Beyond insecurity: A reconceptualization of attachment disorders of infancy

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 64, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 42-52

  Zeanah, Charles H ^a,b  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CAREGIVER; CHILD ABUSE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; HUMAN; INFANT; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; HUMANS; INFANT; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES;

EID: 0030003749     PISSN: 0022006X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.42     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Aber, J. L., & Allen, J. (1987). Effects of maltreatment on young children's socioemotional development: An attachment theory perspective. Developmental Psychology, 23, 406-414.
2. Aber, J. L., & Cicchetti, D. (1984). The socio-emotional development of maltreated children: An empirical and theoretical analysis. In H. Fitzgerald, B. Lester, & M. Yogman (Eds.), Theory and research in behavioral pediatrics (Vol. 2, pp. 147-205). New York: Plenum Press.
3. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of attachment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. New York: Basic Books.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of menial disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
7. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
8. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
9. Anders, T. F. (1989). Clinical syndromes, relationship disturbances, and their assessment. In A. J. Sameroff & R. N. Emde (Eds.), Relationship disturbances in early childhood (pp. 125-144). New York: Basic Books.
10. Arend, R., Gove, F., & Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Continuity of individual adaptation from infancy to kindergarten: A predictive study of ego resiliency and curiosity in preschoolers. Child Development, 50, 950-959.
11. Bates, J. E., Maslin, C. A., & Frankel, K. A. (1985). Attachment security, mother-child interaction, and temperament as predictors of behavior-problem ratings at age three years. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points in attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(Serial No. 209). 167-193.
12. Bischof, N. A. (1975). A systems approach toward the functional connections of fear and attachment. Child Development, 46, 801-817.
13. Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
14. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
15. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation. New York: Basic Books.
16. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Loss. New York: Basic Books.
17. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base. New York: Basic Books.
18. Bretherton, I., & Waters, E. (Eds.). (1985). Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 50(Serial No. 209).
19. Call, J. D. (1980). Attachment disorders of infancy. In H. I. Kaplan, A. M. Freedman, & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (pp. 2586-2597). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
20. Call, J. D. (1983). Toward a nosology for psychiatric disorders in infancy. In J. Call, E. Galenson, & R. L. Tyson (Eds.), Frontiers of infant psychiatry (pp. 117-128). New York: Basic Books.
21. Carlson. V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Brauawald, K. (1989). Finding order in disorganization: Lessons for research from maltreated infants attachments to their caregivers. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 494-528). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
22. Cassidy, J. (1988). Child-mother attachment and the self at age six. Child Development, 57, 331-337.
23. Chapin, H. D. (1915). Are institutions for infants necessary? Journal of the American Medical Association, 64, 1-3.
24. Cicchetti, D. (1991). Defining psychological maltreatment: Reflections and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 1-2.
25. Curtiss. S. (1977). Genie: A psycholinguistic study of a modern-day "wild child." London: Academic Press.
26. DeMulder, E. K., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1991). Attachment in affectively ill and well mothers: Concurrent behavioral correlates. Development and Psychopathology. 3. 227-242.
27. Easterbrooks, A., & Goldberg, W. (1990). Security of toddler-parent attachment: Relation to children's sociopersonality functioning during kindergarten. In M. T. Greenburg, D. Cicchetti. & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 221-244). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
28. Emde, R. N., & Sameroff, A. J. (1989). Understanding early relationship disturbances. In A. J. Sameroff & R. N. Emde (Eds.), Relationship disturbances in early childhood New York: Basic Books.
29. Erickson, M. F., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high-risk sample. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(Serial No. 209), 147-166.
30. Fagot, B. L., & Kavanagh, K. (1990). The prediction of antisocial behavior from avoidant attachment classifications. Child Development, 61. 864-873.
31. Gaensbauer. T. J., & Harmon. R. J. (1982). Attachment in abused/ neglected and premature infants. In R. N. Emde & R. J. Harmon (Eds.), The development of attachment and affiliative systems (pp. 263-280). New York: Plenum Press.
32. Gaensbauer, T., & Sands, K. (1979). Distorted affective communications in abused/neglected infants and their potential impact on caregivers. Journal of the Americon Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 18. 236-250.
33. George, C., & Main, M. (1979). Social interactions in young abused children: Approach, avoidance, and aggression. Child Development, 50, 306-318.
34. Goldfarb, W. (1945). Effects of psychological deprivation in infancy and subsequent stimulation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 102, 18-33.
35. Greenspan, S. I. (1981). Psychopathology and adaptation in infancy and early childhood: Principles of clinical diagnosis and preventive Intervention. (Clinical Infant Reports, 1). New York: International Universities Press.
36. Greenspan. S. I., & Lieberman, A. (1988). A clinical approach to attachment. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 387-424). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Greenspan, S. I., & Lourie, R. (1981). Developmental structuralist approach to the classification of adaptive and pathologic personality organization: Application to infancy and early childhood. American Journal of Psychiatry; 138, 725-735.
38. Hirshfield, R., & Goodwyn, F. (1988) Mood disorders. In J. A. Talbott, R. E. Hales, & S. Yudofsky (Eds.), The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychiatry (pp. 403-442). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
39. Hubbs-Tait, L., Eberhart-Wright, A., Ware, L., Osofsky, J., Yockey, W., & Fusco, J. (1991). Maternal depression and infant attachment: Behavior problems at 54 months in children of adolescent mothers. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, WA.
40. Koluchova, J. (1972). Severe deprivation in twins: A case study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13, 107-114.
41. Lamb, M., Thompson, R. A., Gardner, W. P., Charnov, E. L., & Estes, D. (1984). Security of infantile attachment as assessed in the "Strange Situation": Its study and biological interpretation. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 127-171.
42. Lewis, M., Feiring, C., McGuffog, C., & Jaskir, J. (1984), Predicting psychopathology in six-year-olds from early social relations. Child Development, 55, 123-136.
