VIP modulation of immune cell functions

Advances in Neuroimmunology

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 75-91

  De la Fuente, M ^a   Delgado, M ^a   Gomariz, R P ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

lymphocytes; macrophages; NK; VIP

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; CELL FUNCTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; IMMUNOMODULATION; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; NATURAL KILLER CELL; PHAGOCYTOSIS; REVIEW;

EID: 0030012956     PISSN: 09605428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0960-5428(96)00002-2     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. D.C. Adelman E.J. Goetzl A. Hassner Unique suppression of human blood mononuclear leukocyte production of IgG by prolonged exposure to vasoactive intestinal peptide J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 87 1991 A260
2. B. Annibale S. Fais M. Boirivant G. Delle Fave F. Pallone Effects of high in vivo levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on function of circulating lymphocytes in humans Gastroenterology 98 1990 1693 1698
3. A. Arimura Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP): discovery and current status of research Regul. Pept. 37 1992 287 303
4. D.L. Bareis F. Hirata E. Schiffman J. Axelrod Phospholipid metabolism, calcium flux and the receptor mediated induction of chemotaxis in rabbit neutrophils J. Cell. Biol. 93 1982 690 697
5. S.K. Beckner W.L. Farrar Potentiation of lymphokine-activated killer cell differentiation and lymphocyte proliferation by stimulation of protein kinase C or inhibition of adenylate cyclase J. Immunol. 140 1988 208 211
6. M. Betz B.S. Fox PGE2 inhibits production of TH1 but not TH2 lymphokines J. Immunol. 146 1991 108 113
7. 2+ Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 49 1987 119 128
8. M. Boirivant S. Fais B. Annibale D. Agostini G. Delle Fave F. Pallone Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide modulates the in vitro immunoglobulin A production by intestinal lamina propia lymphocytes Gastroenterology 106 1994 576 582
9. L. Bondesson K. Nordlind S. Lidén G. Gafvelin E Theodorsson V. Mutt Dual effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on leucocyte migration Acta Physiol. Scand. 141 1991 477 481
10. F. Boudard M. Bastide Inhibition of mouse T-cell proliferation by CGRP and VIP: effects of these neuropeptides on IL-2 production and cAMP synthesis J. Neurosci. Res. 29 1991 29 41
11. H.C. Bourne L.M. Lichtenstein K.L. Melmon C.S. Henney Y. Weinstein G.M. Shearer Modulation of inflammation and immunity by cyclic AMP Science 184 1974 19 28
12. S.V. Boyden The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leukocytes J. Exp. Med. 115 1962 453 458
13. J.R. Calvo J.M. Guerrero P. Molinero R. Blasco R. Goberna Interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) with human peripheral blood lymphocytes: specific binding and cyclic AMP production Gen. Pharmacol. 17 1986 185 189
14. J.R. Calvo M.L. Montilla J.M. Guerrero J.J. Segura Expression of VIP receptors in mouse peritoneal macrophages: functional and molecular characterization J. Neuroimmunol. 50 1994 85 93
15. A. Chedeville L. Mirossay E. Chastre I. Hurban-Kosmath M. López C. Gespach Interaction of VIP, PACAP and related peptides in normal and leukemic human monocytes and macrophages FEBS Lett. 319 1993 171 176
16. P.P.-J. Cheng S.P. Sreedharan J.L. Kishiyama E.J. Goetzl The SKW 6.4 line of human B lymphocytes specifically binds and responds to vasoactive intestinal peptide Immunology 79 1993 64 68
17. J. Christophe Type I receptors for PACAP (a neuropeptide even more important than VIP?) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1154 1993 183 199
18. G. Degliatoni B. Perussia L. Magnoni G. Trichieri Inhibition of in vitro granulopoiesis by autologous and allogenic human NK cells J. Immunol. 135 1985 2569 2573
19. M. De la Fuente I. Bernaez M. Del Rio A. Hemanz Stimulation of murine peritoneal macrophage functions by neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. Involvement of protein kinase C Immunology 80 1993 259 265
20. M. De la Fuente M. Campos M. Del Rio A. Hernanz Inhibition of murine peritoneal macrophage functions by sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide Regul. Pept. 55 1995 47 56
