Glioma invasion in the central nervous system

Neurosurgery

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 235-252

  Giese, Alf ^a   Westphal, Manfred ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

Author keywords

ECM; Glioma; Invasion; Myelin

Indexed keywords

SCLEROPROTEIN;

CANCER INVASION; CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; GLIOMA; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; METASTASIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; GLIOMA; HUMANS; METALLOENDOPEPTIDASES; NEOPLASM CIRCULATING CELLS; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NERVE FIBERS, MYELINATED; RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN;

EID: 0029995767     PISSN: 0148396X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199608000-00001     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Alitalo K, Bornstein P, Vaheri A, Sage H: Biosynthesis of an unusual collagen typo by human astrocytoma cells in vitro. J Biol Chem 258:2653-2661, 1983.
2. Amberger VR, Paganetti PA, Seulberger H, Eidering JA, Schwab ME: Characterization of a membrane-bound metalloendoprotease of rat C6 glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res 54:4017-4025, 1994.
3. Apodaca G, Rutka JT, Bouhana K, Berens ME, Giblin JR, Rosenblum ML, McKerrow JH, Banda MJ: Expression of metalloproteinases and metalloproteinase inhibitors by fetal astrocytes and glioma cells. Cancer Res 50:2322-2329, 1990.
4. Arita N, Taneda M, Hayakawa T: Leptomeningeal dissemination of malignant gliomas: Incidence, diagnosis and outcome. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 126:84-92, 1994.
5. Arquint M, Roder J, Chia LS, Down J, Wilkinson D, Bayley H, Braun P, Dünn R: Molecular cloning and primary structure of the myelin associated glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 84:600-604, 1987.
6. Aruffo A, Stamenkovic I, Melnick M, Underhill CB, Seed B: CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate. Cell 61:1303-1313, 1990.
7. Aukhil I, Joshi P, Van Y, Erickson HP: Cell- and heparanbinding domains of the hexabrachion arm identified by tenascin expression proteins. J Biol Chem 268:2542-2553, 1993.
8. Baltuch GH, Couldwell WT, Villemure JG, Yong VVV: Protein kinase C inhibitors suppress cell growth in established and low-passage glioma cell lines: A comparison between staurosporine and tamoxifen. Neurosurgery 33:495-501, 1993.
9. Baltuch GH, Shenouda G, Langleben A, Villemure JG: Highdose tamoxifen in the treatment of recurrent high-grade glioma: A report of clinical stabilization and tumor regression. Can J Neurol Sei 20:168-170, 1993.
10. Bellon G, Caulet T, Cam Y, Pluot M, Poulin G, Pytlinska M, Bernard MH: Immunohistochemical localisation of macromolecules of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix of human gliomas and meningiomas. Acta Neuropathol (Bed) 66:245-252, 1985.
11. Berens ME, Rief MD, LooMA, Giese A: The role of extracellular matrix in human astrocytoma migration and proliferation studied in a microliter scale assay. Clin Exp Metastasis 12:405-415, 1994.
12. Berger MS, Baumeister B, Geyer JR, Milstein J, Kanev PM, LeRoux PD: The risks of métastases from shunting in children with primary central nervous system tumors. J Neurosurg 74:872-877, 1991.
13. Bernstein JJ, VVoodard CA: Glioblastoma cells do not intravasate into blood vessels. Neurosurgery 36:124-132, 1995.
14. Bernstein JJ, Getz R, Jefferson M, Kelemen M: Astrocytes secrete basal lamina after hemisection of rat spinal cord. Brain Res 327:135-141, 1985.
15. Bernstein JJ, Goldberg WJ, Laws ER Jr: Human malignant astrocytoma xenografts migrate in rat brain: A model for central nervous system cancer research. J Neurosci Res 22:134-143, 1989.
16. Bernstein JJ, Goldberg VVJ, Laws ER Jr: Migration of fresh human malignant astrocytoma cells into hydrated gel wafers in vitro. J Neurooncol 18:151-161, 1994.
