The potential applications of gene transfer in the treatment of patients with cancer: A concise review

Cancer Investigation

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 343-352

  Hussein, Atif M ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; HLA B7 ANTIGEN;

CANCER THERAPY; GENE TARGETING; GENE TRANSFER; MARKER GENE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROVIRUS; REVIEW; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 0030007667     PISSN: 07357907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/07357909609012162     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Rosenberg SA, Longo DL, Lotze MT: Principles and applications of biologic therapy. In: Cancer-Principles and Practice of Oncology, Vol III, edited by VT DeVita Jr, S Hellman, SA Rosenberg, Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1989, pp 301-437.
2. Rosenberg SA: Immunotherapy and gene therapy of cancer. Cancer Res 51(Suppl):5074s-5079s, 1991.
3. Karp JE, Broder S: New directions in molecular medicine. Cancer Res 54:653-665, 1994.
4. Dorudi S, Northover JMA, Vile RG: Gene transfer therapy in cancer. Br J Surg 80:566-572, 1993.
5. Miller AD: Human gene therapy comes of age. Nature 356:455-460, 1992.
6. Wu GY, Wu CH: Delivery systems for gene therapy. Biotherapy 3:87-95, 1991.
7. Guild BC, Finer MH, Housman DE, et al: Development of retrovirus vectors useful for expressing genes in cultured murine embryonal cells and hematopoietic cells in vivo. J Virol 62: 3795-3801, 1988.
8. Zwiebel JA, Freeman SM, Kantoff PW, et al: High-level recombinant gene expression in rabbit endothelial cells transduced by retroviral vectors. Science 243:220-222, 1989.
9. Morin, JE, Lubeck MD, Barton JE, et al: Recombinant adenovirus induces antibody response to hepatitis B virus surface antigen in hamsters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:4626-4630, 1987.
10. Doren KV, Hanahan D, Gluzman Y: Infection of eucaryotic cells by helper-independent recombinant adenoviruses: Early region 1 is not obligatory for integration of viral DNA. J Virol 50:606-614, 1984.
11. Mulligan RC, Howard BH, Berg P: Synthesis of rabbit beta-globin in cultured monkey kidney cells following infection with a SV40 beta-globin recombinant genome. Nature 277:108-114, 1979.
12. Hamer DH, Smith KD, Boyer SH, et al: SV40 recombinants carrying rabbit beta-globin coding sequences. Cell 17:725-735, 1979.
13. Rasmussen CD, Simmen RCM, MacDougall EA, et al: Methods for analyzing bovine papilloma virus-based calmodulin expression vectors. Methods Enzymol 139:642-654, 1987.
14. Paoletti E, Lipinskas BR, Samsonoff C, et al: Construction of live vaccines using genetically engineered proxviruses: Biological activity of vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the hepatitis B virus surface antigen and the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:193-197, 1984.
15. Coupar BEH, Andrew ME, Boyle DB: A general method for the construction of recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing multiple foreign genes. Gene 68:1-10, 1988.
16. Moss B, Flexner C: Vaccinia virus expression vectors. Annu Rev Immunol 5:305-324, 1987.
17. Shih M-F, Arsenakis M, Tiollais P, et al: Expression of hepatitis B virus S gene by herpes simplex virus type 1 vectors carrying alpha- and beta-regulated gene chimeras. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 5867-5870, 1984.
18. Margolskee RF, Kavathas P, Berg P: Epstein-Barr virus shuttle vector for stable episomal replication of cDNA expression libraries in human cells. Mol Cell Biol 8:2837-2847, 1988.
19. Graham FL, van der E AJ: A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 52:456-467, 1973.
20. Wigler M, Silverstein S, Lee L-S, et al: Transfer of purified herpes virus thymidine kinase gene to cultured mouse cells. Cell 11:223-232, 1977.
21. Nicholson MO, McAllister RM: Infectivity of human adenovirus-1 DNA. Virology 48:14-21, 1972.
22. Harland R, Weintraub H: Translation of mRNA injected into Xenopus oocytes is specifically inhibited by antisense RNA. J Cell Biol 101:1094-1099, 1985.