21. M. De la Fuente M. Delgado M. Del Rio E. Garrido J. Leceta A. Hernanz R.P. Gomariz Vasoactive intestinal peptide modulation of adherence and mobility in rat peritoneal lymphocytes and macrophages Peptides 15 1994 1157 1163
22. M. De la Fuente M. Delgado M. Del Rio C. Martinez A. Hernanz R.P. Gomariz Stimulation by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) of phagocytic function in rat macrophages. Protein kinase C involvement Regul. Pept. 48 1993 345 353
23. M. De la Fuente M. Del Rio D. Fernandez A. Hernanz Modulation of phagocytic function in murine peritoneal macrophages by bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin C Immunology 73 1991 205 211
24. M. De la Fuente J. Drummond M. Del Rio M. Carrasco A. Hernanz Modulation of murine peritoneal macrophage functions by gastrin Peptides 1996 in press
25. M. De la Fuente J.J. Garrido R.M. Arahuetes A. Hernanz Stimulation of phagocytic function in mouse macrophages by neurotensin and neuromedin N J. Neuroimmunol. 42 1993 97 104
26. M. Delgado M. De la Fuente C. Martinez R.P. Gomariz Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAP27 and PACAP38) inhibit the mobility of murine thymocytes and splenic lymphocytes: comparison with VIP and implication of cAMP J. Neuroimmunol. 62 1995 137 146
27. M. Del Rio M. De la Fuente Chemoattractant capacity of bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin C is mediated through PKC activation in murine peritoneal leukocytes Regul. Pept. 49 1994 185 193
28. D.E. Doherty C. Haslett M.G. Tonnesen P.M. Henson Human monocyte adherence: a primary effect of chemotactic factors on the monocyte to stimulate adherence to human endothelium J. Immunol. 138 1987 1762 1771
29. D.L. Felten S.Y. Felten S.L. Carlson J.A. Olschowka S. Livnat Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissues J. Immunol. 135 1985 755s 765s
30. T.S. Gaginella M.S. Mekhjian T.M. O'Dorisio Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): quantification by radioimmunoassay in isolated cells, mucosa, and muscle of the hamster intestine Gastroenterology 74 1978 718
31. J.I. Gallin J.A. Sandler R.I. Clyman V.C. Manganiello M. Vaughan Agents that increase cyclic AMP inhibit accumulation of cGMP and depress human monocyte locomotion J. Immunol. 120 1978 492 496
32. D. Ganea L. Sun Vasoactive intestinal peptide downregulates the expression of IL-2 but not of IFN gamma from stimulated murine T lymphocytes J. Neuroimmunol. 47 1993 147 158
33. J.J. Garrido R.M. Arahuetes A. Hernanz M. De la Fuente Modulation by neurotensin and neuromedin N of adherence and chemotaxis capacity of murine lymphocytes Regul. Pept. 41 1992 27 37
34. R.P. Gomariz M. De la Fuente A. Hernanz J. Leceta Occurrence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in lymphoid organs from rat and mouse Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 650 1992 13 18
35. R.P. Gomariz M. Delgado J.R. Naranjo B. Mellstrom A. Tormo F. Mata J. Leceta VIP gene expression in rat thymus and spleen Brain Behav. Immun. 7 1993 271 278
36. I. Gozes D.E. Brenemman VIP: molecular biology and neurobiological function Mol. Neurobiol. 3 1989 201 236
37. J.M. Guerrero J.C. Prieto F.L. Elorza R. Ramirez R. Goberna Interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide with human blood mononuclear cells Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 21 1981 151 159
38. G.E. Hatch W.K. Nichols H.R. Hill Cyclic nucleotic changes in human neutrophils induced by chemoattractants and chemotactic modulators J. Immunol. 119 1977 450 456
39. C.S. Henney H.R. Bourne L.M. Lichtenstein The role of cyclic AMP in the cytolytic activity of lymphocytes J. Immunol. 108 1972 1526 1534
40. R.B. Herberman J.R. Ortaldo Natural killer cells: their role in defenses against disease Science 214 1981 24 36
41. A. Hernanz G. Muelas J. Borbujo Plasma neuropeptide pattern in acute idiopathic urticaria Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 90 1989 198 200
42. J.J. Holst J. Fahrenkrug S.L. Jensen O.V. Nielsen S.R. Bloom J.M. Polak Peptidergic innervation of the pancreas Gut Hormones 1981 Churchill-Livingstone Edinburgh 495 511
43. T.E. Hugli Chemotaxis Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2 1989 19 27
44. M. Ichinose M. Sawada T. Maeno Inhibitory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages Regul. Pept. 54 1994 457 466
