Vascular graft thrombosis after pancreatic transplantation: Univariate and multivariate operative and nonoperative risk factor analysis

Journal of the American College of Surgeons

Volumn 182, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 285-316

  Troppmann, Christoph ^a   Gruessner, Angelika C ^a   Benedetti, Enrico ^a   Papalois, Basil E ^a   Dunn, David L ^a   Najarian, John S ^a   Sutherland, David E R ^a   Gruessner, Rainer W G ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UNIV OF MINNESOTA HOSP AND CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLASE;

ADULT; AGE; AORTA GRAFT; ARTERY ANASTOMOSIS; ARTICLE; BLOOD VESSEL GRAFT; CADAVER DONOR; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GRAFT FAILURE; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIVING DONOR; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; ORGAN DONOR; PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION; PANCREATITIS; PORTAL VEIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; SPLEEN ARTERY; SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY; THROMBOSIS;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; ANTICOAGULANTS; CADAVER; CRICETINAE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; GRAFT OCCLUSION, VASCULAR; HUMANS; MALE; PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0030008182     PISSN: 10727515     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Sutherland, D. E. R., Moudry-Munns, K., and Gruessner, A. Pancreas transplant results in United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) United States of America (USA) Registry with a comparison to non-USA data in the international registry. In: Clinical Transplants 1993. Edited by P. I. Terasaki, and J. M. Cecka. Pp. 47-69. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory. 1994.
2. Elkhammas, E. A., Henry, M. L., Tesi, R. J., and Ferguson, R. M. Combined kidney/pancreas transplantation at the Ohio State University Hospitals. In.; Clinical Transplants 1992. Edited by P. I. Terasaki and J. M. Cecka. Pp. 191-197. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1993
3. Schaapherder, A. F. M., van Oosterhout, E. C. A. A., Bode, P. J, and others. Pancreatic graft survival after arterial thrombosis in simultaneous renal-pancreatic transplantation. Clin. Transplant., 1993, 7: 37-42.
4. Fernández-Cruz, L., Gilabert, R., Sabater, L., and others. Pancreas graft thrombosis: prompt diagnosis and immediate thrombectomy or retransplantation. Clin. Transplant., 1993, 7: 230-234.
5. Fisher, R. A., Munda, R., Madden, R., and others. Pancreas transplant functional salvage after segmental vascular thrombosis. Transplant. Proc., 1993, 25: 2138-2140.
6. Douzdjian, V., Abecassis, M. M., Cooper, J. L., and others. Pancreas transplant salvage after acute venous thrombosis. Transplantation, 1993, 56: 222-223.
7. Ozaki, C. F., Stratta, R. J., Taylor, R. J., and others. Surgical complications in solitary pancreas and combined pancreas-kidney transplantations. Am. J. Surg., 1992, 164: 546-551.
8. Douzdjian, V., Abecassis, M. M., Cooper, J. L., and others. Incidence, management and significance of surgical complications after pancreatic transplantation. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1993. 177: 451-456.
9. Troppmann, C., Dunn, D. L., Najarian, J. S., and others. Operative reintervention following early complications after pancreas transplantation. Transplant. Proc., 1994, 26: 454.
10. Troppmann, C., Gruessner, R. W. G., Dunn, D. L., and others. Is transplant pancreatectomy after graft failure necessary? Transplant. Proc., 1994, 26: 455.
11. Calne, R. Y., McMaster, P., Rolles, K., and Duffy, T. J. Technical observations in segmental pancreas allografting: observations on pancreatic blood flow. Transplant. Proc., 1980, 12: 51-57.
12. Grewal, H. P., Garland, L., Novak, K., and others. Risk factors for postimplantation pancreatitis and pancreatic thrombosis in pancreas transplant recipients. Transplantation, 1993, 56: 609-612.
13. Gruessner, R. W. G., Troppmann, C., Barrou, B., and others. Assessment of donor and recipient risk factors on pancreas transplant outcome. Transplant. Proc., 1994, 26: 437-438.
