Belshe, J. Bartram, F. Crookshanks-Newman, R. M. Chanock, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1985. Evaluation of rhesus rotavirus vaccine (MMU 18006) in infants and young children. J. Infect. Dis. 153:823-831.
2. Andrew, M. E., D. B. Boyle, B. E. H. Coupar, D. Reddy, A. R. Bellamy, and G. W. Both. 1992. Vaccinia-rotavirus VP7 recombinants protect mice against rotavirus-induced diarrhoea. Vaccine 10:185-191.
3. Andrew, M. E., D. B. Boyle, B. E. H. Coupar, P. L. Whitfield, G. W. Both, and A. R. Bellamy. 1987. Vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the SA11 rotavirus VP7 glycoprotein gene induce serotype-specific neutralising antibodies. J. Virol. 61:1054-1060.
4. Arias, C. F., M. Lizano, and S. Lopez. 1987. Synthesis in Escherichia coli and immunological characterization of a potypeptide containing the cleavage sites associated with trypsin enhancement of rotavirus SA11 infectivity. J. Gen. Virol. 68:633-642.
5. Barnes, G. L., L. W. Doyle, P. H. Hewson, A. M. L. Knoches, J. A. McLellan, W. H. Kitchen, and R. F. Bishop. 1982. A randomized trial of oral gamma globulin in low-both weight infants infected with rotavirus. Lancet i:1371-1373.
6. Bellamy, A. R, and G. W. Both. 1990. Molecular biology of rotaviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 38:1-43.
7. Bernstein, D. I., D. S. Sander, V. E. Smith, G. M. Schiff, and R. L. Ward. 1991. Protection from rotavirus reinfection: 2-year prospective study. J. Infect. Dis. 164:277-283.
8. Bernstein, D. I., V. E. Smith, D. S. Sander, K. A. Pax, G. M. Schiff, and R. L. Ward. 1990. Evaluation of WC3 rotavirus vaccine and correlates of protection in healthy infants. J. Infect. Dis. 162:1055-1062.
9. Bingnan, F., L. Unicomb, Z. Rahim, N. N. Banu, G. Podder, J. Clemens, F. P. L. Van Loon, M. R. Rao, A. Malek, and S. Taipori. 1991. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: two-year study of incidence and serotype distribution. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:1359-1363.
10. Birch, C. J., F. A. Lewis, M. L. Kennett, M. Homola, H. Pritchard, and I. D. Gust. 1977. A study of prevalence of rotavirus infection in children with gastroenteritis admitted to an infectious diseases hospital. J. Med. Virol. 1:69-77.
11. Bishop, R., J. Lund, E. Cipriani, L. Unicomb, and G. Barnes. 1990. Clinical, serological and intestinal immune responses to rotavirus infection of humans, p. 85-109. In L. M. de la Maza, and E. M. Peterson (ed.), Medical Virology, vol. 9. Plenum Press, New York.
12. Bishop, R. F., G. L. Barnes, E. Cipriani, and J. S. Lund. 1983. Clinical immunity after neonatal rotavirus infection. A prospective longitudinal study in young children. N. Engl. J. Med. 309:72-76.
13. Bishop, R. F., S. R. Tzipori, B. S. Coulson, L. E. Unicomb, M. J. Albert, and G. L. Barnes. 1986. Heterologous protection against rotavirus-induced disease in gnotobiotic piglets. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:1023-1028.
14. Black, R. E., H. B. Greenberg, A. Z. Kapikian, K. H. Brawn, and S. Becker. 1982. Acquisition of serum antibody to Norwalk enteritis virus and rotavirus and relation to diarrhea in a longitudinal study of young children in rural Bangladesh. J. Infect. Dis. 145:483-489.
15. Black, R. E., M. H. Merson, A. S. M. M. Rahman, M. Yunus, A. R. M. A. Alim, I. Huq, R. H. Yolken, and G. T. Curlin. 1980. A 2-year study of bacterial, viral and parasitic agents associated with diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. J. Infect Dis. 142:660-664.
16. Brandt, C. D., H. W. Kim, W. J. Rodriguez, J. O. Arrobio, B. C. Jeffries, E. P. Stallings, C. Lewis, A. J. Miles, R. M. Chanock, A. Z. Kapikian, and R. H. Parrott. 1983. Pediatric viral gastroenteritis during eight years of study. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18:71-78.
17. Brandt, C. D., H. W. Kim, W. J. Rodriguez, J. O. Arrobio, A. Z. Kapikian, R. G. Wyatt, R. M. Chanock, and R. H. Parrott. 1977. Gastroenteritis and human reovirus-like agent infection during the 1975-76 outbreak: an electron microscopic study, Clin. Proc. Child. Hosp. Natl. Med. Cent. 33:21-26.
18. Bridger, J. C, and G. N. Woode. 1975. Neonatal calf diarrhea: identification of a reovirus-like (rotavirus) agent in faeces by immunofluorescence and immune electron microscopy. Br. Vet. J. 131:528-535.
19. Brussow, H., H. Werchan, L. Lerner, C. Mietens, W. Liedtke, J. Sidoti, and J. Sotek. 1988. Seroconversion patterns to four human rotavirus serotypes in hospitalized infants with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. J. Infect. Dis. 158:588-595.