45. N. Inagaki H. Yoshida M. Mizuta N. Mizuno T. Gonoi J. Miyazaki S. Susumu Cloning and functional characterization of a third PACAP receptor subtype expressed in insulinsecreting cells Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91 1994 2679 2683
46. C. Isaad M.A. Ventura P. Thomopoulos Biphasic regulation of macrophage attachment by activators of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase and protein kinase C J. Cell. Physiol. 140 1989 317 322
47. T. Ishihara R. Shigemoto K. Mori K. Takahashi S. Nagata Functional expression and tissue distribution of a novel receptor for VIP Neuron 8 1992 811 819
48. C. Ishioka A. Yoshida H. Kimata H. Mikawa Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates immunoglobulin production and growth of human B cells Clin. Exp. Immunol. 87 1992 504 508
49. J. Iwaz S. Lafont J.P. Revillard Elevation of cyclic 3'5' adenosine monophosphate levels by cholera toxin inhibits the generation of interleukin-2 activity Cell. Immunol. 102 1986 455 461
50. J.A. Johnston D.D. Taub A.R. Lloyd K. Conlon J.J. Oppenheim D.J. Kevlin Human T lymphocyte chemotaxis and adhesion induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide J. Immunol. 153 1994 1762 1768
51. P. Katz A.M. Zaytoum A.S. Fauci Mechanisms of human cell-medidated cytotoxicity I. Modulation of natural killer cell activity by cyclic nucleotides J. Immunol. 129 1982 287 296
52. H. Kimata A. Yoshida M. Fujimoto H. Mikawa Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, and substance P on spontaneous IgE and IgG4 production in atopic patients J. Immunol. 150 1993 4630 4640
53. C.B. Lacey R.P. Elde V.S. Seybold Localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide binding sites in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius of the chicken Peptides 12 1991 383 391
54. D.K. Litwin A.K. Wilson S.I. Said Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) inhibits rat alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and chemotaxis in vitro Regul. Pept. 40 1992 63 74
55. R.G. Long M.G. Bryant Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide S.R. Bloom R.G. Long Radioimmunoassay of Gut Regulatory Peptides 1982 W.B. Saunders London 120 130
56. M.A. López-González J.M. Guerrero M. Lucas Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhances phorbol myristate acetate-induced chemiluminescence in human lymphocytes Life Sci. 51 1992 1803 1810
57. E.M. Lutz W.J. Sheward K.M. West J.A. Morrow G. Fink A.J. Harmar The VIP2 receptor: molecular characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide FEBS Lett. 334 1993 3 8
58. C.R. Mackay B.A. Imhof Cell adhesion in the immune system Immunol. Today 14 1993 99 102
59. 2+ through breakdown of phosphoinositides to induce catecholamine secretion J. Biol. Chem. 263 1988 2123 2126
60. R.C. Mathew G.A. Cook A.M. Blum A. Metwali R. Felman J.V. Weisntock Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates T lymphocytes to release IL-5 in murine schistosomiasis mansoni infection J. Immunol. 148 1992 3572 3577
61. A. Miyanoshita T. Takahashi H. Endou Inhibitory effect of cyclic AMP on phorbol ester-stimulated production of reactive oxygen metabolites in rat glomeruli Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 165 1989 519 525
62. A. Miyata A. Arimura R.R. Dahl N. Minamino A. Uehara L. Jiang M. Culler D.H. Coy Isolation of a novel 38 residue-hypothalamic polypeptide which stimulates adenylate cyclase in pituitary cells Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 164 1989 567 574
63. A. Miyata L. Jiang R.R. Dahl C. Kitada K. Kubo M. Fujino N. Minamino A. Arimura Isolation of a neuropeptide corresponding to the N-terminal 27 residues of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide with 38 residues (PACAP 38) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 170 1990 643 648
64. T.C. Moore Modification of lymphocyte traffic by vasoactive neurotransmitter substances Immunology 52 1984 511 518
65. T.C. Moore P.J. Lachman Cyclic AMP reduces and cyclic GMP increases the traffic of lymphocytes through peripheral lymph node of sheep in vivo Immunology 47 1982 423
66. T.C. Moore C.H. Spruck S.I. Said Depression of lymphocyte traffic in sheep by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) Immunology 64 1988 475 478
