Mammalian oocyte growth and development in vitro

Molecular Reproduction and Development

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 260-273

  Eppig, John J ^a   O'Brien, Marilyn ^a   Wigglesworth, Karen ^a  

^a JACKSON LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Follicle development in vitro; Oocyte development in vitro; Oocyte growth; Oocyte maturation; Preimplantation embryo development

Indexed keywords

FERTILIZATION; GRANULOSA CELL; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE MATURATION; OVARY FOLLICLE MATURATION; PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYO; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CELL DIVISION; CELL NUCLEUS; CELLS, CULTURED; CYTOPLASM; EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; FERTILIZATION; HUMANS; MAMMALS; OOCYTES; OVARY;

EID: 0029999222     PISSN: 1040452X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199606)44:2<260::AID-MRD17>3.0.CO;2-6     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Anderson E (1970): The localization of acid phosphatase and the uptake of horseradish peroxidase in the oocyte and follicle cells of mammals. In JD Biggers, AW Schuetz (eds): "Oogenesis." Baltimore, MD: University Park Press, pp 87-117.
2. Anderson E, Beams HW (1960): Cytological observations on the fine structure of the guinea pig ovary with special reference to the oogonium, primary oocyte and associated follicle cells. J Ultrastruct Res 3:432-446.
3. Arai H (1920): On the postnatal development of the ovary (albino rat), with especial reference to the number of ova. Am J Anat 27:405-462.
4. Baker TG, Neal P (1973): Initiation and control of meiosis and follicular growth in ovaries of the mouse. Ann Biol Anim Biochim Biophys 13:137-144.
5. Bar-Ami S, Tsafriri A (1981): Acquisition of meiotic competence in the rat: Role of gonadotropin and estrogen. Gamete Res 4:463-472.
6. Bar-Ami S, Tsafriri A (1986): The development of meiotic competence in the rat: Role of hormones and of stage of follicular development. Gamete Res 13:39-46.
7. Bar-Ami S, Nimrod A, Brodie AMH, Tsafriri A (1983): Role of FSH and oestradiol-17β in the development of meiotic competence in rat oocytes. J Steroid Biochem 19:965-971.
8. Besmer P, Manova K, Duttlinger R, Huang EJ, Packer A, Gyssler C, Bachvarova RF (1993): The kit-ligand (steel factor) and its receptor c-kit/W: Pleiotropic roles in gametogenesis and melanogenesis. Development 125-137.
9. Billig H, Furuta I, Hsueh AJW (1993): Estrogens inhibit and androgens enhance ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis. Endocrinology 133: 2204-2212.
10. Bleil JD, Wassarman PW (1980): Synthesis of zona pellucida proteins by denuded and follicle-enclosed mouse oocytes during culture in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:1029-1033.
11. Blondin P, Sirard MA (1995): Oocyte and follicular morphology as determining characteristics for developmental competence in bovine oocytes. Mol Reprod Dev 41:54-62.
12. Boland NI, Humpherson PG, Leese HJ, Gosden RG (1994a): Characterization of follicular energy metabolism. Hum Reprod 9:604-609.
13. Boland NI, Humpherson PG, Leese HJ, Gosden RG (1994b): The effect of glucose metabolism on murine follicle development and steroidogenesis in vitro. Hum Reprod 9:617-623.
14. Bolton VN, Oades PJ, Johnson MH (1984): The relationship between cleavage, DNA replication, and gene expression in the mouse 2-cell embryo. J Embryol Exp Morphol 79:139-163.
15. Bortolussi M, Marini G, Reolon ML (1979): A histochemical study of the binding of 125I-labelled HCG to the rat ovary throughout the estrus cycle. Cell Tissue Res 197:213-226.
16. Brambell FWR (1928): The development and morphology of the gonads of the mouse. Part III. The growth of the follicles. Proc Rol Soc Lond [Biol] 103:258-272.
17. Braw RH, Tsafriri A (1980): Effect of PMSG on follicular atresia in the immature rat ovary. J Repord Fertil 59:267-272.
18. Breed WG, Leigh CM (1990): Morphological changes in the oocyte and its surrounding vestments during in vivo fertilization in the dasyurid marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata. J Morphol 204:177-196.
19. Brower PT, Schultz RM (1982): Intercellular communication between granulosa cells and mouse oocytes: Existence and possible nutritional role during oocyte growth. Dev Biol 90:144-153.