23. Capecchi MR: High efficiency transformation by direct microinjection of DNA into cultured mammalian cells. Cell 22:479-488, 1980.
24. Potter H, Weir L, Leder P: Enhancer-dependent expression of human k immune-globulin genes introduced into mouse pre-B lymphocytes by electroporation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 7161-7165, 1984.
25. Fechheimer M, Boylan JF, Parker S, et al: Transfer of mammalian cells with plasmid DNA by scrape loading and sonication loading. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:8463-8467, 1987.
26. Okada CY, Rechsteiner M: Introduction of macromolecules into cultured mammalian cells by osmotic lysis of pinocytic vesicles. Cell 29:33-41, 1982.
27. Borle AB, Freudenrich CC, Snowdowne KW: A single method for incorporating aequorin into mammalian cells. Am J Physiol 251:C 323-C326, 1986.
28. Nicolan C, Sene C: Liposome-mediated DNA transfer in eukaryotic cells: Dependence of the transfer efficiency upon the type of liposomes used and the host cell cycle stage. Biochim Biophys Acta 721:185-190, 1982.
29. San H, Yang Z-Y, Pompili VJ, et al: Safety and short-term toxicity of a novel cationic lipid formulation for human gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 4:781-788, 1993.
30. Doxsey SJ, Sambrook J, Helenius A, et al: An efficient method for introducing macromolecules into living cells. J Cell Biol 101:19-27, 1985.
31. Schlegel RA, Rechsteiner MC: Microinjection of thymidine kinase and bovine serum albumin into mammalian cells by fusion with red blood cells. Cell 5:371-379, 1975.
32. Armentano D, Yu S-F, Kantoff PW, et al: Effect of internal viral sequences on the utility of retro viral vectors. J Virol 61:1647-1650, 1987.
33. Bender MA, Palmer TD, Gelinas RE, et al: Evidence that the packaging signal of Moloney leukemia virus extends into the gag region. J Virol 61:1639-1646, 1987.
34. Miller DG, Adam MA. Miller AD: Gene transfer by retrovirus vectors occurs only in cells that are actively replicating at the time of infection. Mol Cell Biol 10:4239-4242, 1990.
35. R -transduced bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Hum Gene Ther 4:331-354, 1993.
36. Rosenberg SA, Aebersold P, Cornetta K, et al: Gene transfer into humans - Immunotherapy of patients with advanced melanoma, using tumor-infilitrating lymphocytes modified by retroviral gene transduction. N Engl J Med 323:570-578, 1990.
37. Rill DR, Moen RC, Buschle M, et al: An approach for the analysis of relapse and marrow reconstitution after autologous marrow transplantation using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Blood 79:2694-2700, 1992.
38. Brenner MK, Rill Dr, Holladay MS: Gene marking to determine whether autologous marrow infusion restores long-term haemalopoiesis in cancer patients. Lancet 342:1134-1137, 1993.
39. Deisseroth AB, Zu Z, Claxton D, et al: Genetic marking shows the Ph* cells present in autologous transplants of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) contribute to relapse after autologous bone marrow in CML. Blood 83:3068-3076, 1994.
40. Miller AR, Skotzko MJ, Rhoades K, et al: Simultaneous use of two retroviral vectors in human gene marking trials: Feasibility and potential applications. Hum Gene Ther 3:619-624, 1992.
41. Tepper RI, Mule JJ: Experimental and clinical studies of cytokine gene-modified tumor cells. Hum Gene Ther 5:153-164, 1994.
42. Douvdevani A, Huleihel M, Zoller M, et al: Reduced tumorigenicity of fibrosarcomas which constilutively generate IL-1 alpha either spontaneously or following IL-1 alpha gene transfer. Int J Cancer 51:822-830, 1992.
43. Uchiyama A, Hoon, DSB, Morisaki T, et al: Transfection of interleukin 2 gene into human melanoma cells augment cellular immune response. Cancer Res 53:949-952, 1993.