14. Wright, F. H., Wright, C., Ames, S. A., and others. Pancreatic allograft thrombosis: donor and retrieval factors and early postperfusion graft function. Transplant. Proc., 1990, 22: 439-441.
15. Nghiem, D. D., Corry, R. J., and Cottington, E. M. Function of simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplant from pediatric donors. Transplantation, 1989, 47: 1075-1079.
16. Nghiem, D. D., and Cottington, E. M. Pancreatic flush injury in combined pancreas-liver recovery. Transplant. Int., 1992, 5: 19-22.
17. 2 in canine segmental pancreatic autografts. Transplant. Proc., 1991, 23: 1651-1653.
18. Odor-Morales. A., Lopez, R. M., Varela, G., and others. Increased thromboxane production by the pancreas after 24-hour preservation in UW-1 solution. Transplant. Proc., 1991, 23: 1643-1644.
19. Kawai, T., Teraoka. S., Hayashi. T., and others. The changes in prostaglandins after segmental pancreatic transplantation. Transplant. Proc., 1991, 23: 1645-1647.
20. Tydén, G., Brattstroem, C., Lundgren, G., and others. Improved results in pancreatic transplantation by avoidance of nonimmunological graft failures. Transplantation, 1987, 43: 674-676.
21. Tibell, A., Brattstroem, C., Kozlowski, T., and others. Management after clinical pancreatic transplantation with enteric exocrine drainage. Transplant. Proc., 1994, 26: 1797-1798.
22. Prieto, M., Sutherland, D. E. R., Goetz. F. C., and others. Pancreas transplant results according to the technique of duct management: bladder versus enteric drainage. Surgery, 1987, 102: 680-691.
23. Norstein, J., Brekke, I. B., Holdaas, H., and Vatne, K. Arterial stenoses in duct occluded segmental pancreatic grafts treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Transplant. Proc., 1990, 22: 599-601.
24. Gray, D. W., Thompson, J. F., Millard, P. R., and others. Venous thrombosis following segmental pancreatic transplantation using latex duct occlusion. Transplant. Proc., 1985, 17: 2026-2028.
25. Soon-Shiong, P., White, G., DeMayo, E., and others. Mechanical obstruction of the portal vein as a cause of vascular thrombosis after pancreatic transplantation in humans. Transplant. Proc., 1988, 20: 1059-1061.
26. Schweitzer, E. J., and Bartlett, S. T. Wound complications after pancreatic transplantation through a kidney transplant incision. Transplant. Proc., 1994, 26: 461.
27. Muehlbacher, F., Gnant, M. F. X., Auinger, M., and others. Pancreatic venous drainage to the portal vein: a new method in human pancreas transplantation. Transplant. Proc., 1990, 22: 636-637.
28. Paineau, J., Cantarovich, D., Couderc, J. P., and others. Human segmental pancreas transplantation with special reference to vascular thrombosis. Transplant. Proc., 1990, 22: 586-587.
29. Nader, A., Buesing, M., Blumenstock, L, and others. Coagulation disorders after reperfusion of pancreatic allografts. Transplant. Proc., 1993, 25: 1174-1175.
30. Hopt, U. T., Buesing, M., Schareck, W., and others. Prevention of early postoperative graft thrombosis in pancreatic transplantation. Transplant. Proc., 1993, 25: 2607-2608.
31. Schlumpf, R., Hunziker, D., Decurtins, M., and others. Thrombocytosis following segmental duct-occluded pancreatic transplantation. Transplant. Proc., 1990, 22: 658-660.
32. Tydén, G., Wilczek, H., Lundren, G., and others. Experience with 21 intraperitoneal segmental pancreatic transplants with enteric or gastric exocrine diversion in humans. Transplant. Proc., 1985, 17: 331-335.
33. Mittal, V. K, Toledo-Pereyra, L. H., Prough, D., and Frantzis, P. Effect of graft pancreatitis on the outcome of whole pancreatic transplants. Transplant. Proc., 1989. 21: 2856-2857.