20. Browne CL, Wiley HS, Dumont JN (1979): Oocyte-follicle cell gap junctions in Xenopus laevis and the effects of gonadotropin on their permeability. Science 203:182-183.
21. Buccione R, Cecconi S, Tatone C, Mangia F, Colonna R (1987): Follicle cell regulation of mammalian oocyte growth. J Exp Zool 242:351-354.
22. Camp TA, Rahal JO, Mayo KE (1991): Cellular localization and hormonal regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone receptor messenger RNAs in the rat ovary. Mol Endocrinol 5:1405-1417.
23. Canipari R, Palombi F, Riminucci M, Mangia F (1984): Early programming of maturation competence in mouse oogenesis. Dev Biol 102: 519-524.
24. Carroll J, Gosden RG (1993): Transplantation of frozen-thawed mouse primordial follicles. Hum Reprod 8:1163-1167.
25. Carroll J, Whittingham DG, Wood MJ (1991a): Effect of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate on granulosa cell proliferation, oocyte growth and meiotic maturation in isolated mouse primary ovarian follicles cultured in collagen gels. J Reprod Fertil 92:197-207.
26. Carroll J, Whittingham DG, Wood MJ (1991b): Effect of gonadotrophin environment on growth and development of isolated mouse primary ovarian follicles. J Reprod Fertil 93:71-79.
27. Cecconi S, Tatone C, Buccione R, Mangia F, Colonna R (1991): Granulosa cell-oocyte interactions: The phosphorylation of specific proteins in mouse oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage is dependent upon the differentiative state of companion somatic cells. J Exp Zool 258: 249-254.
28. Cha KY, Choi DH, Koo JJ, Han SY, Ko JJ, Yoon TK (1991): Pregnancy after in vitro fertilization of human follicular oocytes collected from nonstimulated cycles, their culture in vitro and their transfer in a donor oocyte program. Fertil Steril 55:109-113.
29. Cha KY, Do BR, Chi HJ, Yoon TK, Choi DH, Koo JJ, Ko JJ (1992): Viability of human follicular oocytes collected from unstimulated ovaries and matured and fertilized in vitro. Reprod Fertil Dev 4:695-701.
30. cdc2 kinase. Biol Reprod 52:895-902.
31. cdc2 and cyclin B in mouse oocytes during acquisition of competence to resume meiosis. Mol Reprod Dev 40:503-508.
32. Chesnel F, Wigglesworth K, Eppig JJ (1994): Acquisition of meiotic competence by denuded mouse oocytes: Participation of somatic-cell products and cAMP. Dev Biol 161:285-295.
33. Christmann L, Jung T, Moor RM (1994): MPF components and meiotic competence in growing pig oocytes. Mol Reprod Dev 38:85-90.
34. Chun SY, Billig H, Tilly JL, Furuta I, Tsafriri A, Hsueh AJW (1994): Gonadotropin suppression of apoptosis in cultured preovulatory follicles: Mediatory role of endogenous insulin-like growth factor I. Endocrinology 135:1845-1853.
35. Colonna R, Cecconi S, Tatone C, Mangia F, Buccione R (1989): Somatic cell-oocyte interactions in mouse oogenesis: Stage-specific regulation of mouse oocyte protein phosphorylation by granulosa cells. Dev Biol 133:305-308.
36. Crozet N, Ahmed-Ali M, Dubos MP (1995): Developmental competence of goat oocytes from follicles of different size categories following maturation, fertilization and culture in vitro. J Reprod Fertil 103: 293-298.
37. Daniel SAJ, Armstrong DT, Gore-Langton RE (1989): Growth and development of rat oocytes in vitro. Gamete Res 24:109-121.
38. De Felici M, Siracusa G (1982): "Spontaneous" hardening of the zona pellucida of mouse oocytes during in vitro culture. Gamete Res 6:107-113.
39. De Smedt V, Crozet N, Gall L (1994): Morphological and functional changes accompanying the acquisition of meiotic competence of ovarian goat oocyte. J Exp Zool 269:128-139.
40. Downs SM, Schroeder AC, Eppig JJ (1986): Serum maintains the fertilizability of mouse oocytes matured in vitro by preventing the hardening of the zona pellucida. Gamete Res 15:115-122.
41. Ducibella T, Buetow J (1994): Competence to undergo normal, fertilization-induced cortical activation develops after metaphase I of meiosis in mouse oocytes. Dev Biol 165:95-104.