20. Chiba, S., T. Yokoyama, S. Nakata, Y. Morita, T. Urasawa, K. Tanigushi, S. Urasawa, and T. Nakao. 1986. Protective effect of naturally acquired homotypic and heterotypic rotavirus antibodies. Lancet ii:417-421.
21. Christy, C., H. P. Madore, M. E. Pichichero, C. Gala, P. Pincus, D. Vosefski, Y. Hoshino, A. Z. Kapikian, and R. Dolin. 1988. Field trial of rhesus rotavirus vaccine in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 7:645-650.
22. Christy, C., H. P. Madore, J. J. Treaner, K. Pray, A. Z. Kapikian, R. M. Chanock, and R. Dolin. 1986. Safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated rhesus monkey rotavirus vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 154:1045-1047.
23. Chrystie, I. L., B. M. Totterdell, and J. E. Banatvala. 1978. Asymptomatic endemic rotavirus infection in the newborn. Lancet i:1176-1178.
24. Clark, H. F., F. E. Borian, L. M. Bell, K. Modesto, V. Gouvea, and S. A. Plotkin. 1988. Protective effect of WC3 vaccine against rotavirus diarrhea in infants during a predominantly serotype 1 rotavirus season. J. Infect. Dis. 158:570-586.
25. Clark, H. F., F. E. Borian, and S. A. Plotkin. 1990. Immune protection of infants against rotavirus gastroenteritis by a serotype 1 reassortant of bovine rotavirus WC3. J. Infect. Dis. 161:1099-1104.
26. Clark, H.F., K. Dolan, P. Horton-Slight, J. Palmer, and S. A. Plotkin. 1985. Diverse serologic responses to rotavirus infection of infants in a single epidemic Pediatr. Infect Dis. J. 4:626-631.
27. Clark, H. F., T. Furukawa, L. M. Bell, P. A. Offit, P. A. Perrella, and S. A. Plotkin. 1986. Immune response of infants and children to low-passage bovine rotavirus (strain WC3). Am. J. Dis. Child. 140:350-355.
28. Clark, H. F., D. Welsko, and P. A. Offit. 1992. Infant responses to bovine rotavirus WC3 reassortants containing human rotavirus VP7, VP4, or VP7+VP4, abstr. 1394, p. 343. In Program and abstracts of the 32nd Interscience Conference for Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C
29. Clemens, J. D., R. L. Ward, M. R. Rao, D. A. Sack, D. R. Knowlton, F. P. L. Van Loon, S. Huda, M. McNeal, F. Ahmed, and G. Schiff. 1992. Seroepidemiologic evaluation of antibodies to rotavirus as correlates of risk of clinically significant rotavirus diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. I. Infect Dis. 165:161-165.
30. Cook, S. M., R. I. Glass, C. W. LeBaron, and M.-S. Ho. 1990. Global seasonally of rotavirus infections. Bull W. H. O. 68:171-177.
31. Davidson, G. P., R. F. Bishop, R. R. Townley, I. H. Holmes, and B. J. Ruck. 1975. Importance of a new virus in acute sporadic enteritis in children. Lancet i:242-245.
32. Davidson, G. P., P. B. D. Whyte, E. Daniels, K. Franklin, H. Nunan, P. I. McCloud, A. G. Moore, and D. J. Moore. 1989. Passive immunization of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Lancet i:709-712.
33. Delem, A., M. Lobmann, and N. Zygraich. 1984. A bovine rotavirus developed as a candidate vaccine for use in humans. J. Biol. Stand. 12:443-445.
34. DeMol, P., G. Zissis, J.-P. Butzler, A. Mutwewingabo, and F. E. André. 1986. Failure of live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccine. Lancet ii:108.
35. Dennehy, P. H., for the U.S. Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Group. 1994. Safety and efficacy of an oral tetravalent rhesus rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) in healthy infants. Pediatr. Res. 35(no. 4, part 2):178a. (Abstract.)
36. + T lymphocytes. J. Virol. 64:4375-4382.
37. Ebina, T., A. Sato, K. Umezn, N. Ishida, S. Ohyama, A. Oizumi, K. Aikawa, S. Katagiri, N. Katsushima, A. Imai, S. Kitaoka, H. Suzuki, and T. Konno. 1985. Prevention of rotavirus infection by oral administration of cow colostrum containing antihuman rotavirus antibody. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 174:177-185.
38. Estes, M. K. 1990. Rotaviruses and their replication, p. 1329-1352. In B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe, R. M. Chanock, M. S. Hirsch, J. L. Melnick, T. P. Monath, and B. Roizman (ed.), Virology, 2nd ed. Raven Press, New York.
39. Estes, M. K., and J. Cohen. 1989. Rotavirus gene structure and function. Microbiol. Rev. 53:410-449.
40. Flores, J., K. Midthun, Y. Hoshino, K. Green, M. Gorziglia, A. Z. Kapikian, and R. M. Chanock. 1986. Conservation of the fourth gene among rotaviruses recovered from asymptomatic newborn infants and its possible role in attenuation. J. Virol. 60:972-979.