44. Gansbacher B, Zier K, Daniels B, et al: Interleukin 2 gene transfer into tumor cells abrogates tumorigenicity and induces protective immunity. J Exp Med 172:1217-1224, 1990.
45. Bubenik J, Simova J, Jandlova T: Immunotherapy of cancer using local administration of lymphoid cells transformed by IL-2 cDNA and constitutively producing IL-2. Immunol Lett 23:287-292, 1990.
46. Russell SJ, Eccles SA, Hemming CL, et al: Decreased tumorigenicity of a transplantable rat sarcoma following transfer and expression of an IL-2 cDNA. Int J Cancer 47:244-251, 1991.
47. Ley V, Langlade-Demoyen P, Kourilsky P, et al: Interleukin 2-dependent activation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo. Eur J Immunol 21:851-854, 1991.
48. Fearon ER, Pardoll DM, Itaya T, et al: Interleukin-2 production by tumor cells bypasses T helper function in the generation of an antitumor response. Cell 60:397-403, 1990.
49. Karp SE, Farber A, Salo JC, et al: Cytokine secretion by genetically modified nonimmunogenic murine fibrosarcoma: Tumor inhibition by IL-2 but not by tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 150:896-908, 1993.
50. Yu JS, Wei MX, Chiocca EA, et al: Treatment of glioma by engineered interleukin 4-secreting cells. Cancer Res 53:3125-3128, 1993.
51. Li W, Diamantstein T, Blankenstein T: Lack of tumorigenicity of interleukin 4 autocrine growing cells seems related to antitumor function of interleukin 4. Mol Immunol 27:1331-1337, 1990.
52. Golumbek PT, Lasenby A, Levitsky H, et al. Treatment of established renal cancer by tumor cells engineered to secrete interleukin-4. Science 254:713-716, 1991.
53. Tepper RI, Pattengale PK, Leder P: Murine interleukin-4 displays potent anti-tumor activity in vivo. Cell 57:503-512, 1989.
54. Sun WH, Kreisle RA, Phillips AW, et al: In vivo and in vitro characteristics of interleukin 6-transfected B16 melanoma cells. Cancer Res 52:5412-5415, 1992.
55. Mullen CA, Coale M, Levy AT, et al: Fibrosarcoma cells transduced with the 1L-6 gene exhibit reduced tumorigenicity, increased immunogenicity and decreased metastatic potential. Cancer Res 52:6020-6024, 1992.
56. Porgador A, Tzehoval E, Katz A, et al: Interleukin 6 gene transfection into Lewis lung carcinoma tumor cells suppresses the malignant phenotype and confers immunotherapeutic competence against parental metastatic cells. Cancer Res 52:3679-3686, 1992.
57. Hock H, Dorsch M, Diamantstein T, et al: Interleukin 7 induces CD4+ T cell-dependent tumor rejection. J Exp Med 174:1291-1298, 1991.
58. Aoki T, Tashiro K, Miyatake S, et al: Expression of murine interleukin 7 in a murine glioma cell line results in reduced tumorigenicity in vivo. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA 89:3850-3854, 1992.
59. Hock H, Dorsch M, Kunzendorf U, et al: Mechanisms of rejection induced by tumor cell-targeted gene transfer of interleukin 2, interleukin 4, interleukin 7, tumor necrosis factor, or interferon gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2774-2778, 1993.
60. Jicha DL, Mule JJ, Rosenberg SA: Interleukin 7 generates antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes against murine sarcomas with efficacy in cellular adoptive immunotherapy. J Exp Med 174: 1511-1515, 1991.
61. McBride WH, Thacker JD, Comora S, et al: Genetic modification of a murine fibrosarcoma to produce interleukin 7 stimulates host cell infiltration and tumor immunity. Cancer Res 52:3931-3937, 1992.
62. Tahara H, Zeh HJ III, Storkus WJ, et al: Fibroblasts genetically engineered to secrete interleukin 12 can suppress tumor growth and induce antitumor immunity to a murine melanoma in vivo. Cancer Res 54:182-189, 1994.
63. Colombo MP, Ferrari G, Stoppacciaro A, et al: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor gene transfer suppresses tumorigenicity of a murine adenocarcinoma in vivo. J Exp Med 173:889-897, 1991.