42. Ducibella T, Kurasawa S, Rangarajan S, Kopf GS, Schultz RM (1990): Precocious loss of cortical granules during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation and correlation with an egg-induced modification of the zona pellucida. Dev Biol 137:46-55.
43. y) mutation explained by deletion of a maternally expressed gene and the simultaneous production of agouti fusion RNAs. Development 120:1695-1708.
44. Engle ET (1931): Prepubertal growth of the ovarian follicle in the albino mouse. Anat Rec 48:341-350.
45. Eppig JJ (1977): Mouse oocyte development in vitro with various culture systems. Dev Biol 60:371-388.
46. Eppig JJ (1979): A comparison between oocyte growth in coculture with granulosa cells and oocytes with granulosa cell-oocyte junctional contact maintained in vitro. J Exp Zool 209:345-353.
47. Eppig JJ (1991): Maintenance of meiotic arrest and the induction of oocyte maturation in mouse oocyte-granulosa cell complexes developed in vitro from preantral follicles. Biol Reprod 45:824-830.
48. Eppig JJ (1994): Further reflections on culture systems for the growth of oocytes in vitro. Hum Reprod 9:974-976.
49. Eppig JJ, O'Brien M (1995): In vitro maturation and fertilization of oocytes isolated from aged mice: A strategy to rescue valuable genetic resources. J Assist Reprod Genet 12:269-273.
50. Eppig JJ, O'Brien MJ (1996): Development in vitro of mouse oocytes from primordial follicles. Biol Reprod 54:197-207.
51. Eppig JJ, Schroeder AC (1989): Capacity of mouse oocytes from preantral follicles to undergo embryogenesis and development to live young after growth, maturation and fertilization in vitro. Biol Reprod 41:268-276.
52. Eppig JJ, Wigglesworth K (1994): Atypical maturation of oocytes in strain 1/LnJ mice. Hum Reprod 9:1136-1142.
53. Eppig JJ, Wigglesworth K (1995): Factors affecting the developmental competence of mouse oocytes grown in vitro: Oxygen concentration. Mol Reprod Dev 42:447-456.
54. Eppig JJ, Schroeder AC, van de Sandt JJM, Ziomek CA, Bavister BD (1990): Developmental capacity of mouse oocytes that grow and mature in culture: The effect of modification of the protocol. Theriogenology 33:89-100.
55. Eppig JJ, Schroeder AC, O'Brien MJ (1992a): Developmental capacity of mouse oocytes matured in vitro: Effects of gonadotropic stimulation, follicular origin, and oocyte size. J Reprod Fertil 95:119-127.
56. Eppig JJ, Wigglesworth K, O'Brien MJ (1992b): Comparison of embryonic developmental competence of mouse oocytes grown with and without serum. Mol Reprod Dev 32:33-40.
57. Eppig JJ, Peters AHFM, Telfer EE, Wigglesworth K (1993): Production of cumulus expansion enabling factor by mouse oocytes grown in vitro: Preliminary characterization of the factor. Mol Reprod Dev 34:450-456.
58. Eppig JJ, Schultz RM, O'Brien M, Chesnel F (1994): Relationship between the developmental programs controlling nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of mouse oocytes. Dev Biol 164:1-9.
59. Erickson BH (1966): Development and senescence of the postnatal bovine ovary. J Anim Sci 25:800-805.
60. Flach G, Johnson MH, Braude PR, Taylor RAS, Bolton VN (1982): The transition from maternal to embryonic control in the 2-cell mouse embryo. EMBO J 1:681-686.
61. Fujiwara T, Nakada K, Shirakawa H, Miyazaki S (1993): Development of inositol trisphosphate-induced calcium release mechanism during maturation of hamster oocytes. Dev Biol 156:69-79.
62. Furman A, Rotmensch S, Kohen F, Mashiach S, Amsterdam A (1986): Regulation of rat granulosa cell differentiation by extracellular matrix produced by bovine corneal endothelial cells. Endocrinology 118:1878-1885.
63. Glass LE (1961): Localization of autologous and heterologous serum antigens in the mouse ovary. Dev Biol 3:787-804.
64. Gosden RG (1990): Restitution of fertility in sterilized mice by transferring primordial ovarian follicles. Hum Reprod 5:499-504.