41. Flores, J., I. Perez-Schael, M. Blanco, A. M. Rojas, E. Alfonso, I. Crespo, W. Cunto, A. Pittman, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1993. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a high-titer rhesus rotavirus-based quadrivalent rotavirus vaccine. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2439-2445.
42. Flores, J., I. Perez-Schael, M. Blanco, M. Vilar, D. Garcia, M. Perez, N. Daoud, K. Midthun, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1989. Reactogenicity and antigenicity of two human-rhesus rotavirus reassortant vaccine candidates of serotypes 1 and 2 in Venezuelan infants. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:512-518.
43. Flores, J., I. Perez-Schael, M. Blanco, L. White, D. Garcia, M. Vilar, W. Cunto, R. Gonzalez, C. Urbina, J. Boher, M. Mendez, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1990. Comparison of reactogenicity and antigenicity of M37 rotavirus vaccine and rhesus-rotavirus-based quadrivalent vaccine. Lancet 336:330-334.
44. Flores, J., I. Perez-Schael, M. Gonzalez, D. Garcia, M. Perez, N. Daoud, W. Cunto, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1987. Protection against severe rotavirus diarrhea by rhesus rotavirus vaccine in Venezuelan infants. Lancet i:882-884.
45. Foster, S. O., E. L. Palmer, and G. W. Gary, Jr. 1980. Gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in an isolated Pacific island group: an epidemic of 3439 cases. J. Infect. Dis. 141:32-39.
46. Georges-Courbot, M. C., J. Monges, M. R. Siopathis, J. B. Roungon, G. Cresenguet, L. Bellec, J. C. Bouquety, C. Lanckriet, M. Cadoz, I. Hessel, V. Gourer, F. Clark, and A. J. Georges. 1991. Evaluation of the efficacy of a low passage bovine rotavirus in children in Central Africa. Res. Virol. 142:405-111.
47. Gerna, G., A. Sarasini, M. Parea, S. Arista, P. Miranda, H. Brussow, Y. Hoshino, and J. Flores. 1992. Isolation and characterization of two distinct human rotavirus strains with G6 specificity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:9-16.
48. Gerna, G., A. Sarasini, M. Torsellini, D. Torre, M. Parea, and M. Battaglia. 1990. Group- and type-specific serologic response in infants and children with primary rotavirus infections and gastroenteritis caused by a strain of known serotype. J. Infect. Dis. 161:1105-1111.
49. Giammanco, G., V. de Grandi, L. Lupo, A. Mistretta, S. Pignato, D. Teuwen, H. Bogaerts, and F. E. André. 1988. Interference of oral poliovirus on RIT 4237 oral rotavirus vaccine. Eur. J. Eptdemiol. 4:121-123.
50. Gorziglia, M., E. Green, K. Nishikawa, K. Taniguchi, R. Jones, A. Z. Kapikian, and R. M. Chanock. 1988. Sequence of the fourth gene of human rotaviruses recovered from asymptomatic or symptomatic infections. J. Virol. 62:2978-2984.
51. Gorziglia, M., G. Larralde, A. Z. Kapikian, and R. M. Chanock. 1990. Antigenic relationships among human rotaviruses as determined by outer capsid protein VP4. Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. USA 87:7155-7159.
52. Gothefors, L., G. Wadell, P. Juto, K. Tanigushi, A. Z. Kapikian, and R. I. Glass. 1989. Prolonged efficacy of rhesus rotavirus vaccine in Swedish children. J. Infect. Dis. 159:753-757.
53. Gouvea, V., N. Santos, and M. C. Timenetsky. 1990. VP4 typing of bovine and porcine group A rotavirus by PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1333-1337.
54. Green, K. Y., and A. Z. Kapikian. 1992. Identification of VF7 epitopes associated with protection against human rotavirus illness and shedding in volunteers. J. Virol. 66:548-553.
55. Guarino, A., R. B. Canani, S. Russo, F, Albano, M. B. Canani, F. M. Roggeri, G. Donnelli, and A. Rubino. 1994. Oral immunoglobulins for treatment of acute rotaviral gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 93:12-16.
56. Halsey, N. A., E. L. Anderson, S. D. Sears, M. Steinhoff, M. Wilson, R. B. Belshe, K. Midthun, A. Z. Kapikian, R. M. Chanock, R. Samorodin, B. Burns, and M. L. Clements. 1988. Human-rhesus reassortant rotavirus vaccines: safety and immunogenicity in adults, infants, and children. J. Infect. Dis. 158:1261-1267.
57. Hanlon. P., L. Hanlon, V. Marsh, P. Byass, F. Shenton, M. Hassan-King, O. Jobe, H. Sillah, R. Hayes, B. H. M'Boge, H. C. Whittle, and B. M. Greenwood. 1987. A trial of an attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine (RIT 4237) in Gambian children. Lancet ii:1342-1345.
58. Hilpert, H., H. Brussow, C. Mietens, J. Sidoti, L. Lerner, and H. Werchau. 1987. Use of bovine milk concentrate containing antibody to rotavirus to treat rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. J. Infect. Dis. 156:158-166.