17. Bernstein JJ, Goldberg WJ, Laws ER Jr, Conger D, Morreale V, Wood LR: C6 Glioma cell invasion and migration of rat brain after neural homografting: Ultrastructure. Neurosurgery 26: 622-628, 1990.
18. Bernstein JJ, Laws ER Jr, Wood L, Tadvalkar G, Goldberg WJ: C6 glioma-astrocytoma cell and fetal astrocyte migration into artificial basement membrane: A permissive substrate for neural tumors but not fetal astrocytes. Neurosurgery 28:652-658, 1991.
19. Bertolotto A, Magrassi ML, Orsi L, Sitia C, Schiffer D: Glycosaminoglycan changes in human gliomas: A biochemical study. J Neurooncol 4:43-18, 1986.
20. Bignami A, Dahl D: Brain-specific hyaluronate-binding protein: A product of white matter astrocytes? J Neurocylol 15:671-679, 1986.
21. Bignami A, Hosley M, Dahl D: Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid-binding proteins in brain extracellular matrix. Anat Embryol 188:419-433, 1993.
22. Bourdon MA, Ruoslahti E: Tenascin mediates cell attachment through an RGD-dependent receptor. J Cell Biol 108:1149-1155, 1989.
23. Burger PC, Kleihues P: Cytologie composition of the untreated glioblastoma \vith implications for evaluation of needle biopsies. Cancer 63:2014-2023, 1989.
24. Burger PC, Dubois PJ, Schold SC, Smith KR, Odom GL, Crafts DC, Giangaspero F: Computerized tomographic and pathologic studies of the untreated, quiescent, and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 58:159-169, 1983.
25. Burger PC, Heinz ER, Shibata T, Kleihues P: Topographic anatomy and CT correlations in the untreated glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 68:698-704, 1988.
26. Caroni P, Schwab ME: Oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin are nonpermissive substrates for neurite growth and fibroblast spreading in vitro. J Neurosci 8:2381-2393, 1988.
27. Caroni P, Schwab ME: Two membrane protein fractions from rat central myelin with inhibitory properties for neurite growth and fibroblast spreading. J Cell Biol 106:1281-1288, 1988.
28. Celio MR, Blumcke I: Perineuronal nets: A specialized form of extracellular matrix in the adult nervous system. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 19:128-145, 1994.
29. Chen CC: Protein kinase C alpha, delta, epsilon and zeta in C6 glioma cells: TPA induces translocation and down-regulation of conventional and new PKC isoforms but not atypical PKC zêta. FEBS Lett 332:169-173, 1993.
30. Chen Q, Kinch MS, Lin TH, Burridge K, Juliano RL: Integrinmediated cell adhesion activates mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Biol Chem 269:26602-26605, 1994.
31. Chicoine MR, Silbergeld D: Assessment of brain tumor cell motility in vivo and in vitro. J Neurosurg 82:615-622, 1995.
32. Chun JJ, Shatz CJ: A fibronectin-like molecule is present in the developing cat cerebral cortex and is correlated with subplate neurons. J Cell Biol 106:857-872, 1988.
33. Clark EA, Brugge JS: Integrins and signal transduction pathways: The road taken. Science 268:233-239, 1995.
34. Cole KA, Kohn EC: Calcium mediated signal transduction: Biology, biochemistry, and therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 13:33-41, 1994.
35. Couldwell WT, Uhm JH, Antel JP, Yong VVV: Enhanced protein kinase C activity correlates with the growth rate of malignant gliomas in vitro. Neurosurgcry 29:880-887, 1991.
36. Crutcher KA: Tissue sections from the mature rat brain and spinal cord as substrates for neurite outgrowth in vitro: Extensive growth on gray matter but little growth on white matter. Exp Neurol 104:39-54, 19S9.
37. De Clerck YA, Shimada H, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Raffel C: Tumor invasion in the central nervous system. J Neurooncol 18:111-121, 1994.