65. Gosden RG, Byatt-Smith JG (1986): Oxygen concentration gradient across the ovarian follicular epithelium: Model, predictions and implications. Hum Reprod 1:65-68.
66. Goto K, Kajihara Y, Kosaka S, Koba M, Nakanishi Y, Ogawa K (1988): Pregnancies after co-culture of cumulus cells with bovine embryos dervied from in vitro fertilization of in vitro matured follicular oocytes. J Reprod Fertil 83:753-758.
67. Granholm NH, Johnson PM (1978): Enhanced identification of lethal yellow (Ay/Ay) mouse embryos by means of delayed development of four-cell stages. J Exp Zool 205:327-333.
68. Gwatkin RBL, Haidri AA (1974): Oxygen requirements for the maturation of hamster oocytes. J Reprod Fertil 37:127-129.
69. Haghighat N, Van Winkle LJ (1990): Developmental change in follicular cell-enhanced amino acid uptake into mouse oocytes that depends on intact gap junctions and transport system Gly. J Exp Zool 253:71-82.
70. Haidri AA, Miller IM, Gwatkin RBL (1971): Culture of mouse oocytes in vitro, using a system without oil or protein. J Reprod Fertil 26:409-411.
71. Halpin DMG, Jones A, Fink G, Charlton HM (1986): Postnatal ovarian follicle development in hypogonadal (hpg) and normal mice and associated changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary ovarian axis. J Reprod Fertil 77:287-296.
72. Harrouk W, Clarke HJ (1995): Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase during the acquisition of meiotic competence by growing oocytes of the mouse. Mol Reprod Dev 41:29-36.
73. Hasler JF, Henderson WB, Hurtgen PJ, Jin ZQ, McCauley AD, Mower SA, Neely B, Shuey LS, Stokes JE, Trimmer SA (1995): Production, freezing and transfer of bovine IVF embryos and subsequent calving results. Theriogenology 43:141-152.
74. Heller DT, Schultz RM (1980): Ribonucleoside metabolism by mouse oocytes: Metabolic cooperativity between fully grown oocytes and cumulus cells. J Exp Zool 214:355-364.
75. Heller DT, Cahill DM, Schultz RM (1981): Biochemical studies of mamalian oogenesis: Metabolic cooperativity betwen granulosa cells and growing mouse oocytes. Dev Biol 84:455-464.
76. Herlands RL, Schultz RM (1984): Regulation of mouse oocyte growth: Probable nutritional role for intercellular communication between follicle cells and oocytes in oocyte growth. J Exp Zool 229:317-325.
77. Hirao Y, Miyano T, Kato S (1990): Fertilization of in vitro grown mouse oocytes. Theriogenology 34:1071-1077.
78. Hirao Y, Miyano T, Kato S (1993): Acquisition of maturational competence in in vitro grown mouse oocytes. J Exp Zool 267:543-547.
79. Hirao Y, Nagai T, Kubo M, Miyano T, Miyake M, Kato S (1994): In vitro growth and maturation of pig oocytes. J Reprod Fertil 100:333-339.
80. Hirshfield AN (1985): Comparison of granulosa cell proliferation in small follicles of hypophysectomized, prepubertal, and mature rats. Biol Reprod 32:979-987.
81. Ho Y, Wigglesworth K, Eppig JJ, Schultz RM (1995): Reimplantation development of mouse embryos in KSOM: Augmentation by amino acids and analysis of gene expression. Mol Reprod Dev 41:232-238.
82. Howe CC, Solter D (1979): Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein synthesis in preimplantation mouse embryos. J Embryol Exp Morphol 52: 209-225.
83. Huang EJ, Manova K, Packer AI, Sanchez S, Bachvarova R, Besmer P (1993): The murine steel panda mutation affects kit ligand expression and growth of early ovarian follicles. Dev Biol 157:100-109.
84. Huarte J, Belin D, Vassalli A, Strickland S, Vassalli J (1987): Meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes triggers the translation and polyadenylation of dormant tissue-type plasminogen activator mRNA. Genes Dev 1:1201-1211.
85. Hunter RHF, Cook B, Baker TG (1976): Dissociation of response to injected gonadotropin between the graafian follicle and oocyte in pigs. Nature 260:156-157.
86. Hyttel P, Farstad W, Mondain-Monval M, Lajord KB, Smith AJ (1990): Structural aspects of oocyte maturation in the blue fox (Alopex lagopus). Anat Embryol 181:325-331.