59. Ho, M.-S., L. R. Floyd, R. I. Glass, M. A. Pallansch, B. Jones, B. Hamby, P. Woods, M. E. Penaranda, R. Blumberg, G. Bohan, W. D. Wilcox, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1989. Simultaneous administration of rhesus rotavirus vaccine (RRV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV): immunogenicity and reacrogenicity. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 8:692-696.
60. Ho, M.-S., R. I. Glass, P. F. Pinsky, and L. Anderson. 1988. Rotavirus as a cause of diarrheal morbidity and mortality in the United States. J. Infect Dis. 158:1112-1116.
61. Hoshino, Y., and A. Z. Kapikian. 1994. Rotavirus antigens. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 185:179-227.
62. Hoshino, Y. and A. Z. Kapikian. 1994. Rotavirus vaccine development for the prevention of severe diarrhea in infants and young children. Trends Microbiol. Virul. Infect. Pathog. 2:242-249.
63. Hoshino, Y., and A. Z. Kapikian. 1994. Selection of cold-adapted (ca) mutants of human rotaviruses that exhibit a varying degree of growth restriction in vitro. J. Virol. 68:7598-7602.
64. Hoshino, Y., L. J. Saif, S.-Y. Kang, M. M. Sereno, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1993. A new strategy for development of safe and effective rotavirus vaccine candidates, abstract 56-8. In American Society for Virology 12th Annual Meeting. American Society for Virology, Washington, D.C.
65. Hoshino, Y., L. J. Saif, M. M. Sereno, R. M. Chanock, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1988. Infection immunity of piglets to either VP3 or VP7 outer capsid protein confers resistance to challenge with a virulent rotavirus bearing the corresponding antigen. J. Virol. 62:744-748.
66. Hoshino, Y., M. M. Sereno, K. Midthun, J. Flores, A. Z. Kapikian, and R. M. Chanock. 1985. Independent segregation of two antigenic specificities (VP3 and VP7) involved in neutralization of rotavirus infectivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8701-8704.
67. Ing, D. J., R. L. Glass, P. A. Woods, M. Simonetti, M. A. Pallansch, W. D. Wilcos, B. L. Davidson, and A. J. Siehert. 1991. Immunogenicity of tetravalent rhesus rotavirus vaccine administered with buffer and oral polio vaccine. Am. J. Dis. Child. 145:892-897.
68. Institute of Medicine. 1985. Prospects for immunizing against rotavirus, p. 410-423. In New vaccine development. Establishing priorities. Diseases of importance in the United States, vol. 1. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C
69. Institute of Medicine. 1986. Prospects for immunizing against rotavirus, p. 308-318. In New vaccine development. Establishing priorities. Diseases of importance in developing countries, vol. 2. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
70. Jalil, F., S. Zaman, B. Carlsson, R. I. Glass, A. Z. Kapikian, L. Mellander, and L. A. Hanson. 1991. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of rhesus rotavirus vaccine given in combination with oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 85:292-296.
71. Kapikian, A. Z. 1993. Viral gastroenteritis. JAMA 269:627-630.
72. Kapikian, A. Z. 1994. Rhesus rotavirus-based human rotavirus vaccines and observations on selected non-Jennerian approaches to rotaviruses vaccination, p. 443-470. In A. Z. Kapikian (ed.), Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York
73. Kapikian, A. Z., and R. M. Chanock. 1990. Rotaviruses, p. 1353-1404. In B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe, R. M. Chanock, M. S. Hirsch, J. L. Melnick, T. P. Monath, and B. Roizman. (ed.), Virology, 2nd ed. Raven Press, New York.
74. Kapikian, A. Z., and R. M. Chanock. 1996. Rotaviruses, p. 1657-1708. In B. N. Fields, et al. (ed.), Virology, 3rd ed. Ljppincott-Raven Press, New York.
75. Kapikian, A. Z., J. Flores, Y. Hoshino, R. I. Glass, K. Midthun, M. Gorziglia, and R. M. Chanock. 1986. Rotavirus: the major etiologic agent of severe infantile diarrhea may be controllable by a "Jennerian" approach to vaccination. J. Infect. Dis. 153:815-822.
76. Kapikian, A. Z., J. Flores, K. Midthun, Y. Hoshino, K. Y. Green, M. Gerziglia, K. Nishikawa, R. M. Chanock, L. Potash, and I. Perez-Sckael. 1989. Strategies for the development of a rotavirus vaccine against infantile diarrhea with an update on clinical trials of rotavirus vaccines. Adv. Exp. Biol. Med. 257:67-89.
77. Kapikian, A. Z., H. B. Greenberg, W. L. Cline, A. R. Kalica, R. G. Wyatt, H. D. James, Jr., N. L. Lloyd, R. M. Chanock, R. W. Ryder, and H. W. Kim. 1978. Prevalence of antibody to the Norwalk agent by a newly developed immune adherence hemagglutination assay. J. Med. Virol. 2:281-294.