67. T Morotti H. Haberstok V. Sverko I. Hrsak Met- and leu-enkephalin modulate superoxide anion release from human polymorphonuclear cells Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 650 1992 146 149
68. M. Muscettola G. Grasso Somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide reduce interferon gamma production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells Immunobiology 80 1990 419 430
69. G.A. Neil A. Blum J.V. Weinstock Substance P but not vasoactive intestinal peptide modulates immunoglobulin secretion in murine schistosomiasis Cell. Immunol. 135 1991 394 399
70. Y. Nishizuka Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C Science 233 1986 305 308
71. S.J. Noga S.J. Norman R.S. Weiner Methods in laboratory investigation: isolation of guinea pigs monocytes and Kurloff cells. Characterization of monocyte subsets by morphologic, cytochemistry, and adherence Lab. Invest. 51 1984 244 249
72. K. Nordlind V. Mutt Influence of beta-endorphin, somatostain, substance P and VIP on the proliferative response of human peripheral blood T cells to mercuric chloride Int. Archs Allergy Appl. Immunol. 80 1986 326 328
73. K. Nordlind V. Mutt Modulating effect of beta-endorphin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide on the proliferative response of peripheral blood T lymphocytes of nickel-allergic patients to nickel sulfate Int. Archs Allergy Appl. Immun. 81 1986 368 370
74. M.S. O'Dorisio I.U.S. Hermina T.M. O'Dorisio S.P. Bacerzar Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide modulation of lymphocyte adenylate cyclase J. Immunol. 127 1981 2551 2556
75. M.S. O'Dorisio B.T. Shannon D.J. Fleshman L.B. Campolito Identification of high affinity receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide on human lymphocytes of B cell lineage J. Immunol. 142 1989 3533 3536
76. M.S. O'Dorisio C.L. Wood G.D. Wenger L.M. Vassalo Cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase in Molt 4b lymphoblast: identification by photoaffinity labeling and activation in intact cells by the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and peptide histidine isoleucine J. Immunol. 134 1985 4078 4085
77. 2+ in human neutrophil responses to receptor agonists Biochem J. 278 1991 705 711
78. C.A. Ottaway In vitro alteration of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide changes the in vivo localization of mouse T-cells J. Exp. Med. 160 1984 1054 1069
79. C.A. Ottaway Evidence for local neuromodulation of T cell migration in vivo Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 186 1985 637 645
80. C.A. Ottaway Selective effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the mitogenic response of murine T cells Immunology 62 1987 291 297
81. C.A. Ottaway Insertion and internalization of VIP receptors in murine CD4 lymphocytes T Regul. Pept. 41 1992 49 59
82. C.A. Ottaway C. Bernaerts B. Chan G.R. Greenberg Specific binding of vasoactive intestinal peptide to human circulating mononuclear cells Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 61 1983 664 671
83. C.A. Ottaway G. Greenberg Interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide with mouse lymphocytes: specific binding and the modulation of mitogen responses J. Immunol. 132 1984 417 423
84. C.A. Ottaway T.E. Lay G.R. Greenberg High affinity specific binding for vasoactive intestinal peptide to human circulating T cells, B cells and large granular lymphocytes J. Neuroimmunol. 29 1990 149 155
85. S. Peuriere C. Susini J.P. Esteve N. Vaysse L. Escoula Dual effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the mitogenic response of rabbit spleen lymphocytes Regul. Pept. 27 1990 117 126
86. K.B. Pryzwansky A.L. Steiner J.K. Spitznagel C.L. Kapoor Compartmentalization of cyclic AMP during phagocytosis by human neutrophilic granulocytes Science 211 1981 407 410
87. 2+-cyclic AMP interactions in sustained cellular responses R. Sato G.R. Bock K. Widdows Interactions Among Cell Signalling Systems 1992 John Wiley & Sons Chichester 98 112
88. J.P. Raufman L. Cosowsky Interaction between the calcium and adenylate messenger systems in dispersed chief cells from guinea pig stomach J. Biol. Chem. 262 1987 5957 5962
89. S.R. Rawlings PACAP, PACAP receptors, and intracellular signaling Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 101 1994 C5 C9