87. Johnson LD, Albertini DF, McGinnis LK, Biggers JD (1995): Chromatin organization, meiotic status and meiotic competence acquisition in mouse oocyte from cultured ovarian follicles. J Reprod Fertil 104: 277-284.
88. Kalab P, Kopf GS, Schultz RM (1991): Modifications of the mouse zona pellucida during oocyte maturation and egg activation: Effects of newborn calf serum and fetuin. Biol Reprod 45:783-787.
89. Kalab P, Schultz RM, Kopf GS (1993): Modifications of the mouse zona pellucida during oocyte maturation: Inhibitory effects of follicular fluid, fetuin, and α2HS-glycoprotein. Biol Reprod 49:561-567.
90. Kennelly JJ, Foote RH, Jones RC (1970): Duration of premeiotic deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and the stages of prophase I in rabbit oocytes. J Cell Biol 47:577-584.
91. Keskintepe L, Burnley CL, Brackett BG (1995): Production of viable bovine blastocysts in defined in vitro conditions. Biol Reprod 52: 1410-1417.
92. Latham KE, Garrels JI, Chang C, Solter D (1991): Quantitative analysis of protein synthesis in mouse embryos. I. Extensive reprogramming at the one- and two-cell stages. Development 112:921-932.
93. Legge M (1995): Oocyte and zygote zona pellucida permeability to macromolecules. J Exp Zool 271:145-150.
94. Li RH, Phillips DM, Mather JP (1995): Activin promotes ovarian follicle development in vitro. Endocrinology 136:849-856.
95. Mannaerts B, Uilenbroek J, Schot P, De Leeuw R (1994): Folliculogenesis in hypophysectomized rats after treatment with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone. Biol Reprod 51:72-81.
96. Manova K, Nocka K, Besmer P, Bachvarova RF (1990): Gonadal expression of c-kit encoded at the W locus of the mouse. Development 110: 1057-1069.
97. Manova K, Huang EJ, Angeles M, DeLeon V, Sanchez S, Pronovost SM, Besmer SM, Bachvarova RF (1993): The expression pattern of the c-kit ligand in gonads of mice supports a role for the c-kit receptor in oocyte growth and in proliferation of spermatogonia. Dev Biol 157:85-99.
98. Maresh GA, Timmons TM, Dunbar BS (1990): Effects of extracellular matrix on the expression of specific ovarian proteins. Biol Reprod 43:965-976.
99. Mattioli M, Bacci ML, Galeati G, Seren E (1989): Developmental competence of pig oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. Theriogenology 31:1201-1207.
100. Meduri G, Vuhai-Luuthi MT, Jolivet A, Milgrom E (1992): New functional zonation in the ovary as shown by immunohistochemistry of luteinizing hormone receptor. Endocrinology 131:366-373.
101. y) is associated with the disruption of a novel RNA-binding protein. Genes Dev 7:1203-1213.
102. Minato Y, Toyoda Y (1983): Development to normal young of mouse oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. Jpn J Zootechnol Sci 54: 387-391.
103. Moore PJ, Greenwald GS (1974): Effect of hypophysectomy and gonadotropin treatment on follicular development and ovulation in the hamster. Am J Anat 139:37-48.
104. Motlik J, Crozet N, Fulka J (1984): Meiotic competence in vitro of pig oocytes isolated from early antral follicles. J Reprod Fertil 72: 323-328.
105. Nayudu PL, Osborn SM (1992): Factors influencing the rate of preantral and antral growth of mouse ovarian follicles in vitro. J Reprod Fertil 95:349-362.
106. Packer AI, Hsu YC, Besmer P, Bachvarova RF (1994): The ligand of the c-kit receptor promotes oocyte growth. Dev Biol 161:194-205.
107. Palumbo A, Yen J (1994): In situ localization of apoptosis in the rat ovary during follicular atresia. Biol Reprod 51:888-895.
108. Patino R, Purkiss RT (1993): Inhibitory effects of n-alkanols on the hormonal induction of maturation in follicle-enclosed Xenopus oocytes: Implications for gap junctional transport of maturation-inducing steroid. Gen Comp Endocrinol 91:189-198.
109. Pavlok A, Lucas-Hahn A, Niemann H (1992): Fertilization and developmental competence of bovine oocytes derived from different categories of antral follicles. Mol Reprod Dev 31:63-67.