78. Kapikian, A. Z., Y. Hoshino, J. Flores, K. Midthun, R. I. Glass, O. Nakagomi, T. Nakagomi, R. M. Chanock, L. Potash, M. M. Levine, R. Dolin, P. F. Wright, R. E. Belse, E. L. Andersen, T. Vesikari, L. Gothefores, G. Wadell, and I. Perez-Schael. 1985. Alternative approaches to the development of a rotavirus vaccine, p. 192-214. In J Holmgren, A Lindberg, and R Mollby (ed.), Development of vaccines and drugs against diarrhea, in 11th Nobel Conference. Studentlitteratur, Lund. Sweden.
79. Kapikian, A. Z., H. W. Kim, R. G. Wyatt, W. L. Cline, J. O. Arrobio, C. D. Brandt, W. J. Rodriguez, D. A. Sack, R. M. Chanock, and R. H. Parrott. 1976. Human reovirus-like agent as the major pathogen associated with "winter" gastroenteritis in hospitalized infants and young children. N. Engl. J. Med. 294:965-972.
80. Kapikian, A. Z., K. Midthun, Y. Hoshino, J. Flores, R. G. Wyatt, R. I. Glass, J. Askaa, O. Nakagomi, T. Nakagomi, R. M. Chanock, M. M. Levine, M. L. Clements, R. Dolia, P. F. Wright, R. B. Belshe, E. L. Anderson, and L. Potash. 1985. Rhesus rotavirus: a candidate vaccine for prevention of human rotavirus disease, p. 357-367. In R Lerner, F Brown, and R. M. Chanock (ed.) Vaccines 85. Modern approaches to vaccines: molecular and chemical basis of resistance to virai, bacterial, and parasitic diseases. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
81. Kapikian, A. Z., T. Vesikari, T. Ruuska, H. P. Madore, C. Christy, R. Dolin, J. Flores, K. Y. Green, B. L. Davidson, M. Gorziglia, Y. Hoshino, R. M. Chanock, K. Midthun, and L Perez-Schael. 1992. An update on the "Jennerian" and modified "Jennerian" approach to vaccination of infants and young children against rotavirus diarrhea. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 327:59-69.
82. Kapikian, A. Z., R. G. Wyatt, M. M. Levine, R. H. Yolken, D. H. Van Kirk, R. Dolin, H. B. Greenberg, and R. M. Chanock. 1983. Oral administration of human rotavirus to volunteers: induction of illness and correlates of resistance. J. Infect. Dis. 147:95-106.
83. Kim, H. W., C. D. Brandt, A. Z. Kapikian, R. G. Wyatt, J. O. Arrobio, W. J. Rodriguez, R. M. Chanock, and R. H. Parrott. 1977. Human reovirus-like agent (HRVLA) infection. Occurrence in adult contacts of pediatric patients with gastroenteritis. JAMA 238:404-407.
84. Konno, T., H. Suzuki, N. Katsushima, A. Imai, F. Tazawa, T. Kntsuzawa, S. Kitaoka, M. Sakamoto, N. Yazaki, and N. Ishida. 1983. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on human rotavirus infection in Japan. J. Infect Dis. 147:125-128.
85. Lanata, C F., R. E. Black, B. Burton, K. Midthun, and B. Davidson. 1992. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of one or three doses of the rhesus tetravalent rotavirus vaccine in Lima, Peru. Vaccine 10:273. (Abstract)
86. Lanata, C. F., R. E. Black, R. del Aguila, A. Gil, H. Verastegui, G. Gerna, J., Flores, A. Z. Kapikian, and F. E. André. 1989. Protection of Peruvian children against rotavirus diarrhea of specific serotypes by one, two, or three dosease of the RIT 4237 attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 159:452-459.
87. Lanata, C. F., R. E. Black, J., Flores, and A. Z. Kapikian. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of one dose of the rhesus and serotype 1 and 2 human-rhesus reassortant rotavirus vaccines. Vaccine 10:272. (Abstract)
88. Losonsky, G.A., G. P. Johnson, J. A. Winkelstein, and R. H. Yolken. 1985. The oral administration of human serum immunoglobulin in immonodeficiency patients with viral gastroenteritis: a pharmacokinetic and functional analysis. J. Clin. Invest. 76:2362-2367.
89. Losonskey, G. A., M. B. Rennels, A. Z. Kapikian, K. Midthun, P. J. Ferra, D. N. Fortier, K. M. Hoffman, A. Baig, and M. M. Lerine. 1986. Safety, infectivity, transmissibility, and immunogenicity of rhesus rotavirus vaccine (MMU 18006) in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 5:25-29.
90. Lesonsky, G. A, M. B. Rennels, Y. Lim, G. Krall, A. Z. Kapikian, and M. M. Levine. 1988. Systemic and mucosal immune responses to rhesus rotavirus vaccine MMU 18006. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 7:388-393.
91. 4 functions as a hemagglutinin and is antigenically conserved when expressed by a baculovirus recombinant. J. Virol. 63:1661-1668.
92. 4 protein passively protects against simian and murine rotavirus challenge. J. Virol. 64:1698-1707.
