The effect of turbulent intermittency on scattering into an acoustic shadow zone

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Volumn 99, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 3393-3400

  Wilson, D Keith ^a,c   Wyngaard, John C ^a   Havelock, David I ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

^c U S ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTICS; ARTICLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THEORY;

EID: 0030012703     PISSN: 00014966     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1121/1.414984     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. K. E. Gilbert, R. Raspet, and X. Di, "Calculation of turbulence effects in an upward-refracting atmosphere," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2428-2437 (1990).
2. D. Juvé, P. Blanc-Benon, and P. Chevret, "Sound propagation through a turbulent atmosphere: Influence of the turbulence model," in Sixth International Symposium on Long Range Sound Propagation, Ottawa, 1994, pp. 270-282.
3. Y. A. Kravtsov, "Propagation of electromagnetic waves through a turbulent atmosphere," Rep. Prog. Phys. 55, 39-112 (1992).
4. A. N. Kolmogorov, "A refinement of previous hypotheses concerning the local structure of turbulence in a viscous incompressible fluid at high Reynolds number," J. Fluid Mech. 13, 82-85 (1962).
5. A. M. Obukhov, "Some specific features of atmospheric turbulence," J. Fluid Mech. 13, 77-81 (1962).
6. H. G. E. Hentschel and I. Procaccia, "Passive scalar fluctuations in intermittent turbulence with applications to wave propagation," Phys. Rev. A 28, 417-426 (1983).
7. V. I. Tatarskii and V. U. Zavorotnyi, "Wave propagation in random media with fluctuating turbulent parameters," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 2069-2076 (1985).
8. A. S. Gurvich and V. P. Kukharets, "The influence of intermittence of atmospheric turbulence on the scattering of radio waves," Sov. J. Commun. Technol. Electron. 30, 52-58 (1986) (English transl.).
9. V. I. Tatarskii, "Some new aspects in the problem of waves and turbulence," Radio Sci. 22, 859-865 (1987).
10. R. H. Meilen and G. Siling, "Sound propagation through atmospheric turbulence: multifractal phase fluctuations," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 141-146 (1995).
11. V. I. Tatarskii, The Effects of the Turbulent Atmosphere on Wave Propagation (Keter, Jerusalem, 1971).
12. A. N. Kolmogorov, "Local structure of turbulence in incompressible fluid," C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 30, 299 (1941).
13. D. K. Wilson and D. W. Thomson, "Acoustic propagation through anisotropic, surface-layer turbulence," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 1080-1095 (1994).
14. A. S. Monin, "Some features of sound scattering in the turbulent atmosphere," Sov. Phys. Acoust. 7, 457 (1961).
15. V. E. Ostashev, "Sound propagation and scattering in media with random inhomogeneities of sound speed, density and medium velocity," Waves Rand. Med. 4, 403-428 (1994).
16. 11) is more subtle. See Appendix A for a short discussion on this matter.
17. M. R. Stinson. D. I. Havelock, and G. A. Daigle, "Simulation of scattering by turbulence into a shadow region using the GF-PE method," in Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Long-Range Sound Propagation, Ottawa, 1994, pp. 283-295.
18. Equation (6) is equivalent to (5) in Ref. 5 at large Reynolds number.
19. A. S. Gurvich and T. I. Makarova, "Fluctuations in the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation as related to local wind speed spectra," Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 24, 743-746 (1988) (English transl.).
20. L. J. Peltier and J. C. Wyngaard, "Mean and local structure-function parameters in the convective boundary layer from large-eddy simulation" (in press).
21. In most scattering experiments, one measures Ĩ, but does not have access to ∈ + ̃. However, the discussion in the text is a conceptual description of P(I\∈ + ̃), and not the description of an actual experiment.
22. V. A. Bezverkhniy, A. S. Gurvich, T. I. Makarova, and M. Z. Kholmyanskiy, "Variation of local temperature and wind speed spectra in the atmospheric surface layer," Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 24, 519-527 (1988) (English transl.).
23. V. P. Kukharets, "Investigation of variability of the structure characteristic of temperature in the atmospheric boundary layer," Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 24, 578-582 (1988) (English transl.).
24. J. C. Wyngaard and H. Tennekes, "Measurements of the small-scale structure of turbulence at moderate Reynolds numbers," Phys. Fluids 13, 1962-1969 (1970).
25. F. Anselmet, Y. Gagne, E. Hopfinger, and R. A. Antonia, "Higher-order velocity structure functions in turbulent shear flows," J. Fluid Mech. 140, 63-89 (1984).
26. D. I. Havelock, X. Di, G. A. Daigle, and M. R. Stinson, "Spatial coherence of a sound field in a refractive shadow: Comparison of simulation and experiment," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98, 2289-2302 (1995).
27. A. L'Espérance, J. Nicolas, D. K. Wilson, D. W. Thomson, Y. Gabillet, and G. Daigle, "Sound propagation in the atmospheric surface layer: Comparison of experiment with FFP predictions," Appl. Acoust. 40, 325-346 (1993).
28. J. Aitchison and J. A. C. Brown, The Lognormal Distribution (Cambridge U.P., London, 1973).