110. Peng XR, Hsueh AJW, Lapolt PS, Bjersing L, Ny T (1991): Localization of luteinizing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression on ovarian cell types during follicle development and ovulation. Endocrinology 129:3200-3207.
111. Peters H, Levy E, Crone M (1965): Oogenesis in rabbits. J Exp Zool 158:169-179.
112. Peters H, Byskov AG, Himelstein-Braw R, Faber M (1975): Follicular growth: The basic event in the mouse and human ovary. J Reprod Fertil 45:559-566.
113. Philpott CC, Ringuette MJ, Dean J (1987): Oocyte-specific expression and developmental regulation of ZP3, and sperm receptor of the mouse zona pellucida. Dev Biol 121:568-575.
114. Richards JS (1980): Maturation of ovarian follicles: Actions and interactions of pituitary and ovarian hormones on follicular cell differentiation. Physiol Rev 60:51-89.
115. Rodger JC (1994): Prefertilization gamete maturation events in marsupials. Reprod Fertil Dev 6:473-483.
116. Roy SK, Greenwald GS (1988): In vitro effects of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin on follicular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the hamster. Endocrinology 122:952-958.
117. Roy SK, Greenwald GS (1991a): In vitro effects of epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, fibroblast growth factor, and follicle-stimulating hormone on hamster follicular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and steroidogenesis. Biol Reprod 44:889-896.
118. Roy SK, Greenwald GS (1991b): Mediation of follicle-stimulating hormone action on follicular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by epidermal growth factor. Endocrinology 129:1903-1908.
119. Roy SK, Treacy BJ (1993): Isolation and long-term cultures of human preantral follicles. Fertil Steril 59:783-790.
120. Sandberg K, Bor M, Ji H, Markwick A, Millan MA, Catt KJ (1990): Angiotensin II-induced calcium mobilization in oocytes by signal transfer through gap junctions. Science 249:298-301.
121. Schramm RD, Tennier MT, Boatman DE, Bavister BD (1993): Chromatin configurations and meiotic competence of oocytes are related to follicular diameter in nonstimulated rhesus monkeys. Biol Reprod 48:349-356.
122. Schroeder AC, Eppig JJ (1984): The developmental capacity of mouse oocytes that matured spontaneously in vitro is normal. Dev Biol 102:493-497.
123. Schroeder AC, Eppig JJ (1989): Developmental capacity of mouse oocytes that undergo maturation in vitro: Effect of the hormonal state of the oocyte donor. Gamete Res 24:81-92.
124. Schroeder AC, Schultz RM, Kopf GS, Taylor FR, Becker RB, Eppig JJ (1990): Fetuin inhibits zona pellucida hardening and conversion of ZP2 to ZP2f during spontaneous mouse oocyte maturation in vitro in the absence of serum. Biol Reprod 43:891-897.
125. Schultz GA (1986): Utilization of genetic information in the preimplantation mouse embryo. In J Rossant, RA Pedersen (eds): "Experimental Approaches to Mammalian Embryonic Development." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 239-265.
126. Schultz RM, Wassarman PM (1977a): Biochemical studies of mammalian oogenesis: Protein synthesis during oocyte growth and meiotic maturation in the mouse. J Cell Sci 24:167-194.
127. Schultz RM, Wassarman PM (1977b): Specific changes in the pattern of protein synthesis during meiotic maturation of mammalian oocytes in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:538-541.
128. Schultz RM, Letourneau GE, Wassarman PM (1978): Meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro: Protein synthesis in nucleate and anucleate oocyte fragments. J Cell Sci 30:251-264.
129. Shimizu S, Tsuji M, Dean J (1983): In vitro biosynthesis of three sulfated glycoproteins of murine zonae pellucidae by oocytes grown in follicle culture. J Biol Chem 258:5858-5863.
130. Sirard MA, Parrish JJ, Ware CB, Leibfried-Rutledge ML, First NL (1988): The culture of bovine oocytes to obtain developmentally competent embryos. Biol Reprod 39:546-552.
131. Smith PE (1930): Hypophysectomy and a replacement therapy in the rat. Am J Anat 45:205-273.
132. Sorensen RA, Wassarman PM (1976): Relationship between growth and meiotic maturation of the mouse oocyte. Dev Biol 50:531-536.