93. Madore, H. P., C. Christy, M. Pichichero, C. Long, P. Pincus, D. Vosefsky, A. Z. Kapikian, R. Dolin, and the Elmwood, Panorama, and Westfall Pediatric Groups. 1992. Field trial of rhesus rotavirus or human-rhesus reassortant vaccine of VP7 serotype 3 or 1 specificity in infants. J. Infect. Dis. 166:235-243.
94. Matson, D.O., M .L. O'Ryan, I. Herrara, L. K. Pickering, and M. K. Estes 1993. Fecal antibody response to symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus infections. J. Infect. Dis. 167:577-583.
95. Matsui, S. M., E. R. Mackow, and H. B. Greenberg. 1989. Molecular determinant of rotavirus neutralization and protection. Adv. Virus. Res. 36:181-214.
96. Matsuno, S., S. Murakami, M. Tagaki, M. Hayashi, S. Inouye, A. Hasegawa, and K. Fukai. 1987. Cold-adaptation of human rotavirus. Virus Res. 7:273-280.
97. Mattion, N. M., J. Cohen, and M. K. Estes. 1994. The rotavirus proteins, p. 169-249. In A. Z. Kapikian (ed.), Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
98. McCrae, M. A., and J. G. MeCorquodale. 1987. Expression of a major bovine rotavirus antigen VP7c in Escherichia coli. Gene 55:9-18.
99. Mebus, C. A., N. R. Underdahl, M. B. Rhodes, and M. J. Twiehans. 1971. Cell culture propagation of neonatal calf diarrhoea (scours) virus. Can. Vet. J. 12:62-72.
100. Midthum, K., H. B. Greenberg, Y. Hoshino, A. Z. Kapikian, R. G. Wyatt, and R. M. Chanock. 1985. Reassortant rotaviruses as potential live rotavirus vaccine candidates. J. Virol. 53:949-954.
101. Midthun, K., N. A. Halsey, M. Jett-Gobeen, M. L. Clements, M. Steinhoff, J. C. King, R. Karron, M. Wilson, B. Burns, V. Perkis, R. Samorodin, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1991. Safety and immunogenicity of human rotavirus vaccine strain M37 in adults, children and infants. J. Infect. Dis. 164:792-796.
102. Midthun, K., Y. Hoshino, A. Z. Kapikian, and R. M. Chanock. 1986. Single gene substitution rotavirus reassortants containing the major neutralization protein (VP7) of human rotavirus serotype 4. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:822-826.
103. Nakagomi, O., M. Mochizuki, Y. Aboudy, I. Shif, I. Silberstein, and T. Nakagomi. 1992. Hemagglutination by a human rotavirus isolate as evidence of transmission of animal rotavirus to humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1011-1013.
104. Nakagomi, O., and T. Nakagomi. 1993. Interspecies transmissions of rotaviruses studied from the perspective of genogroup. Microbiol. Immunol. 37:337-348.
105. Nishikawa, K., N. Fukuhara, F. Liprandi, K. Green, A. Z. Kapikian, R. M. Chanock, and M. Gorziglia. 1989. VP4 protein of porcine rotavirus strain OSU expressed by a baculovirus recombinant induces neutralizing antibodies. Virology 173:631-637.
106. Offit, P. A., and H. F. Clark. 1985. Protection against rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis in a murine model by passively acquired gastrointestinal but not circulating antibodies. J. Virol. 54:58-64.
107. Offit, P. A., H. F. Clark, G. Blavat, and H. B. Greenberg. 1986. Reassortant rotaviruses containing structural proteins VP3 and VP7 from different parents induce antibodies protective against each parental serotype. J. Virol. 60:491-496.
108. Offit, P. A., and K. I. Dudzik. 1990. Rotavirus-specific cylotoxic T lymphocytes passively protect against gastroenteritis in suckling mice. J. Virol. 64:6325-6328.
109. Ostlund, E. N., A. Z. Kapikian, and Y. Hoshino. 1993. Identification of rotavirus genes associated with (26°C) cold-adapted (ca) or non-temperature-sensitive (39°C) phenotypes, abstr. 56-9. In American Society for Virology 12th Annual Meeting. American Society for Virology, Washington, D.C.
110. Perez-Schael, I., M. Blanco, D. Garcia, L. White, E. Alfonzo, I. Crespo,W. Cunto, A. L. Pittman, A. Z. Kapikian, and J. Flores. 1994. Evaluation of the antigenicity and reactogenicity of varying formulations of the rhesus rotavirus-based quadrivalent and the M37 rotavirus vaccine candidates. J. Med. Virol. 42:330-337.
111. Perez Schael, I., M. Blanco, M. Vilar, D. Garcia, L. White, R. Gonzalez, A. Z. Kapikian, and J. Flores. 1990. Clinical studies of a quadrivalent rotavirus vaccine in Venezuelan infants. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:553-558.
112. Perez-Schael, I., D. Garcia, M. Gonzalez, N. Daoud, M. Perez, W. Cunto, A. Z. Kapikian, and J. Flores. 1990. Prospective study of diarrheal diseases in Venezuelan children to evaluate the efficacy of rhesus rotavirus vaccine. J. Med. Virol. 30:219-229.
