Bacteriology, safety and prevention of infection associated with continuous intravenous infusions

Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis

Volumn 7, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1996, Pages

  Mermel, L A ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Catheter infection; Device associated infection; Infection prevention; Nosocomial infection

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACITRACIN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 8; CHLORHEXIDINE; NEOSPORIN; POLYMYXIN; POVIDONE IODINE; SULFADIAZINE SILVER;

CATHETER INFECTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; HEMOPHILIA; HOSPITAL INFECTION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

BACTEREMIA; CATHETERIZATION, CENTRAL VENOUS; HUMANS;

EID: 0030011062     PISSN: 09575235     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (81)

1. Maki DG: Infections due to infusion therapy. In: Bennett JV, Brachman PS, eds. Hospital Infections, 3rd edn. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown and Co; 1992:849-898.
2. Martin MA, Pfaller MA, Wenzel RP: Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia. Mortality and hospital stay. Ann Intern Med 1989, 110:9-16.
3. Smith RL, Meixler SM, Simberkoff MS: Excess mortality in critically ill patients with nosocomial bloodstream infections. Chest 1991, 100:164-167.
4. Pittet D, Tarara D, Wenzel RP: Nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA 1994, 271:1598-1601.
5. Centers for Disease Control: Public health focus: surveillance, prevention, and control of nosocomial infections. MMWR 1992, 41:783-787.
6. Arnow PM, Quimosing EM, Beach M: Consequences of intravascular catheter sepsis. Clin Infect Dis 1993, 16:778-84.
7. Mermel LA: Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Infect Dis Clin Pract 1994, 3:391-398.
8. Widmer AF: IV-related infections. In: Wenzel RP, ed. Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections, 2nd edn. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins; 1993:556-579.
9. Maki DG, Stolz SS, Wheeler S, Mermel LA: A prospective randomized trial of gauze and two polyurethane dressings for site care of pulmonary artery catheters: implications for catheter management. Crit Care Med 1994, 22:1729-1737.
10. Cooper GL, Schiller AL, Hopkins CC: Possible role of capillary action in pathogenesis of experimental catheter-associated dermal tunnel infections. J Clin Microbiol 1988, 26:8-12.
11. Pittet D, Lew PD, Auckenthaler R, Waldvogel FA: Bacterial spread as a pathogenic factor in catheter-related infections [abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the Thirtieth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1990, Atlanta, Georgia. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology: 1990:26.
12. Sitges-Serra A, Puig P, Liñares J, et al.: Hub colonization as the initial step in an outbreak of catheter-related sepsis due to coagulase negative staphylococci during parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1984, 8:668-672.
13. Salzman MB, Isenberg HD, Shapiro JF, et al.: A prospective study of the catheter hub as the portal of entry for microorganisms causing catheter-related sepsis in neonates. J Infect Dis 1993, 167:487-490.
14. Passerini L, Lam K, Costerton JW, King EG: Biofilms on indwelling vascular catheters. Crit Care Med 1992, 20:665-673.
15. Tojo M, Yamasita N, Goldmann DA, Pier GB: Isolation and characterization of a capsular polysaccharide adhesin from Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Infect Dis 1988, 157:713-722.
16. Timmerman CP, Fleer A, Besnier JM, et al.: Characterization of a proteinaceous adhesin of Staphylococcus epidermidis which mediates attachment to polystyrene. Infect Immun 1991, 59:4187-4192.
17. Herrmann M, Vaudaux PE, Pittet D, et al.: Fibronectin, fibrinogen, and laminin act as mediators of adherence of clinical staphylococcal isolates to foreign material. J Infect Dis 1988, 158:693-701.
18. Herrmann M, Suchard SJ, Boxer LA, et al.: Thrombospondin binds to Staphylococcus aureus and promotes staphylococcal adherence to surfaces. Infect Immun 1991, 59:279-288.
19. Hermann M, Lai QJ, Albrecht RM, et al.: Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to surface-bound platelets: role of fibrinogen/fibrin and platelet integrins. J Infect Dis 1993, 167:312-322.