64. Stoppacciaro A, Melani C, Parenza M, et al: Regression of an established tumor genetically modified to release granulocyte colony-stimulating factor requires granulocyte-Tcell cooperation and Tcell-produced interferon-gamma. J Exp Med 178:151-161, 1993.
65. Jaffee EM, Dranoff G, Cohen LK, et al: High efficiency gene transfer into primary human tumor explants without cell selection. Cancer Res 53:2221-2226, 1993.
66. Dranoff G, Jaffee E, Lazenby A, et al: Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3539-3543, 1993.
67. Teng MN, Park BH, Koeppen HKW, et al: Long-term inhibition of tumor growth by tumor necrosis factor on the absence of cachexia or T-cell immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3535-3539, 1991.
68. Asher AL, Mule JJ, Kasid A, et al: Murine tumor cells transduced with the gene for tumor necrosis factor-alpha: Evidence for paracrine immune effects of tumor necrosis factor against tumors. J Immunol 146:3227-3234, 1991.
69. Blankenstein T, Quin Z, Uberla K, et al: Tumor suppression after tumor cell-targeted tumor necrosis factor alpha gene transfer. J Exp Med 173:1047-1052, 1991.
70. Watanabe Y, Kuribayashi K, Miyatake S, et al: Exogenous expression of mouse Interferon gamma cDNA in mouse neuoblastoma C1300 cells results in reduced tumorigenicity by augmented antitumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9456-9460, 1989.
71. Gansbacher B, Bannerji R, Brian D, et al: Retroviral vector-mediated gamma-interferon gene transfer into tumor cells generates potent and lasting antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 50:7820-7825, 1990.
72. 1-interferon gene transfer into metastatic Friend leukemia cells abrogated tumorigenicity in immunocompetent mice: Antitumor therapy by means of interferon-producing cells. Cancer Res 53:1107-1112, 1993.
73. 1 cDNA escapes immune surveillance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1486-1490, 1990.
74. Connor J, Bannerji R, Saito S, et al: Regression of bladder tumors in mice treated with interleukin 2 gene-modified tumor cells. J Exp Med 177:1127-1134, 1993.
75. Tan Y, Wang W, Wang B, et al: Potential clinical efficacy and lack of toxicity of IL-2 gene therapy of advanced lung cancer patients. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 13:328,1994 (abstract).
76. Osanto S, Brouwenstijn N, Vaessen N, et al: Gene therapy of metastatic melanoma patients with IL-2 transfected melanoma cells. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 13:293, 1994 (abstract).
77. + T cells by B7-transfected melanoma cells. Science 259:368-370, 1993.
78. + cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the absence of exogenous help. J Exp Med 177:1791-1796, 1993.
79. Plautz GE, Yang Z-Y, Wu B-Y, et al: Immunotherapy of malignancy by in vivo transfer into tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:4645-4649, 1993.
80. Nabel GJ, Chang AE, Nabel EG, et al: Immunotherapy for cancer by direct gene transfer into tumors. Hum Gene Ther 5:57-77, 1994
81. Helene C: Rational design of sequence-specific oncogene inhibitors based on antisense and antigene oligonucleotides. Eur J Cancer 27:1466-1471, 1991.
82. Cohen JS: Selective anti-gene therapy for cancer: Principles and prospects. Tohoku J Exp Med 168:351-359, 1992.
83. Hanvey JC, Peffer NJ, Bisi JE, et al: Antisense and antigene properties of peptide nucleic acids. Science 258:1481-1485, 1992.
84. Wickstrom EL, Bacon TA, Gonzalez A, et al: Human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell proliferation and c-myc protein expression are inhibited by an antisense pentadecadeoxynucleotide targeted against c-myc mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:1028-1032, 1988.
85. Calabretta B, Sims RB, Valtieri M, et al: Normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells manifest differential sensitivity in inhibitory effects of c-myb antisense oligonucleotides: An in vitro study relevant to bone marrow purging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 2351-2355, 1991.