38. Dedhar S, Saulnier R: Alterations in integrin receptor expression on chemically transformed human cells: Specific enhancement of laminin and collagen receptor complexes. J Cell Biol 110:481-489, 1990.
39. Delpech B, Maingonnat C, Girard N, Chauzy C, Maunoury R, Olivier A, Tayot J, Creissard P: Hyaluronan and hyaluronectin in the extracellular matrix of human brain tumor stroma. Eur J Cancer 29A[Suppl]:1012-1017, 1993.
40. Dow KE, Riopelle RJ, Kisilevsky R: Domains of neuronal heparan sulphate proteoglycans involved in neurite growth on laminin. Cell Tissue Res 265:345-351, 1991.
41. Ennis BW, Matrisian LM: Matrix degrading metalloproteinases. J Neurooncol 18:105-109, 1994.
42. Erlich SS, Davis RL: Spinal subarachnoid metastasis from primary intracranial glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer 42:2854-2864, 1978.
43. Faassen AE, Schräger JA, Klein DJ, Oegema TR, Couchman JR, McCarthy JB: A cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, immunologically related to CD44, is involved in Type I collagen-mediated melanoma cell motility and invasion. J Cell Biol 116:521-531, 1992.
44. Forsberg E, Ek B, Engström A, Johansson S: Purification and characterization of integrin a9/31. Exp Cell Res 213:183-190, 1994.
45. Gallo V, Bertolotto A, Levi G: The proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate is present in a subpopulation of cultured astrocytes and their precursors. Dev Biol 123:282-285, 1987.
46. Caspar LE, Fisher BJ, MacDonald DR, Leber DV, Halperin EC, Schold SC, Cairncross JG: Supratentorial malignant glioma: Patterns of recurrence and implications for external beam local treatment. Int J Radial Oncol Biol Phys 24:55-57, 1992.
47. Giese A, Kluwe L, Laube B, Meissner H, Berens ME, Westphal M: Migration of human glioma cells on myelin. Neurosurgery 38:755-764, 1996.
48. 47a. Giese A, Loo MA, Norman SA, Treasurywala S, Berens ME: Contrasting migratory effects of tenascin mediated by different integrins. J Cell Sei (in press).
49. Giese A, Loo MA, Rief MD, Tran N, Berens ME: Substrates for astrocytoma invasion. Neurosurgery 37:294-302, 1995.
50. Giese A, Loo MA, Tran N, Coons SW, Berens ME: Dichotomy between astrocytoma migration and proliferation. Int J Cancer (in press).
51. Giese A, Rief MD, Loo MA, Berens ME: Determinants of human astrocytoma migration. Cancer Res 54:3897-3904, 1994.
52. Giese A, Rief MD, Tran NL, Berens ME: Specific attachment and migration of human astrocytoma cells on human but not murine laminin. Glia 13:64-74, 1995.
53. Gladson CL, Cheresh DA: Glioblastoma expression of vitronectin and the av/33 integrin. J Clin Invest 88:1924-1932, 1991.
54. Goldberg VVJ, Levine KV, Tadvalkar G, Laws ER Jr, Bernstein JJ: Mechanisms of C6 glioma cell and fetal astrocyte migration into hydrated Collagen I gels. Brain Res 581:81-90, 1992.
55. Gross JL, Behrens DL, Mullins DE, Kornblith PL, Dexter DL: Plasminogen activator and inhibitor activity in human glioma cells and modulation by sodium butyrate. Cancer Res 48:291-296, 1988.
56. Grumet M, Flaccus A, Margolis RU: Functional characterization of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the brain: Interactions with neurons and neural cell adhesion molecules. J Cell Biol 120:815-824, 1993.
57. Grumet M, Milev P, Sakurai T, Karthikeyan L, Bourdon M, Margolis RK, Margolis RU: Interactions with tenascin and differential effects on cell adhesion of neurocan and phophocan, two major chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of nervous tissue. J Biol Chem 269:12142-12146, 1994.
58. Guan JL, Shalloway D: Regulation of focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase by both cellular adhesion and oncogenic transformation. Nature 358:690-692, 1992.
