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10344235818
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note
-
Bicyclic lactam 1 was derived from (S)-valinol and levulinic acid and is commercially available from Ultrafine Chemicals, Manchester, U.K.
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Vapor pressures of benzene at selected temperatures: 10 atm (178.8 °C), 20 atm (221.5°C), and 40 atm (272.3°C) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 56th ed.; Weast, R. C., Ed.; CRC Press: Cleveland, OH, 1976; p 6.
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Weast, R.C.1
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32
-
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10344232471
-
-
note
-
The ratio of diastereomers was determined by integration of pertinent resonances corresponding to anti and syn isomers.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
0003515612
-
-
Heydon & Son, Ltd: Chichester, U.K.
-
This gamma gauche (γg) substituent effect is greatest in conformationally rigid systems whenever two protons bearing carbons are at dihedral angles of 60° or less. See: Wehrli, F. W.; Wirthlin, T. Interpretation of Carbon-13 NMR Spectra; Heydon & Son, Ltd: Chichester, U.K., pp 27-28, 37. For bicyclic lactams, with few exceptions, the chemical shift for the angular methyl group in the anti isomers 9 (27-29 ppm) is considerably downfield from that of the syn isomers (19-23 ppm).
-
Interpretation of Carbon-13 NMR Spectra
, pp. 27-28
-
-
Wehrli, F.W.1
Wirthlin, T.2
-
34
-
-
10344251299
-
-
note
-
4 at higher temperatures than 0°C.
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
10344230751
-
-
note
-
In a separate experiment 1 mol % pyrrolidine 9 was added to a solution of dipole precursor 8 and unsaturated lactam 7 followed by trace TFA (∼0.01%). After heating, the (3 + 2) cycloaddition proceeded to completion within 6 h at 190°C.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
10344259429
-
-
note
-
Owing to the high cost of 1 M tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution ($90 for 500 mL of 1 M solution, Aldrich), a buffer recovery protocol was implemented. Upon completion of hydrolysis of carbinolamine 13, the biphasic mixture was allowed to separate and the aqueous phase was saved and reused 3-4 times in subsequent syntheses to afford 15 in better than 80% yield each time.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
10344227520
-
-
note
-
1H NMR of the crude spirodiketone 14 revealed considerable quantities of unhydrolyzed carbinolamine 13. In these cases the crude material was redissolved in CH2Ch and treated with fresh phosphate buffer solution and hydrolysis continued at reflux temperatures until complete consumption of carbinolamine was observed.
-
-
-
-
38
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84914255856
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10344226968
-
-
note
-
8 at 100°C to effect complete resolution of signals.
-
-
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50
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0000920450
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-
61
-
-
10344232987
-
-
note
-
Irradiation of the C20 methine shows a 3% NOE with the C21 methyl group. In addition, irradiation of the C21 methyl group shows a 3% NOE with the C20 methine and does not show any detectable NOE with the C19 bridgehead methine.
-
-
-
-
62
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0343147529
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(a) Hoppe, D.; Paetow, M.; Hintze, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 394.
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63
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0000776183
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(b) Pearson, W. H.; Lindbeck, A. C.; Kampf, J. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 2622.
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Pearson, W.H.1
Lindbeck, A.C.2
Kampf, J.W.3
-
68
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10344259428
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in press
-
We have recently studied the metalation-alkylation of 20 in greater detail and found, using D-isotope effects, that both steps proceed with retention (Kopach, M. E., Meyers, A. I. J. Org. Chem., in press).
-
J. Org. Chem.
-
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Kopach, M.E.1
Meyers, A.I.2
-
69
-
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10344257824
-
-
note
-
6a,c mp 82°C).
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
10344263206
-
-
note
-
It is recommended that this procedure be conducted behind a blast shield in a hood.
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
10344246393
-
-
note
-
This procedure involved the use of smaller amounts of dipole precursor 8 whereas utilizing the conditions described in the discussion (6 h at 190°C) gave the same yield of product. However, the latter conditions required the use of larger amounts of dipole precursor 8.
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
10344228027
-
-
note
-
The X-ray structures have been submitted to the Cambridge Crystallographic Center. The ORTEP structure for 20 is also included in the supporting information.
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
10344235539
-
-
note
-
13C NMR spectrum, recorded at 100°C (toluene), did not show any significant differences, in addition to solvent overlapping with the sample.
-
-
-
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