86. Van Waardenburg RCAM, Prins J, Meijer C, et al: Inhibition of c-myc oncogene expression with ac-myc antisense oligonucleotide and its effects on proliferation and drug sensitive and resistant human small cell lung cancer cells. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:615, 1994 (abstract).
87. Joshi SS, Verbik DJ, Tomes DJ, et al: Growth inhibition of human Burkitt's lymphoma cells by c-myc-antisense oligodeoxynucleotides in vitro. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:617, 1994 (abstract).
88. Bergan RC, Kyle EL, Neckers LM: Electroporation of lymphoma cells with c-myc antisense oligonucleotides: A model for bone marrow purging. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:308, 1994 (abstract).
89. Ratajczak MZ, Kant JA, Luger SM, et al: In vivo treatment of human leukemia in a scid mouse model with c-myb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:11823-11827, 1992.
90. Ratajczak MZ, Hijiya N, Catani L, et al: Acute- and chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia colony-forming units are highly sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of c-myb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Blood 79:1956-1961, 1992.
91. Szczylik C, Skorski T, Nicholaides NC, et al: Selective inhibition of leukemia cell proliferation BCR-ABL antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Science 253:562-565, 1991.
92. BCR-ABL expression and inhibit the proliferation of BCR/ABL-containing cell lines. Blood 81:502-509, 1993.
93. Tari A, Tucker S, Deisseroth A, et al: Liposomal delivery of methylphosphonate antisense oligodeoxynucleotodes in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:308, 1994 (abstract).
94. 1-positive leukemia cells and BCR/ABL oncoprotein-associated transformed cells. Leukemia Lymphoma 10:307-316, 1993.
95. Trojan J, Johnson TR, Rubin SD, et al: Treatment and prevention of rat glioblastoma by immunogenic C6 cells expressing antisense insulin-like growth factor I RNA. Science 259:94-97, 1993.
96. Hirschfeld S, Helman LJ: Proliferation of leiomyosarcoma cell lines is inhibited by antisense oligonucleotides directed against the insulin growth factor type I receptor. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:258, 1994 (abstract).
97. Daaka Y, Wickstrom E: Target dependence of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibition of c-Ha-ras p21 expression and focus formation in T24-transformed NIH3T3 cells. Oncogene Res 5:267-275, 1990.
98. Brown D, Yu Z, Miller P, et al: Modulation of ras expression by anti-sense, nonionic deoxyoligonucleotide analogs. Oncogene Res 4:243-252, 1989.
99. Saison-Behmoaras T, Tocque B, et al: Short modified antisense oligonucleotides directed against Ha-ras point mutation induce selective cleavage of the mRNA and inhibit T24 cells proliferation. EMBO J 10:1111-1118, 1991.
100. Zhang Y, Mukhopadhyay T, Donehower LA, et al: Retroviral vector-mediated transduction of K-ras antisense RNA into human lung cancer cells inhibits expression of the malignant phenotype. Hum Gene Ther 4:451-460, 1993.
101. Birchenall-Roberts MC, Ferrer C, Ferns D, et al: Inhibition of murine monocyte proliferation by a colony-stimulating factor-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide: Evidence for automne regulation. J Immunol 145:3290-3296, 1990.
102. Wu J, Zhu J-Q, Han K-K, et al: The role of the c-fms oncogene in the regulation of HL-60 cell differentiation. Oncogene 5:873-877, 1990.
103. Schwab G, Siegall CB, Aarden LA, et al: Characterization of an interleukin-6-mediated automne growth loop in the human multiple myeloma cell line, U266. Blood 77:587-593, 1991.
104. Blay J-Y, Bolon I, Alberti L, et al: Growth inhibition of renal carcinoma cell lines by interleukin-6 antisense oligonucleotides: An internal autocrine loop. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:615, 1994 (abstract).
105. Becker D, Meier C, Herlyn M: Proliberation of human malignant melanomas is inhibited by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted against basic fibroblast growth factor. EMBO J 8:3685-3691, 1989.
106. Wismeth C, Jager A, Brysch W, et al: Specific PTO-antisense oligonucleotide therapy in malignant glidmas - An vitro study. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:617, 1994 (abstract).