59. Gunthert U, Hofmann M, Rudy W, Reber S, Zoller M, Haussmann I, Matzku S, Wenzel A, Ponta H, Herrlich P: A new variant of glycoprotein CD44 confers metastatic potential to rat carcinoma cells. Cell 65:13-24, 1991.
60. Gusovsky F, Lueders JE, Kohn EC, Leider CC: Muscarinic receptormediated tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cy. An alternative mechanism for cholinergic induced phosphoinoside breakdown. J Biol Chem 268:7768-7772, 1993.
61. Guthrie BL, Laws ER Jr: Supratentorial low-grade gliomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1:37-48, 1990.
62. Halaka AN, Bunning RAN, Bird CC, Gibson M, Reynolds J: Production of collagenase and inhibitor (TIMP) by intracranial tumors and dura in vitro. J Neurosurg 59:461-466, 1983.
63. Hall CL, Wang C, Lange LA, Turley EA: Hyaluronan and the hyaluronan receptor RHAMM promote focal adhesion turnover and transient tyrosine kiriase activity. J Cell Biol 126:575-588, 1994.
64. Halperin EC, Burger PC, Bullard DE: The fallacy of the localized Supratentorial malignant glioma. Int J Radiât Oncol Biol Phys 15:505-509, 1988.
65. Hanks SK, Calalb MB, Harper MC, Patel SK: Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase phosphorylated in response to cell attachment to fibronectin. Froc NatI Acad Sei U S A 89:8487-8491, 1992.
66. Harsh GR IV, Wilson CB: Neuroepithelial tumors of the adult brain, in Youmans JR (ed): Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1990, vol 5, ed 3, pp 3040-3136.
67. Higuchi M, Ohnishi T, Arita N, Hiraga S, Hayakawa T: Expression of tenascin in human gliomas: Its relation to histological malignancy, tumor dedifferentiation and angiogenesis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 85:481-487, 1993.
68. Higuchi M, Ohnishi T, Arita N, Hiraga S, Iwasaki H, Mori S, Hayakawa T: Immunohistochemical localization of fibronectin, laminin and fibronectin-receptor in human malignant gliomas in relation to tumor invasion. No To Shinkei 43:17-23, 1991.
69. Hirst R, Horwitz R, Buck C, Rohrschneider L: Phosphorylation of the fibronectin receptor complex in cells transformed by oncogenes that encode tyrosine kinases. Proc NatI Acad Sei USA 83:6470-6474, 1986.
70. Hopewell JW: The subependymal plate and the genesis of gliomas. J Pathol 117:101-103, 1975.
71. Horan HP, Thor A, Scholm J, Rao CM, Liotta LA: Expression of laminin receptor in normal and carcinomatous human tissues as defined by a monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res 45:2713-2719, 1985.
72. Hoshino T, Prados M, Wilson CB, Cho KG, Lee KS, Davis RL: Prognostic implications of the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index of human gliomas. J Neurosurg 71:335-341, 1989.
73. Hynes RO: Integrins: A family of cell surface receptors. Cell 48:549-554, 1987.
74. Hynes RO: Integrins: Versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 69:11-25, 1992.
75. Ingber DE, Prusty D, Frangioni JV, Cragoe EJ Jr, Lechene C, Schu'artz MA: Control of intracellular pH and growth by fibronectin in capillary endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 110:1803-1811, 1990.
76. Jaconi ME, Théier JM, Schlegel W, Appel RD, Wright SD, Lew PD: Multiple elevations of cytosolic-free Ca2"1" in human neutrophils: Initiation by adherence receptors of the integrin family. J Cell Biol 112:1249-1257, 1991.
77. Janik P, Szaniawska B, Miloszewska J, Pietruszewska E, Kowalczyk D: The role of protein kinase C in migration of rat glioma cells from spheroid cultures. Cancer Lett 63:167-170, 1992.