20. Hoyle BD, Jass J, Costerton JW: The biofilm glycocalyx as a resistance factor. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990, 26:1-6.
21. Zimmerli W, Lew PD, Waldvogel FA: Pathogenesis of foreign body infection. Evidence for a local granulocyte defect. J Clin Invest 1984, 73:1191-1200.
22. Sheth NK, Franson TR, Sohnle PG: Influence of bacterial adherence to intravascular catheters on in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility. Lancet 1985, ii:1266-1268.
23. Maki DG: Growth properties of microorganisms in infusion fluid and methods of detection. In: Phillips I, ed. Microbiologic Hazards of Intravenous Therapy. Lancaster, England: MTP Press; 1977:13-47.
24. Maki DG, Rhame FS, Mackel DC, Bennett JV: Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products. Am J Med 1976, 60:471-485.
25. Matsaniotis NS, Syriopolou VP, Theodoridou MC, et al.: Enterobacter sepsis in infants and children due to contaminated intravenous fluids. Infect Control 1984, 5:471-477.
26. Roberts LA, Collignon PJ, Cramp VB, et al.: An Australia-wide epidemic of Pseudomonas pickettii bacteraemia due to contaminated 'sterile' water for injection. Med J Aust 1990, 152:652-655.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Post-surgical infections associated with an extrinsically contaminated intravenous anesthetic agent: California, Illinois, Maine, and Michigan. MMWR 1990, 39:426-433.
28. Solomon SL, Khabbaz RF, Parker RH, et al.: An outbreak of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. J Infect Dis 1984, 149:98-102.
29. McKee R, Dunsmuir R, Whitby M, Garden OJ: Does antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter insertion reduce the incidence of catheter-related sepsis in intravenous nutrition? J Hosp Infect 1985, 6:419-425.
30. Ranson MR, Oppenheim BA, Jackson A, et al.: Double-blind placebo controlled study of vancomycin prophylaxis for central venous catheter insertion in cancer patients. J Hosp Infect 1990, 15:95-102.
31. Lim SH, Smith MP, Salooja N, et al.: A prospective randomized study of prophylactic teicoplanin to prevent early Hickman catheter-related sepsis in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991, 28:109-116.
32. Neu HC: The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science 1992, 257:1064-1072.
33. Levy SB: Confronting multidrug resistance. A role for each of us. JAMA 1993, 269:1840-1842.
34. Pinilla JC, Ross DF, Martin T, Crump H: Study of the incidence of intravascular catheter infection and associated septicemia in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1983, 11:21-25.
35. Brun-Buisson C, Abrouk F, Legrand P, et al.: Diagnosis of central venous catheter-related sepsis. Critical level of quantitative tip cultures. Arch Intern Med 1987, 147:873-877.
36. Collignon P, Soni N, Pearson I, et al.: Sepsis associated with central vein catheters in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 1988, 14:227-231.
37. Gil RT, Kruse JA, Thill-Baharozian MC, Carlson RW: Triple- versus single-lumen central venous catheters. A prospective study in a critically ill population. Arch Intern Med 1989, 149:1139-1143.
38. Richet H, Hubert B, Nitemberg G, et al.: Prospective multicenter study of vascular-catheter-related complications and risk factors for positive central-catheter cultures in intensive care unit patients. J Clin Microbiol 1990, 28:2520-2525.
39. Horowitz HW, Dworkin BM, Savino JA, et al.: Central catheter-related infections: comparison of pulmonary artery catheters and triple lumen catheters for the delivery of hyperalimentation in a critical care setting. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990, 14:588-592.
40. Mermel LA, McCormick RD, Springman SR, Maki DG: The pathogenesis and epidemiology of catheter-related infection with pulmonary artery Swan-Ganz catheters: a prospective study utilizing molecular subtyping. Am J Med 1991, 91 (suppl 3B):197S-205S.
41. Maki DG, Stolz SM, Wheeler SJ: Marked differences in cutaneous colonization of insertion sites for central venous (internal jugular, subclavian, femoral), arterial and peripheral venous catheters. A prospective study [abstract]. In: Program book, Second Annual Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, 1992, Chicago, IL. West Deptford, NJ: Society for Hospital Epidemiology of America; 1992:M21.