90. I. Rivkin J. Rosenblatt E.L. Becker The role of cyclic AMP in the chemotactic responsiveness and spontaneous motility of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils J. Immunol. 115 1975 1126 1134
91. A Robichon S.P. Sreedharan J. Yang R.S. Shames E.C. Gronroos P.P.J. Cheng E.J. Goetzl Induction of aggregation of Raji human B-lymphoblastic cells by vasoactive intestinal peptide Immunology 79 1993 574 579
92. J.C. Roder M. Klein Target-effector interaction in the natural killer cell system IV. Modulation by cyclic nucleotides J. Immunol. 123 1979 2785 2790
93. M.R. Rola-Pleszczynski D. Bolduc S. St.-Pierre The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on human natural killer cell function J. Immunol. 135 1985 2569 2573
94. M.R. Ruff B.M. Martin E.I. Ginns W.L. Farrar C.B. Pert CD4 receptor binding peptides that block HIV infectivity cause human monocyte chemotaxis. Relationship to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide FEBS Lett. 211 1987 17 22
95. M.R. Ruff S.M. Wahl C.B. Pert Substance P receptor-mediated chemotaxis of human monocytes Peptides 6 1985 107 111
96. P. Sacerdote M.R. Ruff C.B. Pert Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1-12: a ligand for the CD4 (T4)/human immunodeficiency virus receptor J. Neurosci. Res. 18 1987 102 107
97. H. Sakakibara J. Takamatsu S.I. Said Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) inhibits superoxide anion release from rat alveolar macrophages Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 141 1990 4
98. H. Sakakibara J. Takamatsu S.I. Said Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) inhibits superoxide anion release from rat alveolar macrophages Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 141 4 1990 A645 (Abstr.)
99. G.F. Scheiner E.R. Unanue The modulation of spontaneous and anti-Ig-stimulated mobility of lymphocytes by cyclic nucleotides and adrenergic and cholinergic agents J. Immunol. 114 1975 802 808
100. J.J. Segura R. Guerrero R. Goberna J.R. Calvo Characterization of functional receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in rat peritoneal macrophages Regul. Pept. 33 1991 133 143
101. J.J. Segura J.M. Guerrero R. Goberna J.R. Calvo Stimulatory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on cyclic AMP production in rat peritoneal macrophages Regul. Pept. 37 1992 195 203
102. J.J. Segura J.M. Guerrero M.A. Lopez-Gonzalez J.R. Calvo Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) inhibits substrate adherence capacity of rat peritoneal macrophages by a mechanism that involves cAMP Cell. Adhes. Commun. 1 1993 213 221
103. J. Shelly S.F. Hoff Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) Gen. Pharmacol. 20 1989 329 334
104. L. Simchowitz L.C. Fischbein I. Spilberg J.P. Atkinson Induction of a transient elevation in intracellular levels of adenosine-3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate by chemotactic factors: an early event in human neutrophil activation J. Immunol. 124 1980 1482 1491
105. M.C. Sirianni B. Annibale F. Tagliaferri S. Fais S. De Luca F. Pallone G. Delle Fave F. Aiuti Modulation of human natural killer activity by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) family. VIP, glucagon and GHRF specifically inhibit NK activity Regul. Pept. 38 1992 79 87
106. M.C. Sirianni F. Tagliaferri S. Fais B. Annibale F. Pallone G. Delle Fave Effect of VIP neuropeptide on natural killer cell activity from peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal subjects Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 594 1990 420 423
107. K.A. Smith Interleukin 2 Ann. Rev. Immunol. 2 1984 319
108. J.W. Smith A.L. Steiner C.W. Parker Human lymphocyte metabolism. Effects of cyclic and monocyclic nucleotides on stimulation by phytohemagglutinin J. Clin. Invest. 50 1971 442 448
109. R. Snyderman M.C. Pike Chemoattractant receptors on phagocytic cells Ann. Rev. Immunol. 2 1984 257 281
110. T.A. Springer Adhesion receptors of the immune system Nature 346 1990 425 433
111. S.P. Sreedharan D.R. Patel J.X. Huang E.J. Goetzl Cloning and functional expression of a human VIP receptor Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193 1993 546 553