34. Jennings, W. C., Smith, J., and Corry, R. J. Thrombosis in human pancreatic transplantation associated with elevated cyclosporine levels and possible protection by antihypertensive agents. J. Okla. State Med. Assoc., 1990, 83: 255-257.
35. Sutherland, D. E. R., Gruessner, R., Gillingham, K., and others. A single institution's experience with solitary pancreas transplantation: a multivariate analysis of factors leading to improved outcome. In: Clinical Transplants 1991. Edited by P. I. Terasaki, and J. M. Cecka. Pp. 141-152. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1992.
36. Marsh, C. L., Perkins, J. D., Sutherland, D. E. R., and others. Combined hepatic and pancreaticoduodenal procurement for transplantation. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1989, 168: 254-258.
37. Dunn, D. L., Morel, P., Schlumpf, R., and others. Evidence that combined procurement of pancreas and liver grafts does not affect transplant outcome. Transplantation, 1991, 51: 150-157.
38. Gores, P. F., Gillingham, K. J., Dunn, D. L., and others. Donor hyperglycemia as a minor risk factor and immunologic variables as major risk factors for pancreas allograft loss in a multivariate analysis of a single institution's experience. Ann. Surg., 1992, 215: 217-230.
39. Sutherland, D. E. R., and Ascher N. L. Distal pancreas donation from a living relative. In: Manual of Vascular Access, Organ Donation, and Transplantation. Edited by R. L. Simmons, M. E. Finch, N. L. Ascher, and J. S. Najarian. Pp. 153-164. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984.
40. Gruessner, R. W. G., and Sutherland, D. E. R. Pancreas transplantation: Part I: The donor operation. Surg. Rounds, 1994, 17: 311-324.
41. Sutherland, D. E. R., Morel, P. H., and Gruessner, R. W. G. Transplantation of two diabetic patients with one divided cadaver donor pancreas. Transplant. Proc., 1990, 22: 585.
42. Gruessner, R. W. G., and Sutherland, D. E. R. Pancreas transplantation: Part II: The recipient operation. Surg. Rounds, 1994, 17: 383-391.
43. Pescovitz, M. D., Dunn, D. L., and Sutherland, D. E. R. Use of the circular stapler in construction of the duodenocystostomy for drainage into the bladder in transplants involving the whole pancreas. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1989, 169: 169-171.
44. Penny, M. J., Nankivell, B. J., Disney, A. P. S., and others. Renal graft thrombosis. A survey of 134 Consecutive cases. Transplantation, 1994, 58: 565-569.
45. Cecka, J. M., and Terasaki, P. I. The UNOS scientific renal transplant registry. In: Clinical Transplants. Edited by P. I. Terasaki and J. M. Cecka. P. 1-16. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1993.
46. Frisk, B., Hedman, L., Andersson, C., and Brvnger, H. Complications after segmental-pancreas transplantation with exocrine drainage to urinary bladder. Diabetes, 1989, 38: 235-236.
47. Wright, F. H., Smith, J. L., and Corrv, R. J. Postoperative complications of pancreas transplantation. Diabetes, 1989, 38: 236-237.
48. Corry, R. J., Nghiem, D. D., Schulak, J. A., and others. Surgical treatment of diabetic nephropathy with simultaneous pancreatic duodenal and renal transplantation. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1986, 162: 547-555.
49. DiCarlo, V., Staudacher, C., Cristallo, M., and others. Pancreas and kidney transplantation: the San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy) experience. Diabetologia, 1991, 34: S11-S13.
50. Martin, X., Lefraņois, X., Marechal, J. M., and others. Pancreas transplantation in Lyon: overall results. Diabetologia, 1991, 34: S8-S10.
51. Brekke, I. B., and Norstein, J. Pancreatic transplant revascularization by dual arterial anastomoses. Transplant. Proc., 1987, 19: 3874-3875.
52. Sutherland, D. E. R., and Moudry-Munns, K. C. International pancreas transplantation registry analysis. Transplant. Proc., 1990, 22: 571-574.
