Psychiatric illnesses in the elderly: A review

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 57-82

  Jenike, Michael A ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; AMITRIPTYLINE; AMOXAPINE; BENZODIAZEPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLOZAPINE; DESIPRAMINE; DIGOXIN; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; IMIPRAMINE; LITHIUM; MAPROTILINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PROPRANOLOL; PROTRIPTYLINE; SCOPOLAMINE; SEROTONIN AGONIST; SERTRALINE; TRAZODONE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN;

ADULT; AFFECTIVE NEUROSIS; AGED; AGING; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ANXIETY; BRADYCARDIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DELIRIUM; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DYSTONIA; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GERONTOPSYCHIATRY; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MANIA; MENTAL HEALTH; NAUSEA; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; OBSESSION; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PAIN; PANIC; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SEIZURE; TACHYCARDIA; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA;

EID: 0030011598     PISSN: 08919887     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/089198879600900202     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Jenike MA. Geriatric psychiatry and psychopharmacology: a clinical approach. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishing, 1989.
2. Somerfield MR, Weisman CS, Ury W, et al. Physician practices in the diagnosis of dementing disorders. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39:172-175.
3. McKhann G, Drachmen D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of he NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services task force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1984; 34:939-944.
4. Carcia CA, Reding MJ, Blass JP. Overdiagnosis of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1981; 29:407.
5. O'Connor DW, Pollitt PA, Hyde JB, et al. Do general practitioners miss dementia in elderly patients? BMJ 1988; 297:1107.
6. Forette F, Henry JF, Orgogozo JM, et al. Reliability of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of dementia. Arch Neurol 1989; 46:646.
7. Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1769-1775.
8. Gurland BJ. The comparative frequency of depression in various adult age groups. J Gerontol 1976; 31:283-292.
9. Blazer D. Depression in late life. St Louis: CV Mosby, 1982.
10. Fernandez F, Levy JK, Lachar BL, Small GW. The management of depression and anxiety in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56(suppl 2):20-29.
11. Salzman C, ed. Clinical geriatric psychopharmacology, 2nd Ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.
12. Lipsey JR, Pearlson GD, Robinson RG, et al. Nortriptyline treatment of poststroke depression: a double-blind study. Lancet 1984; 1:297-300.
13. Gelenberg AJ, ed. Kinetic differences among SSRIs. In: Biological therapies in psychiatry newsletter. St. Louis: Mosby-Yearbook, 1993:34-35.
14. Pato MT, Murphy DL, DeVane CL. Sustained plasma concentrations of fluoxetine and/or norfluoxetine four and eight weeks after fluoxetine discontinuation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11:224-225. Letter.
15. Schone W. Paroxetine vs. fluoxetine in the treatment of geriatric patients with major depression: a multicenter double-blind study. Presented at the Annual ACNP Meeting. San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 1992.
16. Jenike MA, Baer L, Minichiello WE. Obsessive-compulsive disorders: theory and management. 2nd Ed. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1990.
17. Robinson DS, Davis JM, Nies A, et al. Relation of sex and aging to monoamine oxidase activity of human brain, plasma, and platelets. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 24:536-539.
18. Robinson DS. Changes in monoamine oxidase and monoamines with human development and aging. Fed Proc 1975; 34:103.
19. Jenike MA. MAO inhibitors as treatment for depressed patients with primary degenerative dementia (Alzheimer's disease). Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142:763-764.
20. Kronig MH, Roose SP, Walsh BT, et al. Blood pressure effects of phenelzine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983; 3:307.
21. Jenike MA. The use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in elderly depressed patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984; 32:571-575.
22. Jenike MA. Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. In: Jenike MA. Geriatric psychiatry and psychopharmacology: a clinical approach. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishing, 1989.
23. Greendyke RM, Schuster DB, Wooten JA. Propranolol in the treatment of assaultive patients with organic brain disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1984; 4:282-285.
24. Jefferson JW. Lithium and affective disorder in the elderly. Compr Psychiatry 1983; 24:166-178.
25. Guze BH, Baxter LR Jr. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:163-166.
26. Woods SW, Tesar GE, Murray GB, et al. Psychostimulant treatment of depressive disorders secondary to medical illness. J Clin Psychiatry 1986; 47:12-15.