113. Perez-Schael, I., M. Gonzalez, N. Daoud, M. Perez, I. Soto, D. Garcia, G. Daond, A. Z. Kapikian, and J. Flores. 1987. Reactogenicity and antigenicity of the rhesus rotavirus vaccine in Venezuelan children. J. Infect. Dis. 155:334-338.
114. Pichichero, M. E. 1990. Effect of breast feeding on oral rhesus rotavirus vaccine seroconversion: a meta-analysis. J. Infect. Dis. 162:753-755.
115. Prasad, B. V., G. J. Wang, J. P. M. Clerx, and N. Chiu. 1988. Three-dimensional structure of rotavirus. J. Mol. Biol. 199:269-275.
116. Puerto, F. I., L. Padilla-Noriega, A. Zamoro-Chavez, A., A. Briceno, M. Puerto, and C. F. Arias. 1987. Prevalent pattern of serotype-specific seroconversion in Mexican children infected with rotavirus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:960-963.
117. Reeves, P, R., M. A. Johnson, I. H. Holmes, and M. L. Dyall-Smith. 1990. Expression of rotavirus VP7 antigens in fusions with bacterial proteins. Res. Microbiol. 141:1019-1025.
118. Rennels, M. B., G. A. Losonsky, M. M. Levine, A. Z. Kapikian, and the Clinical Study Group. 1986. Preliminary evaluation of the efficacy of rhesus rotavirus strain MMU18006 in young children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 5:587-588.
119. Rennels, M. B., G. A. Losonsky, L. Shindledecker, T. Hughes, A. Z. Kapikian, M. M. Levine, and the Clinical Study Group (P. J. Ferra, D. N. Fortier, and J. M. Sutton). 1987. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of lowered doses of rhesus rotavirus vaccine strain MMU18006 in young children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 6:260-264.
120. Rennels, M. B., G. A. Losonsky, A. E. Young, C. L. Shindledecker, A. Z. Kapikian, M. M. Levine, and the Clinical Study Group. 1990. An efficacy trial of rhesus rotavirus vaccine in Maryland. Am. J. Dis. Child. 144:601-604.
121. Ruuska, T., T. Vesikari, A. Delem, F. E. André, G. M. Beards, and T. J. Flewett. 1990. Evaluation of RIT 4237 bovine rotavires vaccine in newborn infants: correlation of vaccine efficacy to season of birth in relation to rotavirus epidemic period. Scand J. Infect. Dis. 22:269-278.
122. Ryder, R. W., J. E. McGowan, M. H. Hatch, and E. L. Palmer. 1977. Reovirus-like agent as a cause of nosocomial diarrhea in infants. J. Pediatr. 90:698-702.
123. Sack, D., for the U.S. Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Group. 1992. Efficacy of rhesus rotavirus monovalent or tetravalent oral vaccines in US children, abstr. 1399, p. 344. In Program and Abstracts of the 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
124. Salas-Vidal, E., M. Plebanski, S. Castro, G. Perales, E. Mata, S. Lopez, and C F. Arias. 1990. Synthesis of the surface glycoprotein of rotaviras SA11 in the aroA strain of Salmonella typhimurium SL 3261. Res. Microbiol. 141: 883-886.
125. Santosham, M., G. W. Letson, M. Woiff, R. Reid, S. Gahagan, R. Adams, C. Callahan, R. B. Sack, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1991. A field study of the safety and efficacy of two candidate rotavirus vaccines in a Native American population. J. Infect. Dis. 163:483-487.
126. Santosham, M., R. H. Yolken, E. Quiroz, L. Dillman, G. Oro, W. C. Reeves, and K. B. Sack. 1983. Detection of rotavirus in respiratory secretions of children with pneumonia. J. Pediatr. 103:58.
127. Saulsbury, F. T., J. A. Winkelstein, and R. H. Yolken. 1980. Chronic rotavirus infection in immunodeficiency. J. Pediatr. 97:61-65.
128. Shaller, J. P., L. J. Saif, C.T. Cordle, E. Candler, Jr., T. R. Winship, and K. L. Smith. 1992. Prevention of human rotavirus-induced diarrhea in gnotobiotic piglets using bovine antibody. J. Infect. Dis. 165:623-630.
129. Snodgrass, D. R., and P. W. Wells. 1976. Rotavirus infection in lambs: studies on passive protection. Arch. Virol. 52:201-205.
130. Vesikari, T. 1993. Clinical trials of live oral rotavirus vaccines: the Finnish experience. Vaccine 11:255-261.
131. Vesikari, T., K. Y. Green, J. Flores, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1992. Protective efficacy against serotype 1 rotavirus diarrhea by live oral rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines with human rotavirus VP7 serotype 1 or 2 specificity. Pediatt. Infect. Dis. J. 11:535-542.
132. Vesikari, T., E. Isolauri, A. Delem, E. D'Hoodt, F. E. Aadré, G. M. Beards, and T. H. Flewett. 1985. Clinical efficacy of the RIT 4237 live attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine in infants vaccinated before a rotavirus epidemic. J. Pediatr. 107:189-194.
133. Vesikari, T., E. Isolauri, A. Delem, E. D'Hondt, F. E. André, and G. Zissis. 1983. Immunogenicity and safety of live oral attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine strain RIT 4237 in adults and young children. Lancet ii:807-811.