43. Lieberman, A. F., & Pawl, J. (1988). Clinical applications of attachment theory. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 327-351 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
44. Lieberman, A. F., & Pawl, J. (1990). Disorders of attachment and secure base behavior in the second year of life: Conceptual issues and clinical intervention. In M. T. Greenburg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 121-160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
45. Lieberman, A. F, & Zeanah, C. H. (1995). Disorders of attachment. In K. Minde (Ed.), Infant psychiatry, child and adolescent clinics of North America (pp. 571-588). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
46. Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development, 64, 572-585.
47. Lyons-Ruth, K., Repacholi, B., McLeod, S., & Silva., E. (1991). Disorganized attachment behavior in infancy: Short-term stability, maternal and infant correlates, and risk-related subtypes. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 377-396.
48. Main, M., & George, C. (1985). Responses of abused and disadvantaged toddlers to distress in agemates: A study in the day-care setting. Developmental Psychology, 21, 407-412.
49. Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure, disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern: Procedures, findings, and implications for the classification of behavior. In M. Yogman & T. B. Brazelton (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 95-124). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
50. Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenburg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 121-160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
51. Matas, L., Arend, R. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1978). Continuity of adaptation in the second year: The relationship between quality of attachment and later competence. Child Development, 49, 547-556.
52. McGee, R., & Wolfe, D. A. (1991). Psychological maltreatment: Toward an operational definition. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 3-18.
53. Mueller, E., & Silverman, N. (1989). Peer relations in maltreated children. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
54. O'Connor, M. J., Sigman, M., & Brill, N. (1987). Disorganization of attachment in relation to maternal alcohol consumption. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 831-836.
55. Powell, G. F., Low. J. E, & Speers, M. A. (1987). Behavior as a diagnostic aid in failure to thrive. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 8, 18-24.
56. Provence. S., & Lipton, R. C. (1962). Infants reared in institutions. New York: International Universities Press.
57. Richters, M. M., & Volkmar, F. (1994). Reactive attachment disorder Case reports. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33. 328-332.
58. Robertson, J., & Robertson, J. (1989). Separations and the very young. London: Free Association Books.
59. Rodning, C., Beckwith, L., & Howard, J. (1989). Characteristics of attachment organization in prenatally drug-exposed toddlers. Development and Psychopathology. 1, 277-289.
60. Rosenberg, D. R., Pajer, K., & Rancurello, M. (1992). Neuropsychiatric assessment of orphans in one Romanian orphanage. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 3489-3490.
61. Sameroff, A. J., & Emde, R. N. (Eds.). (1989). Relationship disturbances in early childhood. New York: Basic Books.
62. Skeels. (1966). Adult status of children with contrasting life experiences. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 31(Serial No. 105).
63. Skuse, D. (1984). Extreme deprivation in early childhood - I. Diverse outcomes for three siblings from an extraordinary family. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 25, 523-541.
64. Solomon, J., George, C., & Ivins, B. (1989, April). Mother - child interaction in the home and security of attachment at age six Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore.
65. Spitz, R. (1945). Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. The Psychoanalytic Study of The Child, 1, 53-74.
66. Spitz. R. (1946). Anaclitic depression: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood - II. The Psychoanalytic Study of The Child, 2, 313-342.
67. Spitzer, R., & Cantwell, D. (1980). The DSM-III classification of the psychiatric disorders of infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19. 356-370.
68. Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium in Child Psychology (Vol. 16, pp. 41-81 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
69. Sroufe, L. A. (1988). The role of infant-caregiver attachment in development. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 18-40). Hillsdale. NJ: Erlbaum.
70. Suess, G. J., Grossman, K. E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Effects of infant attachment to mother and father on quality of adaptation in preschool: From dyadic to individual organization of self. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15. 43-65.
71. Thompson, A. M. (1986). Adam - A severely deprived Colombian orphan: A case report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 689-695.
72. Tizard, B., & Hodges, J. (1978). The effect of early institutional rearing on the development of eight-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry; 19, 99-118.
73. Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1974). A comparison of the effects of adoption, restoration of the natural mother, and continued institutionalization on the cognitive development of four-year-old children. Child Development. 45, 92-99.
74. Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1975). The effect of early institutional rearing on the behavior problems and affectional relationships of four-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 61-73.
75. Troy, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (1987). Victimization among preschoolers: Role of attachment relationship history. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 26. 166-172.
76. Volkmar, F. (in press). Reactive attachment disorders: Issues for DSM-IV. DSM-IV source book. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
77. Wartner, U. G., Grossman, K., Fremmer-Bombik, E., & Suess, G. (1994). Attachment patterns at age six in South Germany: Predictability from infancy and implications for preschool behavior. Child Development. 65, 1014-1027.
78. Waters, E., Wippman, J., & Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Attachment, positive affect, and competence in peer group: Two studies in construct validation. Child Development, 50, 821-829.
79. World Health Organization. (1978). Medical disorders: Glossary and guide to their classification in accordance with the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
80. World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
81. Zeanah, C. H. (1994). Critical notice: Relationship disturances in early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 35, 383-385.
82. Zeanah, C. H., & Emde, R. N. (1994). Attachment disorders in infancy. In M. Rutter, L. Hersov. & E. Taylor (Eds.). Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches (pp. 490-504). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
83. Zeanah, C. H., Mammen, O., & Lieberman, A. (1993). Disorders of attachment. In C. H. Zeanah (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (pp. 332-349). New York: Guilford Press.
84. Zero-To-Three Task Force on Diagnostic Classification in Infancy. (1994). Diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood. Arlington, VA: Author.