78. Johnson PVV, Abramow-Newerly W, Seilheimer B, Sadoul R, Tropak MB, Arquint M, Dünn RJ, Schachner M, Roder JC: Recombinant myelin-associated glycoprotein confers neural adhesion and neurite outgrowth function. Neuron 3:377-385, 1989.
79. Kaplony A, Zimmermann DR, Fischer RVV, Imhof BA, Odermatt BF, Winterhalter KH, Vaughan L: Tenascin M, 220,000 isoform expression correlates with corneal cell migration. Development 112:605-614, 1991.
80. Kelly PJ, Daumas-Duport C, Kispert DB, Kali BA, Scheithauer BW, Illig JJ: Imaging-based slereotaxic serial biopsies in untreated intracranial glial neoplasms. J Neurosurg 66:865-874, 1987.
81. Kirsch B, Leonhard H, Oksche A: Compartments and perivascular arrangement of the méninges covering the cerebral cortex of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 238:459-474, 1984.
82. Klemke RL, Yebra M, Bayna EM, Cheresh DA: Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling required for integrin av/J5-directed cell motility but not adhesion on vitronectin. J Cell Biol 127:859-866, 1994.
83. Kohn EC, Liotta LA: L651582, a novel antiproliferative and antimetastasis agent. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:54-60, 1990.
84. Kohn EC, Liotta LA: Molecular insights into cancer invasion: Strategies for prevention and intervention. Cancer Res 55:1856-1862, 1995.
85. Kohn EC, Felder CC, Jacobs W, Holmes KA, Day A, Freer R, Liotta LA: Structure-function analysis of signal and growth inhibition by carboxyamidotriazole, CAI. Cancer Res 54:935-942, 1994.
86. Kohn EC, Sandeen MA, Liotta LA: In vivo efficacy of a novel inhibitor of selected signal transduction pathways including calcium, arachidonate, and inositol phosphates. Cancer Res 52:3208-3212, 1992.
87. Kruse J, Mailhammer R, Wernecke H, Faissner A, Sommer I, Goridis C, Schachner M: Neural cell adhesion molecules and myelin-associated glycoprotein share a common carbohydrate moiety recognized by monoclonal antibodies L2 and HNK-1. Nature 311:153-155, 1984.
88. Kuppner MC, Van Meir E, Gauthier T, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N: Differential expression of the CD44 molecule in human brain tumors. Int J Cancer 50:572-577, 1992.
89. Lafont F, Rouget M, Triller A, Prochiantz A, Roussolet A: In vitro control of neuronal polarity by glycosaminoglycans. Development 114:17-29, 1992.
90. Lark MW, Laterra J, Gulp LA: Close and focal contact adhesions of fibroblasts to a fibronectin-containing matrix. Fed Proc 44: 394-403, 1985.
91. Lemke G: Unwrapping the genes of myelin. Neuron 1:535-543, 1988.
92. Li H, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N, Jaufeerally R, Hofmann M, Diserens AC, Van Meir EG: Variant CD44 adhesion molecules are expressed in human brain métastases but not in glioblastomas. Cancer Res 53:5345-5349, 1993.
93. Liesi P: Do neurons in the vertebrate CNS migrate on laminin? EMBO J 4:1163-1170, 1985.
94. Liesi P, Dahl D, Vaheri A: Laminin is produced by early rat astrocytes in primary culture. J Cell Biol 96:920-924, 1983.
95. Linington C, Webb M, Woodhams PL: A novel myelinassociated glycoprotein defined by a mouse monoclonal antibody. J Neuroimmunol 6:387-396, 1984.
96. Liotta LA: Tumor invasion and métastases: Role of the extracellular matrix: Rhoads Memorial Award lecture. Cancer Res 46:1-7, 1986.
97. Luna EJ, Hitt AL: Cytoskeleton-plasma membrane interactions. Science 258:955-964, 1992.
98. Lund-Johansen M, Rucklidge GJ, Milne G, Bjerkvig R: A metalloproteinase, capable of destroying cultured brain tissue isolated from rat glioma cells. Anticancer Res 11:1001-1006, 1991.