53. Sutherland, D. E. R., Moundry-Munns, K. C., and Gillingham, K. Pancreas transplantation: report from the international registry and a preliminary analysis of United States results from the new United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Registry. In: Clinical Transplants 1989. Edited by P. I. Terasaki, and J. M. Cecka. Pp. 19-43. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1990.
54. Bynon, J. S., Stratta, R. J., Taylor, R. J., and others. Vascular reconstruction in 105 consecutive pancreas transplants. Transplant. Proc., 1993, 25: 3288-3289.
55. Agnes. S., Magalini, S. C., Serino, F., and others. Pancreatic transplantation with double arterial and venous bridge anastomosis: a technique to avoid vascular thrombosis. Transplant. Proc., 1987, 19: 1004-1007.
56. Bassi, C., Benetti, L., Girelli, R., and others. Early graft injuries after pancreatic transplantation in syngeneic rats. Int. J. Pancreatol., 1991, 8: 345-353.
57. Bassi, D., Kollias, N., Fernandez-del Castillo, C., and others. Impairment of pancreatic microcirculation correlates with the severity of acute experimental pancreatitis. J. Am. Coll. Surg., 1994, 179: 257-263.
58. Bockman, D. E. Microvasculature of the pancreas. Int. J. Pancreatol., 1992, 12: 11-21.
59. Duron, J. J., Roux, J. M., Imbaud, P., and others. The arteriovenous fistula in segmental pancreatic transplantation in dogs - a hemodynamic study, Transplantation, 1987, 44: 600-601.
60. Fernández-del Castillo, C., Schmidt, J., Warshaw, A. L., and Rattner, D. W. Interstitial protease activation is the central event in progression to necrotizing pancreatitis. Surgery, 1994, 116: 497-504.
61. Gaenger, K. H., Mettler, D., Boess, H. P., and others. Experimental duodeno-pancreatico-renal composite transplantation: a new alternative to avoid vascular thrombosis? Transplant. Proc., 1987, 19: 3960-3964.
62. Gruessner, R. W. G., Dunn, D. L., Gruessner, A. C., and others. Recipient risk factors have an impact on technical failure and patient and graft survival rates in bladder-drained pancreas transplants. Transplantation. 1994, 57: 1598-1606.
63. 2 activity, and lipid peroxidation in pancreas transplantation. Transplantation, 1991, 51: 987-990.
64. 2 levels in rats subjected to pancreas transplantation. Prostaglandins, 1990, 39: 53-60.
65. Hotter, G., Rosello-Catafau, J., Closa, D., and others. Pancreas prostanoid production in ischemia and reperfusion. Prostaglandins, 1992, 43: 497-501.
66. Klar, E., Messmer, K., Warshaw, A. L., and Herfarth, C. Pancreatic ischaemia in experimental acute pancreatitis: mechanism, significance and therapy. Br. J. Surg., 1990, 77: 1205-1210.
67. Kocnigsrainer, A., Schmid, Th., Habringer, Ch., and others. A new technique for venous anastomosis of pancreatic allografts. Eur. Surg. Res., 1990, 22: 279-282.
68. Lasson, A., and Ohlsson, K. Consumptive coagulopathy, fibrinolysis and protease-antiprotease interactions during acute human pancreatitis. Thrombosis Res., 1986, 41: 167-183.
69. Mackie. I. J., Blewitt, S., Clarke, P., and others. The effects of long-term cyclosporin A therapy postnatal transplantation on haemostasis. Br. J. Haematol., 1986, 64: 812-813.
70. Neild, G. H., Reuben, R., Hartley, R. B., and Cameron, J. S. Glomerular thrombi in renal allografts associated with cyclosporin treatment. J. Clin. Pathol., 1985, 38: 253-258.
71. Neild, G. H., Rocchi, G., Imberti, L., and others. Effect of cyclosporine A on prostacyclin svnthesis by vascular tissue. Thrombosis Res, 1983, 32: 373-379.
72. Neild, G. H., Rocchi, G., Imberti, L., and others. Effect of cyclosporine on prostacyclin synthesis by vascular tissue in rabbits. Transplant. Proc., 1983, 15: 2398-2400.
