The pathology of vulvar neoplasia

Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 63-68

  Lininger, Ruth A ^a   Tavassoli, Fattaneh A ^a  

^a ARMED FORCES INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER GRADING; CANCER RISK; CARCINOMA IN SITU; HUMAN; PAGET SKIN DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; VIRUS CARCINOGENESIS; VULVA CARCINOMA; WART VIRUS;

EID: 0030002068     PISSN: 1040872X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001703-199602000-00014     Document Type: Review

References (28)

1. Wilkinson EJ: Premalignant and malignant tumors of the vulva. In Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract. Edited by Kurman RJ. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1994, 87-129.
2. Kurman RJ, Norris HJ, Wilkinson EJ: Tumors of the cervix, vagina, and vulva. In Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Edited by Rosai J. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1990.
3. Jones R, Rowan D: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia III: a clinical study of the outcome in 113 cases with relation to the later development of invasive vulvar carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 1994, 84:741-745. This is a very interesting retrospective study of 113 women diagnosed with VIN 3 since 1961. It provides information on age-related incidence trends, suggesting that the disease is increasing among younger women, and provides data on the risk of progression of VIN 3, and association with other genital tract neoplasia.
4. Kaufman R: Distinguished professor series: intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 56:8-21.
5. Messing M, Gallup O: Carcinoma of the vulva in young women. Obstet Gynecol 1995, 86:51-54. This retrospective study of 78 women with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva compared risk factors for women under 45 years of age versus those 45 years and older and found a trend for younger women presenting with carcinoma and an association with HPV infection among the younger women.
6. Park K, Monk B, Wilczynski S, Ito J, Vasilev S: Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia and recurrent vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 1994, 84:712-714.
7. Elchalal U, Gilead L, Vardy D, Ben-shachar I, Anteby S, Schenker J: Treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosis in the elderly: an update. Obstet Gynecol Survey 1995, 50:155-162.
8. Proceedings of the VIII World Congress: Report of the ISSVD Terminology Committee, Stockholm, Sweden: J Reprod Med 1986, 31:973.
9. Ridley C: The aetiology of vulval neoplasia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994, 101:655-657. This ia a review of the etiology of vulvar neoplasia concentrating on the pathology of VIN and SCCA.
10. Haefner H, Tate J, McLachlin C, Crum C: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: age, morphological phenotype, papillomavirus DNA, and coexisting invasive carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1995, 26:147-154. This study investigated 65 VIN lesions for the presence of HPV DNA by PCR and evaluated the association of HPV with factors such as histology, age, and presence of lichen sclerosis.
11. Hording U, Junge J, Poulsen H, Lundvall F: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia III: a viral disease of undetermined progressive potential. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 56:276-279. This study followed 73 women with VIN 3 for a median of 5 years after primary treatment, evaluating for recurrences as well as characterizing the lesions for specific HPV DNA types by PCR. The authors found a very high percentage (90%) of their cohort to be HPV-positive. They also reported increased recurrences in women with cervical neoplasia.
12. Benda J, Suarez Y, Reiter R: Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: a comparison between patients ≤ age 35 and ≥ age 65, with HPV analysis using omniprobe [abstract 492]. Mod Pathol 1995, 8:86.
13. Monk B, Burger R, Lin F, Parham G, Vasilev S, Wilczynski S: Prognostic significance of human papillomavirus DNA in vulvar carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 1995, 85:709-715. This study evaluated 55 vulvar carcinomas for HPV DNA by PCR and found that absence of HPV DNA was predictive of recurrence and death from vulvar cancer, a finding which persisted upon controlling for age, tumor size, tumor grade, and nodal metastasis.
14. Wilczynski S, Monk B, Burger R, Kurosaki T, Lin F: The absence of human papillomavirus DNA in vulvar carcinoma is associated with poor survival [abstract 567]. Mod Pathol 1995, 8:98.
15. McLachlin C, Kozakewich H, Craighill M, O'Connell B, Crum C: Histologic correlates of vulvar human papillomavirus infection in children and young adults. Am J Surg Pathol 1994, 18:728-735. This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of a diagnosis of HPV in vulvar wart-like lesions by histology alone compared with PCR for HPV DNA in children and young adults and found that only 77% of lesions diagnosed as condyloma showed HPV DNA.
16. Dennerstein G, Scurry J, Garland S, Brenan J, Fortune D, Sfameni S, O'Keefe, R, Tabnzi S: Human papillomavirus vulvitis: a new disease or an unfortunate mistake? Br J Obstet Gynecol 1994, 101:992-998. This study demonstrated the absence of HPV DNA by PCR in women with vulvar pruritis, pain, and superficial dyspareunia referred with a diagnosis of HPV vulvar disease on clinical, colposcopic, or histologie grounds. The authors discuss the pathologic features that may have been overcalled. They also suggested 'HPV vulvitis' may not exist as a disease entity.
17. Burger M, Hollema H, Emanuels A, Krans M, Pras E, Bouma J: The importance of the groin node status for the survival of T1 and T2 vulval carcinoma patients. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 57:327-334.
18. Kirschner C, Yordan E, De Geest K, Wilbanks G: Smoking, obesity, and survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 56:79-84. This is a retrospective study of 136 women with invasive SCCA. Prognostic factors for poor survival included a positive smoking history (risk ratio 6.3), increased tumor size, and nodal metastasis.
19. Andrews S, Williams B, DePriest P, Gallion H, Hunter J, Buckley S, Kryscio R, Van Nagell J: Therapeutic implications of lymph nodal spread in lateral T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 1994, 55:41-46.
20. Fragkakis G, Terzakis E, Arnogiannaki N: Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva. Case report. Int J Surg Pathol 1995, 2(suppl):222
21. DiSaia P, Dorion G, Cappuccini F, Carpenter P: Case report: a report of two cases of recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva in a split-thickness graft and its possible pathogenesis - labelled 'retrodissemination'. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 57:109-112. Interesting report of recurrent Paget's disease in skin grafts with a discussion of the possible etiology.
22. Fishman D, Chambers S, Schwartz P, Kohorn E, Chambers J: Extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 56:266-270. This is a provocative study that investigates the utility of intra-operative frozen section in predicting margin status on permanent sections. The authors conclude that frozen sections do not provide any better information than gross inspection. They also conclude that the radicality of the initial operation does not correlate with disease recurrence.
23. Fine B, Fowler L, Valente P, Gaudet T: Case report: minimally invasive Paget's disease of the vulva with extensive lymph node metastases. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 57:262-265.
24. Geister J, Stowell M, Melton M, Maloney C, Geisler H: Case report: extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva recurring in a skin graft Gynecol Oncol 1995, 56:446-447.
25. Kodama S, Kaneko T, Saito M, Yoshiya N, Honma S, Tanaka K: A clinicopathologic study of 30 patients with Paget's disease of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 56:63-70.
26. Wilczynski S, Lin F, Shen J: P53 mutations are associated with HPV negative vulvar squamous cell carcinomas [abstract 568]. Mod Palhol 1995, 8:98A.
27. Tate J, Mutter G, Crum C: Clonal origin of intraepithelial lesions of the vulva [abstract 563]. Mod Pathol 1995, 8:98.
28. Carter P, Iies R, Neven P, Ind T, Shepherd J. Chard T: Measurement of urinary beta core fragment of human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with vulvo-vaginal malignancy and its prognostic significance. BrJ Obstet Gynaecol 1995, 102:345. Evaluates only nine cases of vulvar carcinoma in their group of patients. Although the results are interesting, the study needs confirmation with a larger number of cases, specifically of vulvar carcinoma.