99. Malek-Hedayat S, Rome LH: Expression of multiple integrins and extracellular matrix components by C6 glioma cells. J Neurosci Res 31:470-478, 1992.
100. Margolis RK, Margolis RU: Nervous tissue proteoglycans. Experientia (Basel) 49:429-146, 1993.
101. Matsukado Y, MacCarty CS, Kernohan JW: The growth of glioblastoma multiforme in neurosurgical practice. J Neurosurg 18:636-644, 1961.
102. Maxwell HP: The incidence of interhemispheric extension of glioblastoma multiforme through the corpus callosum. Neurosurgery 3:54-57, 1946.
103. McComb RD, Moul JM, Bigner DD: Distribution of Type VI collagen in human gliomas: Comparison with fibronectin and glioma-mesenchymal matrix glycoprotein. J Ncuropathol Exp Neurol 46:623-633, 1987.
104. McKeever PE, Fligiel SEG, Varani J, Castle LR, Hood TVV: Products of cells cultured from gliomas: VII-Extracellular matrix proteins of gliomas which contain glial fibrillary acidic protein. Lab Invest 60:286-295, 1989.
105. McKeever PE, Fligiel SEG, Varani J, Hudson JL, Smith D, Castle LR, McCoy JP: Products of cells cultured from gliomas: IVExtracellular matrix proteins of gliomas. Int J Cancer 37:867-874, 1986.
106. Merzak A, Koocheckpour S, Pilkington GJ: CD44 mediates human glioma cell adhesion and invasion in vitro. Cancer Res 54:3988-3992, 1994.
107. Merzak A, McCrea S, Koocheckpour S, Pilkington GJ: Control of human glioma cell growth, migration and invasion in vitro by transforming growth factor beta 1. Br J Cancer 70:199-203, 1994.
108. Mohanam S, Sawaya R, McCutcheon I, Ali-Osman F, Boyd D, Rao JS: Modulation of in vitro invasion of human glioblastoma cells by urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor antibody. Cancer Res 53:4143-4147, 1993.
109. Mucke L, Rockenstein EM: Prolonged delivery of transgene products to specific brain regions by migratory astrocyte grafts. Transgene 1:3-9, 1993.
110. Nagano N, Sasaki H, Aoyagi M, Hirakawa K: Invasion of experimental rat brain tumor: Early morphological changes following microinjection of C6 glioma cells. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 86:117-125, 1993.
111. Nakano A, Tani E, Miyazaki K, Furuyama ], Matsumoto T: Expression of matrilysin and stromelysin in human glioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 192:999-1003, 1993.
112. Nicholson C, Rice ME: The migration of substances in the neuronal microenvironment. Ann N Y Acad Sei 481:55-71,1986.
113. Oohira A, Matsui F, Katoh-Semba R: Inhibitory effects of brain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans on neurite outgrowth from PC 12D cells. J Neurosci 11:822-827, 1991.
114. Paganetti PA, Caroni P, Schwab ME: Glioblastoma infiltration into central nervous system tissue in vitro: Involvement of a metalloprotease. J Cell Biol 107:2281-2291, 1988.
115. Pasquier B, Pasquier D, N'Golet A, Panh MH, Couderc P: Extraneural métastases of astrocytomas and glioblastomas: Clinicopathological study of two cases and review of literature. Cancer 45:112-125, 1980.
116. Paulus W, Pfeiffer J: Intratumoral histologie heterogeneity of gliomas. Cancer 64:442-447, 1989.
117. Paulus W, Tonn JC: Basement membrane invasion of glioma cells mediated by integrin receptors. J Neurosurg 80:515-519, 1994.
118. Paulus W, Baur I, Schuppan D, Roggendorf W: Characterization of integrin receptors in normal and neoplastic human brain. Am J Pathol 143:154-163, 1993.
119. Paulus W, Huettner C, Tonn JC: Collagens, integrins and the mesenchymal drift in glioblastoma: A comparison of biopsy specimens, spheroid and early monolayer culture. Int J Cancer 58:841-846, 1994.