27. Jenike MA. Psychiatric disorders in the elderly. In: Albert ML, Knoefel JE, eds. Clinical neurology of aging. 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, 1994:396-420.
28. deMontigny C, Grunberg F, Mayer A, et al. Lithium induces rapid relief of depression in tricyclic antidepressant drug non-responders. Br J Psychiatry 1981; 138:252-256.
29. Louie AK, Meltzer HY. Lithium potentiation of antidepressant treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1984; 4:316-321.
30. Kushnir SL. Lithium-antidepressant combinations in the treatment of depressed, physically ill geriatric patients. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:378-379.
31. Goodwin FK, Prange AJ, Post RM, et al. Potentiation of antidepressant effects of L-triiodothyronine in tricyclic nonresponders. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139:34-38.
32. Glasser M, Rabins P. Mania in the elderly. Age Ageing 1984; 13:210-213.
33. Moak GS. Characteristics of demented and nondemented geriatric admissions to a state hospital. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1990; 41:700-701.
34. Yassa R, Nair V, Nastase C, et al. Prevalence of bipolar disorder in a psychogeriatric population. J Affect Disord 1988; 14:197-201.
35. Shulman KI, Tohen M, Satlin A, et al. Mania compared to unipolar depression in old age. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 341-345.
36. Weissman MM, Bruce ML, Leak PJ, et al. Affective disorders. In: Robins LN, Regier DA, eds. Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press, 1991:53-80.
37. Krauthammer C, Herman GL. Secondary mania. ArcA Gen Psychiatry 1978; 35:1333-1339.
38. Robinson RG, Boston JD, Starkstein SE, et al. Comparison of mania and depression after brain injury: causal factors. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:172-178.
39. Starkstein SE, Boston JD, Robinson RG. Mechanisms of mania after brain injury: twelve case reports and review of the literature. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989; 155:79-85.
40. Starkstein SE, Mayberg HS, Berthier ML, et al. Mania after brain injury: neuroradiological and metabolic findings. Arch Neurol 1990; 27:652-659.
41. Starkstein SE, Pearlson GD, Boston JD, et al. Mania after brain injury: a controlled study of causative factors. Ann Neurol 1987; 44:1069-1073.
42. Burnstein A. Bipolar and pure mania disorders precipitated by head trauma. Psychosomatics 1993; 34:194-195.
43. Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Starkstein SE, et al. Secondary mania following traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:916-921.
44. Shukla S, Cook BL, Cook S, et al. Mania following head trauma. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:93-96.
45. Shulman KI. Clinical aspects of mania in the elderly. In: Therapeutic strategies with the older adult. 1996; 2:4-11.
46. Dhingra U, Rabins PC. Mania in the elderly: a five- to seven-year follow-up. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39:581-583.
47. Hardy B, Shulman K, Mackenzie S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of lithium in the elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 7:153-158.
48. Smith RE, Helms PM. Adverse effects of lithium therapy in the acutely ill elderly patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1982; 43:3.
49. Murray N, Hopwood S, Balfour DJK, et al. Influence of age on lithium efficacy and side effects in outpatients. Psychol Med 1983; 13:53-60.
50. Dose M, Emrich HM: Acute mania: practical therapeutic guidelines. CNS Drugs 1995; 3:427-435.
51. Gnam W, Flint AJ. New-onset, rapid-cycling, bipolar disorder in an 87-year-old woman. Can J Psychiatry 1993; 38:324-326.
52. McFarland BH, Miller MR, Straumfjord AA. Valproate use in the older manic patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51:479-481.
53. Pope HG Jr, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, et al. Valproate in the treatment of acute mania: a placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:62-68.
54. Mukherjee S, Sacheim HA, Schnur DB. Electroconvulsive therapy of acute manic episodes: a review of 50 years' experience. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:169-176.
55. Suppes T, Baldessarini RJ, Faedda GI, et al. Risk of recurrence following discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:1082-1088.
56. Katon W, Raskind M. Treatment of depression in the medically ill elderly with methylphenidate. Am J Psychiatry 1980; 137:963-965.
57. Weiner RD. The role of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depression in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1982; 30:710-712.