133. Spears N, Boland NI, Murray AA, Gosden RG (1994): Mouse oocytes derived from in vitro grown primary ovarian follicles are fertile. Hum Reprod 9:527-532.
134. Sun FZ, Moor RM (1991): Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions during ovine oocyte maturation. Development 111:171-180.
135. Thibault CG (1972): Final stages of mammalian oocyte maturation. In JD Biggers, AW Schuetz (eds): "Oogenesis." Baltimore, MD: University Park Press, pp 397-411.
136. Tilly JL, Kowalski KI, Johnson AL, Hsueh AJW (1991): Involvement of apoptosis in ovarian follicular and atresia and postovulatory regression. Endocrinology 129:2799-2801.
137. Tilly JL, Billig H, Kowalski KI, Hsueh AJW (1992): Epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor suppress the spontaneous onset of apoptosis in cultured rat ovarian granulosa cells and follicles by a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism. Mol Endocrinol 6: 1942-1950.
138. Torrance C, Telfer E, Gosden RG (1989): Quantitative study of the development of isolated mouse pre-antral follicles in collagen gel culture, J Reprod Fertil 87:367-374.
139. Trounson A, Wood C, Kausche A (1994): In vitro maturation and the fertilization and developmental competence of oocytes recovered from untreated polycystic ovarian patients. Fertil Steril 62:353-362.
140. Tsutsui T (1989): Gamete physiology and timing of ovulation and fertilization in dogs. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 39:269-275.
141. Van Blerkom J, McGaughey RW (1978a): Molecular differentiation of the rabbit ovum. I. During oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro. Dev Biol 63:139-150.
142. Van Blerkom J, McGaughey RW (1978b): Molecular differentiation of the rabbit ovum. II. During the preimplantation development of in vivo and in vitro matured oocytes. Dev Biol 63:151-164.
143. van den Hoef MHF, Dictus WJAG, Bluemink JG (1984): The ultrastructural organization of gap junctions between follicle cells and the oocyte in Xenopus laevis. Eur J Cell Biol 33:242-247.
144. Van Winkle LJ (1988): Amino acid transport in developing animal oocytes and early conceptuses. Biochim Biophys Acta 947:173-208.
145. Vanderhyden BC, Armstrong DT (1989): Role of cumulus cells and serum on the in vitro maturation, fertilization, and subsequent development of rat oocytes. Biol Reprod 40:720-728.
146. Wallace RA (1983): Interactions between somatic cells and the growing oocyte of Xenopus laevis. In A McLaren, CC Wylie (eds): "Current Problems in Germ Cells." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 285-306.
147. Wallace RA, Misulovin Z (1978): Long-term growth and differentiation of Xenopus oocytes in a defined medium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:5534-5538.
148. Wandji S-A, Eppig JJ, Fortune JE (in press): FSH and growth factors affect the growth and endocrine function in vitro of granulosa cells of bovine preantral follicles. Theriogenology.
149. Wang X-N (1993): Hypophysectomy of the cyclic mouse. II. Effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone on folliculogenesis, FSH and human chorionic gonadotropin receptors, and steroidogenesis. Biol Reprod 48:595-605.
150. Wang X-N, Greenwald GS (1993): Hypophysectomy of the cyclic mouse. I. Effects on folliculogenesis, oocyte growth, and follicle-stimulating hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin receptors. Biol Reprod 48:585-594.
151. Wang X, Roy SK, Greenwald GS (1991): In vitro DNA synthesis by isolated preantral to preovulatory follicles from the cyclic mouse. Biol Reprod 44:857-863.
152. Whitten WK (1971): Nutrient requirements for culture of preimplantation embryos in vitro. Adv Biosci 6:129-139.
153. Wickramasinghe D, Ebert KM, Albertini DF (1991): Meiotic competence acquisition is associated with the appearance of M-phase characteristics in growing mouse oocytes. Dev Biol 143:162-172.
154. Wiesen JF, Midgley AR (1994): Expression of connexin 43 gap junction messenger ribonucleic acid and protein during follicular atresia. Biol Reprod 50:336-348.
155. Yoshida M, Mizoguchi Y, Ishigaki K, Kojima T, Nagai T (1993): Birth of piglets derived from in vitro fertilization of pig oocytes matured in vitro. Theriogenology 39:1303-1311.
156. Zamboni L (1974): Fine morphology of the follicle wall and follicle cell-oocyte association. Biol Reprod 10:125-149.