42. Michel L, McMichan JC, Bachy JL: Microbial colonization of indwelling central venous catheters: statistical evaluation of potential contaminating factors. Am J Surg 1979, 137:745-748.
43. Maki DG, Ringer M, Alvarado CJ: Prospective randomised trial of povidone-iodine, alcohol, and chlorhexidine for prevention of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters. Lancet 1991, 338:339-343.
44. Sheehan G, Leicht K, O'Brien M, et al.: Chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine as cutaneous antisepsis for prevention of vascular-catheter infection [abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the Thirty-third Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1993, New Orleans, LA. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology: 1993:1616.
45. Rotter ML: Povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate containing detergents for disinfection of hands. J Hosp Infect 1981, 2:273-280.
46. Larson EL, Butz AM, Gullette DL, Laughon BA: Alcohol for surgical scrubbing? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990, 11:139-143.
47. Strand CL, Wajsbort RR, Sturmann K: Effect of iodophor versus iodine tincture skin preparation on blood culture contamination rate. JAMA 1993, 269: 1004-1006.
48. Raad II, Hohn DC, Gilbreath J, et al.: Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994, 15:231-238.
49. Hoffmann KK, Weber DJ, Samsa GP, Rutala WA: Transparent polyurethane film as an intravenous catheter dressing. A meta-analysis of the infection risks. JAMA 1992, 267:2072-2076.
50. Flowers RH III, Schwenzer KJ, Kopel RF, et al.: Efficacy of an attachable subcutaneous cuff for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infection. A randomized, controlled trial. JAMA 1989, 261:878-883.
51. Levin A, Mason AJ, Jindal KK, et al.: Prevention of hemodialysis subclavian vein catheter infections by topical povidone-iodine. Kidney Int 1991, 40:934-938.
52. Prager RL, Silca J Jr: Colonization of central venous catheters. South Med J 1984, 77:458-461.
53. Hill RLR, Fisher AP, Ware RJ, et al.: Mupirocin for the reduction of colonization of internal jugular cannulae: a randomized controlled trial. J Hosp Infect 1990, 15:311-321.
54. Zakrzewska-Bode A, Muytjens HL, Liem KD, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JAA: Mupirocin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci after topical prophylaxis for the reduction of colonization of central venous catheters. J Hosp Infect 1995, 31:189-193.
55. Shapiro JM, Bond EL, Garman JK: Use of a chlorhexidine dressing to reduce microbial colonization of epidural catheters. Anesthesiology 1990, 73:625-631.
56. Tomford JW, Hershey CO: The I.V. therapy team. Impact on patient care and costs of hospitalization. J Natl Intravenous Ther Assoc 1985, 8:387-389.
57. Goetz A, Miller J, Squier C, Muder RR: A comparison of nosocomial intravenous-related infections pre and post institution of an intravenous therapy team [abstract]. Am J Infect Control 1993, 21:82.
58. Root JL, McIntyre OR, Jacobs NJ, Daghlian CP: Inhibitory effect of disodium EDTA upon the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro: relation to infection prophylaxis of Hickman catheters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988, 32:1627-1631.
59. Teichman JMH, Stein PC, Parsons CL: Quaternary amine (protamine sulfate) is bactericidal to Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Infect Dis 1993, 167:1500-1501.
60. Freeman R, Holden MP, Lyon R, Hjersing N: Addition of sodium metabisulphite to left atrial catheter infusates as a means of preventing bacterial colonisation of the catheter tip. Thorax 1982, 37:142-144.
61. Elliot TSJ, Curran A: Effects of heparin and chlorbutol on bacterial colonisation of intravascular cannulae in an in vitro model. J Hosp Infect 1989, 14:193-200.
62. Wiernikowski JT, Elder-Thornley D, Dawson S, et al.: Bacterial colonization of tunneled right atrial catheters in pediatric oncology: a comparison of sterile saline and bacteriostatic flush solutions. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1991, 13:137-140.