58. Scovern AW, Kilmann PR. Status of ECT: A review of the out-come literature. Psychol Bull 1980; 87:260.
59. O'Leary D, Gill D, Gregory S, Shawcross C. The effectiveness of real versus simulated electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 9:567-571.
60. Blackwell B, Merskey H, Kellner R. Somatoform pain disorders. In: Karasu TB, ed. Treatments of psychiatric disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press, 1989.
61. Indaco A, Carrieri P. Amitriptyline in the treatment of headache in patients with Parkinson's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Neurology 1988; 38:1720-1722.
62. Prien RF, Kupfer DJ. Continuation drug therapy for major depressive episodes: How long should it be maintained? Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:18-23.
63. Quitkin FM, Rabkin JG, Ross D, et al: Duration of antidepressant drug treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 238-245.
64. Georgotas A, McCue RE. The additional benefit of extending an antidepressant trial past seven weeks in the depressed elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1989; 4:191-195.
65. Sos J, Cassem NH. Intravenous use of haloperidol for acute delirium in intensive care settings. In: Speidel H, Rodewald G, eds. Psychic and neurological dysfunctions after open-heart surgery. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1980:196-199.
66. Smith JM, Baldessarini RJ. Changes in prevalence, severity, and recovery in tardive dyskinesia with age. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37:1368.
67. Greendyke RM, Kanter DR. Therapeutic effects of pindolol on behavioral disturbances associated with organic brain disease: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 1986; 47:423-426.
68. Ballenger JC, Post RM. Carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness: a new treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1980; 137:782-790.
69. Frankenburg FR, Tohen M, Cohen BM, et al. Long-term response to carbamazepine: a retrospective study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988; 8:130-132.
70. McAllister TW. Carbamazepine in mixed frontal lobe and psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1985; 46:393.
71. Greenwald BS, Marin DB, Silverman SM. Serotonergic treatment of screaming and banging in dementia. Lancet 1986; 2:1464-1465.
72. Collenda CC. Buspirone in treatment of agitated demented patients. Lancet 1988; 1:1169.
73. Caroff SN. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1980; 41:79-83.
74. Gelenberg AJ. Psychosis. In: Bassuk EL, Schoonover SC, Gelenberg AJ, eds. The practitioners guide to psychoactive drugs. 2nd Ed. New York, Plenum, 1983.
75. Pope HG Jr, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL. Frequency and presentation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a large psychiatric hospital. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:1227, 1233.
76. Cohen BM, Baldessarini RJ, Pope HG Jr, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1293. (Letter).
77. Addonizio G, Susman VL, Roth SD. Symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in 82 consecutive inpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:1587-1590.
78. Junaid O, Biswas A, Jones RG. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1992; 8:524-531.
79. Myers JK, Weissman MM, Tischler GL, et al. Six month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41:959-967.
80. Gelenberg AJ, Bellinghausen B, Wojick JD, et al. A prospective survey of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a short-term psychiatric hospital. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:517-518.
81. Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, McElroy EL. Frequency and presentation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1344-1346.
82. Fogel BS, Goldberg RJ. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1292.
83. Coons DJ, Hillman FJ, Marshall RW. Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with dantrolene sodium: a case report. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139:944-945.
84. Goekoop JG, Carbaat PA. Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with dantrolene. Lancet 1982; 2:49-50. Letter.
85. Sangal R, Dimitrijevic R. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: successful treatment with pancuronium. JAMA 1985; 154:2795-2796.
86. Blue MG, Schneider SM, Noro S, et al. Successful treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with sodium nitroprusside. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104:56-57.
87. Lazarus A. Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with electroconvulsive therapy. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986; 174:47-49.
88. Hughes JR. ECT during and after the neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry 1986; 47:42-43.
89. Rosebush PI, Stewart T, Mazurek MF. The treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Are dantrolene and bromocriptine useful adjuncts to supportive care? Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:709-712.
90. Shalev A, Munitz H. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome: agent and host interaction. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986; 73:337-347.
91. Helms PM. Efficacy of antipsychotics in the treatment of the behavioral complications of dementia: a review of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33:206-209.