134. Vesikari, T., E. Isolauri, E. D'Hondt, A. Delem, F. E. Andrê, and G. Zissis. 1984. Protection of infants against rotavirus diarrhoea by RIT 4237 attenuated bovine rotavirus strain vaccine. Lancet i:977-981.
135. Vesikari, T., A. Z. Kapikian, A. Delem, and G. Zissis. 1986. A comparative trial of rhesus monkey (RRV-1) and bovine (RIT 4237) oral rotavirus vaccines in young children. J. Infect. Dis. 153:832-839.
136. Vesikari, T., T. Rautanen, E. Isolauri, A. Delem, and F. E. André. 1987. Immunogenicity and safety of a low passage level bovine rotavirus candidate vaccine RIT 4256 in human adults and young infants. Vaccine 5:105-108.
137. Vesikari, T., T. Rautanen, T. Varis, G. M. Beards, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1990. Clinical trial in children vaccinated between two and five months of age. Am. J. Dis. Child. 144:285-289.
138. Vesikari, T., T. Ruuska, H. Bogaerts, A. Delem, and F. E. André. 1985. Dose-response study of RIT 4237 oral rotavirus vaccine in breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 4:622-625.
139. Vesikari, T., T. Ruuska, A. Delem, and F. E. André. 1987. Neonatal rotavirus vaccination with RIT 4237 bovine rotavirus vaccine: a preliminary report. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 6:164-169.
140. Vesikari, T., T. Ruuska, A. Delem, F. E. André, G. M. Beards, and T. H. Flewett. 1991. Efficacy of two doses of RIT 4237 bovine rotavirus vaccine for prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea. Acta Pediatr. Scand. 88:173-180.
141. Vesikari, T., T. Ruuska, H.-P. Kaivu, K. Y. Green, J. Flores, and A. Z. Kapikian 1991. Evaluation of the M37 human rotavirus vaccine in 2- to 6-month-old infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 10:912-917.
142. Vesikari, T., T. Varis, K. Green, J. Flores, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1991. Immunogenicity and safety of rhesus-human rotavirus reassortant vaccines with serotype 1 or 2 VP7 specificity. Vaccine 9:334-339.
143. Vodopija, I., Z. Baklaic, R. Vlatkovic, H. Bogaerts, A. Delem, and F. E. André. 1986. Combined vaccination with live oral polio vaccine and the bovine rotavirus RIT 4237 strain. Vaccine 4:233-236.
144. Wallace, R. E., P. J. Vasington, J. C. Petricciani, H. E. Hopps, D. E. Lorenz, and Z. Kadanka. 1973. Development of a diploid cell line from rhesus monkey lung for virus vaccine production. In Vitro 8:323-332.
145. Ward, R. L., D. I, Bernstein, R. Shukla, E. C. Young, J. R. Sherwood, M. M. McNeal, M. C Walker, and G. M. Schiff. 1989. Effects of antibody to rotavirus on protection of adults challenged with a human rotavirus. J. Infect. Dis. 159:79-88.
146. Wright, P. J., T. Tajima, J. Thompson, K. Kokubun, A. Kapikian, K. Edwards, and D. T. Karzon. 1987. Candidate rotavirus vaccine (rhesus rotavirus strain) in children: an evaluation. Pediatrics 80:473-480.
147. Wyatt, R. G., A. R. Kalica, C. A. Mebus, H. W. Kim, W. T. London, R. M. Chanock, and A. Z. Kapikian. 1978. Reovirus-like agents (rotaviruses) associated with diarrheal illness in animals and man. Perspect, Virol. 10: 121-145.
148. Wyatt, R. G., C. A. Mebus, R. H. Yolken, A. R. Kalica, H. D. James, Jr.,
149. Zhaori, G. T., L.-T. Fu, and Y.-H. Xu. 1991. Detection of rotavirus antigen in tracheal aspirates of infants and children with pneumonia. Chin. Med. J. 104:830-833.
150. Zheng, B.-J., R. X. Chang, G. Z. Ma, J. M. Xie, Q. Liu, X. R. Liang, and M. H. Ng. 1991. Rotavirus infection of the oropharynx and respiratory tract in young children. J. Med. Virol. 34:29-37.
151. Zheng, B.-J, S.-X. Ban, Y.-K. Yan, X.-R. Liang, G-Z. Ma, Y. Yang, and M. H. Ng. 1988. Development of neutralizing antibodies and group A common antibodies against natural infections with human rotavirus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1506-1512.
152. Zissis, G., J. P. Lambert, P. Marbehant, D. Marissens, M. Lobman, P. Charlier, A. Delem, and N. Zygraich. 1983. Protection studies in colostrum-deprived piglets of a bovine rotavirus vaccine candidate using human rotavirus strains for challenge. J. Infect. Dis. 148:1061-1068.
153. Zoppi, G., G. Ferrarini, F. Rigolin, H. Bogaerts, and F. E. Andre. 1986. Response to RIT 4237 oral rotavirus vaccine in breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Helv. Paediatr. Acta 41:203-208.