107. Dunn M, Fonagy A, Swiderski C: P120antisense-mediated inhibition of breast cancer cell growth. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:530, 1994 (abstract).
108. Busch RK, Valdez BC, Henning D, et al: Apoptotic cell death in human tumor cells following treatment with P120 antisense oligonucleotide ISIS-3466. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:308, 1994 (abstract).
109. Dooley NP, Baltuch GH, Yong VW: Phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides to protein kinase C (PKC) alpha inhibit proliferation in rat C6 glioma. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:566, 1994 (abstract).
110. c-src Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:530, 1994 (abstract).
111. Cheng JQ, Ruggeri B, Allomare DA, et al: Amplification of AKT7 in human pancreatic cancer cells and inhibition of AKT2 expression and tumorigenicity by antisense RNA. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:530, 1994 (abstract).
112. Fujiwara T, Grimm EA, Mukhopadhyay T, et al: Induction of chemosensitivity in human lung cancer cells in vivo by adenovirus-mediated transfer of the wild-type p53 gene. Cancer Res 54: 2287-2291, 1994.
113. Hirota Y, Akahane K, Horiuchi T: p53 antisense oligonucleotides inhibit growth of human tumor cell lines. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:609, 1994 (abstract).
114. Janicek M, Nguyen H, Sevin BU, et al: Combination gene therapy targeting MYC and P53 in endometrial cancer cell lines. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 13:122, 1994 (abstract).
115. Li M, Kramer R: Retroviral gene transfer of anti-ras ribozyme into tumor cells with activated ras oncogene. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:373, 1994 (abstract).
116. Ohta Y, Kijima H, Kashfian BI, et al: Supression of malignant melanoma phenotype by anti-oncogene ribozymes. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:308, 1994 (abstract).
117. Calabretta B, Skorski T, Szczylik C, et al: Prospects of gene-directed therapy with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Cancer Treat Rev 19:169-179, 1993.
118. Bishop MR, Bayever E, Iversen PL, et al: Phase I trial of systemic administration of OL (1) p53 oligonucleotide in refractory acute myelogenous leukemia and advanced myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 82(Suppl 1):443a, 1993 (abstract).
119. Bishop MR, Tarantolo SR, Bayever E, et al: Autologous bone marrow (ABM) treated ex-vivo with oligonucleotide OL (1) p53 for transplantation in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Blood 13(Suppl 1):312, 1994 (abstract).
120. Moolten FL: Tumor chemosensitivity conferred by inserted herpes thymidine kinase genes: Paradigm for a prospective cancer control strategy. Cancer Res 46:5276-5281, 1986.
121. Ram Z, Culver KW, Walbridge S, et al: In situ retroviral-mediated gene transfer for the treatment of brain tumors in rats. Cancer Res 53:83-88, 1993.
122. Ezzeddine ZD, Martuza RL, Platika D, et al: Selective killing of glioma cells in culture and in vivo by retrovirus transfer of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. New Biol 3:608-614, 1991.
123. Moolten FL, Wells JM: Curability of tumors bearing herpes thymidine kinase genes transferred by retroviral vectors. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:297-300, 1990.
124. Borrelli E, Heyman R, Hsi M, et al: Targeting of an inducible toxic phenotype in animal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:7572-7576, 1988.
125. Bi WL, Parysek LM, Warnick R, et al: In vitro evidence that metabolic cooperation is responsible for the bystander effect observed with HSV tk retroviral gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 4:725-731, 1993.
126. Culver KW, Ram Z, Walbridge S, et al: In vivo gene transfer with retroviral vector-producer cells for treatment of experimental brain tumors. Science 256:1550-1552, 1992.
127. Plautz G, Nabel EG, Nabel GJ: Selective elimination of recombinant genes in vivo with a suicide retroviral vector. New Biol 3:709-715, 1991.
128. Takamiya Y, Short MP, Ezzeddine ZD, et al: Gene therapy on malignant brain tumors: A rat glioma line bearing the herpes simplex virus type 1-thymidine kinase gene and wild type retrovirus kills other tumor cells. J Neurosci Res 33:493-503, 1992.