92. Kann NA. Clozapine for psychosis in Parkinson's patients. Clinical advances in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. New York: KSF Group Publication, 1990; 4:12-16.
93. Friedman JH, Lannon MC. Clozapine in the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989; 39: 1219-1221.
94. Wolters EC, Hurwitz TA, Teal P, et al. Clozapine in the treatment of parkinsonian patients with dopaminomimetic psychosis. Neurology 1990; 40:832-834.
95. Lader M. Differential diagnosis of anxiety in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 1982; 43:4-7.
96. Sheikh JI, King RJ, Taylor CB. Comparative phenomenology of early onset versus late onset panic attacks: a pilot survey. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:1231-1233.
97. Raj BA, Corvea MH, Dagon EM. The clinical characteristics of panic disorder in the elderly: a retrospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54:150-155.
98. Livingston HM, Livingston MG, Brooks DN, et al. Elderly survivors of the Lockerbie air disaster. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1992; 7:725-729.
99. Livingston HM, Livingston MG, Fell. The Lockerbie disaster: a 3-year follow-up of elderly victims, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 9:989-994.
100. Scott RB, Brooks DN, McKinlay W. Post traumatic morbidity in a civilian community - a follow-up at three years. 1993 (in Press).
101. Rickels K, Weisman K, Norstad N, et al. Buspirone and diazepam in anxiety: a controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 1982; 43:81-86.
102. Jenike MA. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: a hidden epidemic. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:539-541.
103. Lipowski ZJ. Delirium in the elderly patient. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:578-582.
104. Francis J, Martin D, Kapoor WN. A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA 1990; 263:1097-1111.
105. Solomon RP, Pendlebury WW. The nature of Alzheimer's disease and the use of tacrine in treatment. In: Therapeutic Strategies with the Older Adult. 1995; 2:1-18.
106. Katzman R. Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 964-973.
107. La Rue A, Watson J, Plotkin DA. First symptoms of dementia: a study of relatives' reports. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993; 8:239-245.
108. Schwartz MF. Neuropsychological studies of Alzheimer's disease: taking the symptoms seriously. Presented at a meeting of the Canadian Neurosciences Society, Montreal, Canada.
109. Sim M, Sussman I. Alzheimer disease: its natural history and differential diagnosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 1962; 135:489-499.
110. Brust JCM. Vascular dementia is over diagnosed. Arch Neurol 1988; 45:799-801.
111. O'Brien MD. Vascular dementia is under diagnosed. Arch Neurol 1988; 45:797-798.
112. Ron MA, Toone BK, Garralda ME, et al. Diagnostic accuracy in presenile dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134:161-168.
113. Wade JPH, Mirsen TR, Hachinski VC, et al. The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1987; 44:24-29.
114. Risse SC, Raskind MA, Nochlin D, et al. Neuropathological findings in patients with clinical diagnoses of probable Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:168-172.
115. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, De Leon MJ. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139:1136-1139.
116. Khachaturian ZS. Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1985; 42:1097-1105.
117. Morris JC, McKeel DW, Fulling K, et al. Validation of clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1988; 24:17-22.
118. St. George Hyslop PH, Tanzi RE, Polinsky RJ, et al. The genetic defect causing familial Alzheimer's disease maps on chromosome 21. Science 1987; 235:885-889.
119. Turnbull JM, Turnbull SK. Management of specific anxiety disorders in the elderly. Geriatrics 1985; 8:75-82.
120. Wolozin BL, Pruchnicki A, Dickson DW, et al. A neuronal antigen in the brains of Alzheimer patients. Science 1986; 232:648-651.
121. Wolozin BL, Davies P. Alzheimer-related neuronal protein A68: specificity and distribution. Ann Neurol 1987; 22:521-526.
122. Bartus RT, Dean RL, Beer R, et al. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 1982; 217:408-416.
123. Davis KL, Thal LJ, Gamzu ER, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study of tacrine for Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1253-1259.
124. Caine ED. The neuropsychology of depression: The pseudodementia syndrome. In: Grant I, Adams KM, eds. Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric disorders. New York: Oxford, 1986:221-243.
125. Zubenko GS, Moossy J, Martinez AJ, et al. A brain regional analysis of morphologic and cholinergic abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1989; 46:634-638.