63. Schwartz C, Henrickson KJ, Roghmann K, Powell K: Prevention of bacteremia attributed to lumenal colonization of tunneled central venous catheters with vancomycin-susceptible organisms. J Clin Oncol 1990, 8:1591-1597.
64. Henrickson KJ, Dunne WM Jr: Modification of central venous catheter flush solution improves in vitro antimicrobial activity. J Infect Dis 1992, 166:944-946.
65. Salzman MB, Isenberg HD, Rubin LG: Use of disinfectants to reduce microbial contamination of hubs of vascular catheters. J Clin Microbiol 1993, 31:475-479.
66. Tebbs SE, Trend V, Elliott J: The potential reduction of microbial contamination of central venous catheters. J Infect Dis 1995, 30:107-113.
67. Segura M, Alverez-Lerma F, Tellado JM, et al.: Clinical trial of the effect of a new catheter hub on the prevention of central venous catheter-related sepsis [abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the Thirty-fifth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1995, San Francisco, CA. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1995:J10.
68. Mermel LA, Stolz SM, Maki DG: Surface antimicrobial activity of heparin-bonded and antiseptic-impregnated vascular catheters. Infect Dis 1993, 167:920-924.
69. Laster J, Silver D: Heparin-coated catheters and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Vasc Surg 1988, 7:667-672.
70. Moberg PQ, Geary VM, Sheikh FM: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a possible complication of heparin-coated pulmonary artery catheters. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1990, 4:226-228.
71. Maki DG, Wheeler SJ, Stolz SM Mermel LA: Clinical trial of a novel antiseptic central venous catheter [abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the Thirty-first Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1991, Chicago, IL. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1991:461.
72. Clemence MA, Jernigan JA, Titus MA, et al.: A study of an antiseptic impregnated central venous catheter for prevention of bloodstream infection [abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the Thirty-third Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy, 1993, New Orleans, LA. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1993:1624.
73. Bach A, Geiss M, Geiss HK, Sonntag HG: Prevention of catheter-related colonization by silver-sulfadiazine-chlorhexidine bonding: results of a pilot study in critical care patients [abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the Thirty-third Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1993, New Orleans, LA. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1993:1621.
74. Maki DG, Cobb L, Garman JK, Shapiro JM, Ringer M, Helgerson RB: An attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of infection with central venous catheters: a prospective randomized multicenter trial. Am J Med 1988, 85:307-314.
75. Rafkin HS, Hoyt JW, Crippen DW: Prevention of central venous catheter related infection with a silver-impregnated cuff [abstract]. Chest 1990, 98 (suppl 2):117S.
76. Clementi E, Marie O, Arlet G, et al.: Usefulness of an attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of catheter-related sepsis? [abstract] In: Program and Abstracts of the Thirty-first Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1991, Chicago, IL. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology: 1991:460.
77. Bonawitz SC, Hammell EJ, Kirkpatrick JR: Prevention of central venous catheter sepsis: a prospective randomized trial. Am Surg 1991, 57:618-623.
78. Babycos CR, Barrocas A, Webb WR: A prospective randomized trial comparing the silver-impregnated collagen cuff with the bedside tunneled subclavian catheter. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993, 17:61-63.
79. Groeger JS, Lucas AB, Coit D, et al.: A prospective, randomized evaluation of the effect of silver impregnated subcutaneous cuffs for preventing tunneled chronic venous access catheter infections in cancer patients. Ann Surg 1993, 218:206-210.
80. Tenney JH, Moody MR, Newman KA, et al.: Adherent microorganisms on lumenal surfaces of long-term intravenous catheters. Importance of Staphylococcus epidermidis in patients with cancer. Arch Intern Med 1986, 146:1949-1954.
81. Raad I, Costerton W, Sabharwal U, et al.: Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement. J Infect Dis 1993, 168:400-407.