129. Sugaya S, Fujita K, Tanaka K: Tumor cell specific expression of herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene promoted by MYC binding sequence. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:376, 1994 (abstract).
130. Mouawad R, Soubrane CI, Salzmann JL, et al: Regression of experimental murine melanoma after in situ transduction of a suicide gene. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:210, 1994 (abstract).
131. Loeb LA, Munir K, Black ME: Creation of herpes thymidine kinase mutants for gene therapy. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:375, 1994 (abstract).
132. Chen S-H, Shine HD, Goodman JC, et al: Gene therapy for brain tumors: Regression of experimental gliomas by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in vivo. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:420, 1994 (abstract).
133. Shewach DS, Zerbe LK, Breakefield XO, et al: Approaches to enhance gene transfer therapy with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase in cultured rat glioma cells. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:374, 1994 (abstract).
134. Link CJ, Beecham E, McCann L, et al: In vivo combination gene therapy with the herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HS-tk) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) genes for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 13:256, 1994 (abstract).
135. Mullen CA, Kilstrup M, Blaese RM: Transfer of the bacterial gene for cytosine deaminase to mammalian cells confers lethal sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine: A negative selection system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:33-37, 1992.
136. Fairchild CR, Cowan KH: Mullidrug resistance: A pleiotropic response to cytotoxic drugs. Int J Radiat Oncol Bio Phys 20:361-367, 1991.
137. Moscow JA, Cowan KH: Multidrug resistance. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:14-20, 1988.
138. Biedler JL: Drug resistance: Genotype versus phenotype - Thirty-Second G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res 54:666-678, 1994.
139. Lincke CR, van der blick AM, Schuurhuis GJ, et al: Multidrug resistance phenotype of human BRO melanoma cells transfecled with a wild-type human mdr1. Cancer Res 50: 1779-1785, 1990.
140. Nooter K, Boesen JJB, Van Beusechem VW, et al: Retroviral mediated transfer of the human mdr1 gene into bone marrow cells. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:373, 1994 (abstract).
141. Shaughnessy E, Wong KK, Podsakoff G, et al: Adeno-associated virus vectors for MDR-1 gene therapy. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:373, 1994 (abstract).
142. Kane SE, Metz MZ, Matsumoto L, et al: Novel retroviral vectors for transducing two therapeutic genes for gene therapy of human hematopoietic cells. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:373, 1994 (abstract).
143. Aksentijevich I, Germann UA, Licht T, et al: Variable MDR1 transduclion efficiency in different mammalian cells. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:375, 1994 (abstract).
144. Hanania EG, Fu S-Q, Hegewisch-Becker S, et al: Gene-therapy animal model to evaluate the long term effect and the efficiency of using the multiple drug resistance gene retroviral vectors in conferring the chemoresistance phenotype upon early progenitor cells. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:210, 1994 (abstract).
145. Sorrentino BP, Brandt SJ, Bodine D, et al: Selection of drug-resistant bone marrow cells in vivo after retroviral transfer of human MDR1. Science 257:99-103, 1992.
146. DelaFlor-Weiss E, Richardson C, Ward M, et al: Transfer and expression of the human multidrug resistance gene in mouse erythroleukemia cells. Blood 80:3106-3111, 1992.
147. Mazzanti R, Fantappie' O, Fabrizio P, et al: Confering multiple drug resistance by mdrI gene transfection increases susceptibility to irradiation and lipid peroxidation. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:10, 1994 (abstract).
148. Greenbaum M, Letourneau S, Assar H, et al: Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of glutathione S-transferase confers resistance to alkylating agents. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:373, 1994 (abstract).
149. Sugimoto Y, Aksentijevich I, Aran JM, et al: Generation of MDR1 retroviral vectors which coexpress a second gene under the control of a single promoter. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:375, 1994 (abstract).
150. Kondo S, Yin D, Morimura T, et al: Transfection with a bcl-2 expression vector protests transplanted bone marrow from chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. Cancer Res 54:2928-2933, 1994.