73. Nicholson, C. P., Barr, D., Oeltjen, M. R., and others. The effect of somatostatin 201-995 on the early course of porcine pancreaticoduodenal allotransplantation. Transplantation, 1991, 51: 1-36.
74. 2 formation. Part 1. N. Engl. J. Med., 1988, 319: 689-698.
75. 2 formation. Part 2. N. Engl. J. Med., 1988, 319: 761-767.
76. Perico, N., and Remuzzi, G. Thromboembolic complications during cyclosporin A therapy: possible causes and incidence. In: Haemostasis and the Kidney. Edited by G. Remuzzi, and E. C. Rossi. Pp. 321-330. London: Butterworth & Co., 1989.
77. Phair, P. G., Powell, H. R., McCredie, D. A., and others. Low red cell arachidonic acid in cyclosporine-treated patients. Clin. Nephrol., 1989. 32: 57-61.
78. Pi, F., Hotter, G., Closa, D., and others. Effect of a platelet-activating factor antagonist and desferrioxamine administration on eicosanoid production in rat pancreas transplantation. Transplantation, 1994, 57: 12-17.
79. Rosenthal, R. A., and Ocasio, Y. H. Insulin inhibition of endothelial prostacyclin production. J. Surg. Res., 1990, 49: 315-318.
80. van Schilfgaarde, R., Gooszen, H. G., Overbosch, E. H., and Terpstra, J. L. Arterial blood supply of the left lobe of the canine pancreas. I. Anatomic variations relevant to segmental transplantation. Surgery, 1983, 93: 545-548.
81. Vanek, I., Bartos, V., and Kocandrle, V. Prognosis of experimental pancreatic transplantation in relation to vascular reconstructive procedure. Transplant. Proc., 1984, 16: 764-765.
82. Vanrenterghem, Y., Roels, L., Lerut, T., and others. Thromboembolic complications and haemostatic changes in cyclosporin-treated cadaveric kidney allograft recipients. Lancet, 1985, 1: 999-1002.
83. Wahlberg, J. A., Love, R., Landegaard, L., and others. 72-hour preservation of the canine pancreas. Transplantation, 1987, 43: 5-8.
84. Yun, M., Inoue, K., Kaji, H., and others. The hemodynamic time course of the pancreas after segmental autotranspLantation in dogs. Transplant. Proc., 1991, 23: 1648-1650.
85. Hotter, G., Closa, D., Pi. F., and others. Nitric oxide and arachidonate metabolism in ischemia-reperfusion associated with pancreas transplantation. Transplantation, 1995, 59: 417-421.
86. Troppmann, C., Almond, P. S., Escobar, F. S., and others. Donor age and cause of death affect cadaver renal allograft outcome. Transplant. Proc., 1991, 23: 1365-1366.
87. Morel, P., Moudry-Munns, K., Najarian, J. S., and others. Influence of preservation time on outcome and metabolic function of bladder-drained pancreas transplants. Transplantation, 1990, 49: 294-303.
88. 2 synthesis inhibitor OKY046. J. Surg. Res., 1992, 52: 577-582.
89. Sutherland, D. E. R., Moudry-Munns, K., and Gruessner, A. Pancreas Preservation. In: Procurement and Preservation of Vascularized Organs. Edited by G. Collins, J. M. Dubernard, W. Land, and G. Persijn. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, in press.
90. Tollemar, J., Tydén, G., Brattstroem, C., and Groth, C. G. Anticoagulation therapy for prevention of pancreatic graft thrombosis: benefits and risks. Transplant. Proc., 1988, 20: 479-480.
91. Tydén, G., Brattstroem, C., Bolinder, J., and others. Pancreatic transplantation in diabetics with preuremic nephropathy. Transplant. Proc., 1988, 20: 471-474.
92. Solez, K. Renal complications of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, analgesic abuse, and addiction to narcotics. In: Pathology of the Kidney. Edited by R. H. Heptinstall. Pp. 1369-1431. Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1991.