112. A.M. Stanisz D. Befus J. Bienenstock Differential effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P and somatostatin on immunoglobulin synthesis and proliferations by lymphocytes from Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen J. Immunol. 136 1986 152 156
113. L. Sun D. Ganea Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits IL-2 and IL-4 production through different molecular mechanism in T cells activated via the TCR/CD3 complex J. Neuroimmunol. 48 1993 59 69
114. C.P. Sung A.J. Arleth B. Storer G.Z. Feuerstein Modulation of U937 cell adhesion to vascular endothelial cells by cyclic AMP Life Sci. 49 1991 375 382
115. S.C. Tang H. Braunsteiner C.J. Wiedermann Regulation of human T lymphoblast growth by sensory neuropeptides: augmentation of cholecystokinin-induced inhibition of Molt.4 proliferation by somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide Immunol. Lett. 34 1992 237 242
116. I. Tatsuno P.E. Gottschall K. Köves A. Arimura Demonstration of specific binding sites for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in rat astrocytes Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168 1990 1027 1033
117. A.W. Taylor J.W. Strilein A.W. Cousins Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide contributes to the immunosuppressive activity of normal aqueous humor J. Immunol. 153 1994 1080 1086
118. J. Tseng M.S. O'Dorisio Mechanism of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-mediated immunoregulation E.J. Goetzl N.H. Specter Neuroimmune Networks: Physiology and Diseases 1989 Alan R. Liss New York 105 111
119. E.R. Unanue Macrophages, antigen-presenting cells, and the phenomena of antigen handling and presentation W.E. Paul Fundamental Immunology 1989 Raven Press New York 95 115
120. E. Unanue P. Allen The basis for the immunoregulatory role of macrophages and other accessory cells Science 236 1987 551 557
121. T. Usdin T.I. Bonner E. Mezey Two receptors for VIP with similar specificity and complementary distributions Endocrinology 135 1995 2662 2680
122. B.A.M. Walker B.E. Hagenlocker P.A. Ward Superoxide responses to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in primed neutrophils. Role of intracellular and extracellular calcium J. Immunol. 146 1991 3124 3131
123. J. Watson The involvement of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the initiation of lymphocyte proliferation induced by mitogens J. Immunol. 117 1976 1656 1663
124. C.J. Wildermann F.J. Wiedermann A. Apperl G. Kieselbach G. Konwalinka H. Braunsteiner In vitro human polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemokinesis and human monocyte chemotaxis and different activities of aminoterminal and carboxyterminal substance P Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 340 1989 185 190
125. P. Wiik Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits the respiratory burst in human monocytes by a cyclic AMP-mediated mechanism Regul. Pept. 25 1989 187 197
126. P. Wiik VIP inhibition of monocyte respiratory burst ex vivo during prolonged strain and anergy deficiency Int. J. Neurosci. 51 1990 195 196
127. P. Wiik A. Haugen D. Lovhaug A. Boyum P.K. Opstad Effect of VIP on the respiratory burst in human monocytes ex vivo during prolonged strain and anergy deficiency Peptides 10 1989 819 823
128. P. Wiik P.K. Opstad A. Bøyum Binding of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) by human blood monocytes: demonstration of specific binding sites Regul. Pept. 12 1985 145 163
129. J.J. Wirth F. Kierszenbaum Inhibitory action of elevated levels of adenosine-3′:5′ cyclic monophosphate on phagocytosis: effects on macrophage-Trypanosoma cruzi interaction J. Immunol. 129 1982 2759 2762
130. A. Wozniak R. Scicchitano W.H. Betts G. McLennan The effect of substance P on normal and asthmatic subjects Ann. NY Acad. Sci 650 1992 154 158
131. Z. Xin H. Tang D. Ganea Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 production in murine thymocytes activated via TCR/CD3 complex J. Neuroimmunol. 54 1994 59 68
132. Y. Yiangou R. Serrano S.R. Bloom J. Peña H. Festenstein Effects of prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide-derived peptides on the murine immune response J. Neuroimmunol. 29 1990 65 72
133. N.E. Zorn D.H. Russell Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) activation of nuclear protein kinase C in purified nuclei of rat splenocytes Biochem. Pharmacol. 40 1990 2689