93. Johnson. B. F., Thomas, G., Wiley, K. N., and others. Thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis in experimental pancreas transplantation. Changes in parenchymal and vascular prostanoids. Transplantation, 1993, 56: 1447-1453.
94. Vascular Anatomy in Abdominal Surgery. Edited by J. P. VanDamme, and J. Bonte. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc., 1990.
95. Bunzendahl, H., Ringe, B., Meyer, H. J., and others. Combination harvesting procedure for liver and whole pancreas. Transplant. Int., 1988, 1: 99-102.
96. Arterial Variations in Man. Edited by H. Lippert, H., and R. Pabst. Munich, Germany: J. F. Bergmann Verlag, 1985.
97. Tvdén, G., Calissendorff, B., Billing, H., and others. The vascular supply in human pancreaticoduodenal grafts: an angiographic study. Transplant. Proc., 1990, 22: 593.
98. Stand, T. E., Hakala, T. R., Shaw Jr., B. W., and others. A flexible procedure for multiple cadaveric organ procurement. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1984, 158: 223-230.
99. Brons, I. G. M., and Calne, R. Y. Pancreas transplantation: The Cambridge experience. Transplant. Proc., 1987, 19: 11-16.
100. Sollinger, H. W., Vernon, W. B., D'Alessandro, A. M., and others. Combined liver and pancreas procurement with Belzer-UW solution. Surgery, 1989, 106: 685-691.
101. Morel, P., Troppmann, C., Almond, P. S., and others. Multiorgan procurement does not affect the immediate outcome of kidney transplants. Clin. Transplant., 1991, 5: 381-385.
102. Morel, P., Gillingham, K. J., Schlumpf, R., and others. Effect of simultaneous liver retrieval, retrieval team, and preservation time on cadaver whole-organ, bladder-drained pancreatic allograft survival rates. Transplant. Proc., 1991, 23: 1640-1642.
103. Shaffer. D., Lewis. W. D., Jenkins, R. L., and Monaco, A. P. Combined liver and whole pancreas procurement in donors with a replaced right hepatic artery. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1992, 175: 204-207.
104. Fernández-Cruz, L., Astudillo, E., Sanfey, H., and others. Combined whole pancreas and liver retrieval: comparison between Y-iliac graft and splenomesenteric anastomosis. Transplant. Int., 1992, 5: 54-56.
105. Bechstein, W. O., Reed, A. I., and Sollinger, H. W. Alternative technique of pancreas graft arterialization. Clin. Transplant., 1992, 6: 67-68.
106. Thistlethwaite, J. R., Jr., Gaber, A. O., Stuart, F. P., and others. Procurement of both liver and whole pancreas/duodenum allografts from a single donor without the use of interposition vascular grafts on transplantation. Transplant. Proc., 1988, 20: 833-834.
107. Mizrahi, S., Boudreaux, J. P., Hayes, D. H., and Hussey, J. L. Modified vascular reconstruction for pancreaticoduodenal allograft. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1993, 177: 89-90.
108. Sanseverino, R., Martin, X., Caldara, R., and others. Technique of pancreas revascularization after combined liver and pancreas harvesting in the same cadaveric donor. Clin. Transplant., 1991, 5: 55-59.
109. Sollinger, H. W., Ploeg, R. J., Eckhoff, D. E., and others. Two hundred consecutive simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants with bladder drainage. Surgery, 1993, 114: 736-744.
110. Sutherland, D. E. R., Goetz, F, C., Moudry, K. C., and others. Use of recipient mesenteric vessels for revascularization of segmental pancreas grafts; technical and metabolic considerations. Transplant, Proc., 1987, 19: 2300-2304.
111. Kin, S., Tamura, K., Nagami, H., and others. The effect of a distal splenic arteriovenous fistula on tissue blood flow in the pancreatic segment. Transplant. Proc., 1989, 21: 2812-2814.
112. Booster, M. H., Wijnen, R, M. H., vanHooff, J. P., and others. The role of the spleen in pancreas transplantation. Transplantation, 1993, 56: 1098-1102.
113. Collin, J. Current state of transplantation of the pancreas. Ann. R. Coll. Surg., Engl., 1978, 60: 21-27.
114. Deierhoi, M. H., Sollinger, H. W., Bozdech, M. J., and Belzer, F. O. Lethal graft-versus-host disease in a recipient of a pancreas-spleen transplant. Transplantation 1986, 41: 544-545.
115. Dickerman, R. M., Twiest, M. W., Crudup, J. W., and Turcotte, J. G. Transplantation of the pancreas into a retroperitoneal jejunal loop. Am. J. Surg., 1975, 129: 48-54.
116. Kelly, W. D., Lillehei, R. C, Merkel, F. K., and others. Allotransplantation of the pancreas and duodenum along with the kidney in diabetic nephropathy. Surgery, 1967, 61: 827-837.
117. McMaster, P. Methods of experimental and clinical pancreas transplantation. In: Transplantation of the Endocrine Pancreas in Diabetes Mellitus. Edited by R. van Schilfgaarde, and M. A. Hardy. Pp. 145-156. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 1988.
118. Hamvas, A., Palazzo, R., Kaiser, L., and others. Inflammation and oxygen free radical formation during pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury. J. Appl. Physiol., 1992, 72: 621-628.
119. Jones, H. A., Clark, R. J., Rhodes. C., and others. In vivo measurement of neutrophil activity in experimental lung inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Care Med., 1994, 149: 1635-1639.
120. Kubo, S., Yamamoto. K., Magata, Y., and others. Assessment of pancreatic blood flow with positron emission tomography and oxygen-15 water. Ann. Nuclear Med., 1991, 5: 133-138.
121. Finlay, D. E., Letourneau, J. G., and Longley, D. G. Assessment of vascular complications of renal, hepatic and pancreatic transplantation. Radiographics, 1992, 12: 981-996.
122. George, E. A., Salimi, Z., Carney. K., and others. Radionuclide surveillance of the allografted pancreas. A. J. R., 1988, 150: 811-816.
123. Kuni, C. C., duCret. R. P., and Boudreau, R. J. Pancreas transplants: evaluation using perfusion scintigraphy. A. J. R., 1989, 153: 57-61.
124. Yuh, W. T. C., Wiese, J. A., Abu-Yousef, M. M., and others. Pancreatic transplant imaging. Radiology, 1988, 167: 679-683.
125. Patel, B., Markivee, C. R., Mahanta, B., and others. Pancreatic transplantation: scintigraphy, US, and CT. Radiology, 1988, 167: 685-687.
126. Snider, J. F., and Letourneau, J. G. Radiographic assessment of vascular complications after pancreas transplantation. In: Radiology of Organ Transplantation. Edited by A. Patterson. Pp. 267-274. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1991.
127. Snider, J. F., Hunter, D. M., Kuni, C. C., and others. Pancreatic transplantation: radiologie evaluation of vascular complications. Radiology, 1991, 178: 749-753.
128. Letourneau, J. G. Sonography, CT, and MRI of pancreas allografts. In: Radiology of Organ Transplantation. Edited by A. Patterson. Pp. 257-266. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1991.
129. Gilabert, R., Fernández-Cruz, L., Bru, C., and others. Duplex-Doppler ultrasonography in monitoring clinical pancreas transplantation. Transplant. Int., 1988, 1: 172-177.
130. Boiskin, I., Sandier, M. P., Fleischer, A. C., and Nylander, W. A. Acute venous thrombosis after pancreas transplantation: diagnosis with duplex doppler sonography and scintigraphy. A. J. R., 1990, 154: 529-531.
131. Yang, H. C., Neumyer, M. M., Thiele. B. L., and Gifford, R. R. M. Evaluation of pancreatic allograft circulation using color doppler ultrasonography. Transplant. Proc., 1990. 22: 609-611.
132. Schaapherder, A. F. M., de Roos, A., Shaw, P. C., and others. The role of early baseline computed tomography in the interpretation of morphological changes after kidney-pancreas transplantation. Transplant, Int., 1993, 6: 270-276.
133. Yuh, W. T. C., Hunsicker, L. G., Nghiem, D. D., and others. Pancreatic transplants: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology, 1989, 170: 171-177.
134. Low, R. A., Kuni, C. C., and Letourneau, J. G. Pancreas transplant imaging: an overview. A. J. R., 1990, 155: 13-21.
135. Berger, H., Illner, W. D., Abendroth. D., and others. Angiography of segmental pancreatic transplants. Eur. J. Radiol., 1989, 9: 169-172.
136. Illner, W. D., Berger. H., Staebler, A., and others. Puzzling angiographie findings in pancreatic transplantation. Transplant. Proc., 1989, 21: 2803.
137. Boudreaux, J. P., Corry, R. J., Dickerman, R., and Sutherland, D. E. R. Combined experience with immediate pancreas retransplantation. Transplant. Proc., 1991, 23: 1628-1629.
138. Stratta, R. J., Taylor, R. J., Lowell, J. A., and others. Selective use of sandostatin in vascularized pancreas transplantation. Am. J. Surg., 1993, 166: 598-605.
139. Fakir, M., Cardozo, M., St. Louis, G., and others. Hyperamylasemia associated with pancreatic graft arterial stenosis in combined kidney-pancreas transplant. Transplantation, 1992, 3: 689-691.
140. Sutherland, D. E. R., Moudry, K. C., Goetz, F. C., and Najarian, J. S. Long-term outcome of pancreas transplants functioning at one year. Transplant. Proc., 1989, 21: 2845-2849.
141. Brekke, I. B. Experience with neoprene for duct occlusion. In: Transplantation of the Endocrine Pancreas in Diabetes Mellitus. Edited by R. van Schilfgaarde, and M. A. Hardy. Pp. 174-178. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 1988.
142. Hopt, U. T., Buesing, M., Schareck, W. D., and Becker. H. D. The bladder drainage technique in pancreas transplantation - the Teubingen experience. Diabetologia. 1991, 34: S24-S27.
143. Das, U. N. Interaction(s) between essential fatty acids, eicosanoids, cytokines, growth factors and free radicals: relevance to new therapeutic strategies in rheumatoid arthritis and other collagen vascular disease. Prostaglandins, Leukot. Essen. Fatty Acids, 1991, 44: 201-210.
144. Tibell, A., Tydén, C., Brattstroem, C., and others. Surgical complications after segmental pancreatic transplantation with enteric exocrine diversion. Transplant. Proc., 1989, 21: 2801-2802.
145. Sollinger, H. W., Pirsch, J. D., D'Alessandro, A. M., and others. Advantages of bladder drainage in pancreas transplantation: a personal view. Clin. Transplant., 1990, 4: 32-36.
146. Schlumpf, R., Sartoretti, C., Chaspar, C., and others. Fatal hemolytic graft versus host disease following ABO-incompatibie pancreaticoduodenal transplantation. Abstract. Fourth International Congress on Pancreas and Islet Transplantation. Amsterdam. The Netherlands. 1993.
147. Gonwa, T. A., Goeken, N. E., Schulak, J. A., and others. Failure of cyclosporine to prevent in vivo T cell priming in man. Transplantation, 1985, 40: 299-304.
148. Frei, U., Margrieter, R., Harms, A., and others. Preoperauve graft reperfusion with a calcium antagonist improves initial function: preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial in 110 kidney recipients. Transplant. Proc., 1987, 19: 3539-3541.
149. Sukada, K., Sakaguchi, T., Tomiyama, T., and others. Enhanced hepatic blood flow induced by prostaglandin Ei following liver transplantation in pigs. Surgery Today, 1994, 24: 621-626.
150. Tojimbara, T., Ohsaki, S., Teraoka, S., and others. Effects of prostaglandin Ei on transplanted kidneys in dogs by laser Doppler perfusion monitor. Transplant. Proc., 1992, 24: 1349-1350.