120. Paulus W, Roggendorf W, Schuppan D: Immunohistochemical investigation of collagen subtypes in human glioblastomas. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anal Histol 413:325-332, 1988.
121. Pedersen PH, Marienhagen K, Mork S, Bjerkvig R: Migratory pattern of fetal rat brain cells and human glioma cells in the adult rat brain. Cancer Res 53:5158-5165, 1993.
122. Pedersen PH, Rucklidge GL, Mork SJ, Jorge A, Terzis A, Engebraaten O, Lund-Johansen M, Backlund EO, Laerum OD, Bjerkvig R: Leptomeningeal tissue: A barrier against brain tumor cell invasion. J NatI Cancer Inst 86:1593-1599, 1994.
123. Perris R, Johansson S: Inhibition of neural crest cell migration by aggregating chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans is mediated by their hyaluron-binding region. Dev Biol 137:1-12, 1990.
124. Perris R, Krotoski D, Lallier T, Domingo C, Sorrell JM, BronnerFraser M: Spatial and temporal changes in the distribution of proteoglycans during avian neural crest development. Development 111:583-599, 1991.
125. Pilkington GJ, Akinwunmi J, Ognjenovic N, Rogers JP: Differential binding of anti-CD44 on human gliomas in vitro. Neuroreport 4:259-262, 1993.
126. Pollack IF, Randall MS, Kristofik MP, Kelly RH, Selker RG, Vertosick FT: Effect of tamoxifen on DNA synthesis and proliferation of human malignant glioma lines in vitro. Cancer Res 50:7134-7138, 1990.
127. Poltorak M, Sadoul R, Keilhauer G, Landa C, Fahrig T, Schachner M: Myelin-associated glycoprotein, a member of the L2/HNK-1 family of neural cell adhesion molecules, is involved in neuron-oligodendrocyte and oligodendrocyte-oligodendrocyte interaction. J Cell Biol 105:1893-1899, 1987.
128. Radotra B, McCormick D, Crockard AC: D44 plays a role in adhesive interactions between glioma cells and extracellular matrix components. Neuropathol AppI Neurobiol 20:399-405, 1994.
129. Rao JS, Steck PA, Tofilon P, Boyd D, Ali-Osman F, StetlerStevenson VVG, Liotta LA, Sawaya R: Role of plasminogen activator and of 92-kDa Type IV collagenase in glioblastoma invasion using an in vitro matrigel model. J Neurooncol 18: 129-138, 1994.
130. Reber S, Matzku S, Gunthert U, Ponta H, Herrlich P, Zoller M: Retardation of metastatic tumour growth after immunization with metastasis-specific monoclonal antibodies. Int J Cancer 46:919-927, 1990.
131. Rempel SA, Rosenblum ML, Mikkelsen T, Yan PS, Ellis KD, Golembieski WA, Sameni M, Rozhin J, Ziegler G, Sloane BF: Cathepsin B expression and localization in glioma progression and invasion. Cancer Res 54:6027-6031, 1994.
132. Reynolds BA, VVeiss S: Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science 255:1707-1709, 1992.
133. Romanic AM, Madri JA: Extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases in the nervous system. Brain Pathol 4:145-156, 1994.
134. Rubinstein LJ: Invasion of the subarachnoid space, and of the Virchow Robin space, is a common feature in all astrocytomas irrespective of their type of malignancy, in: Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Washington, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Series 2, Fascicle 6, 1970.
135. Rucklidge GJ, Dean V, Robins SP, Mella O, Bjerkvig R: Immunolocalization of extracellular matrix proteins during brain tumor invasion in BD IX rats. Cancer Res 49:5419-5423, 1989.
136. Rucklidge GJ, Lund-Johansen M, Milne G, Bjerkvig R: Isolation and characterization of a metalloproteinase secreted by rat glioma cells in serum-free culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 172:544-550, 1990.
137. Ruoslahti E, Yamaguchi Y: Proteoglycans as modulators of growth factor activities. Cell 64:867-869, 1991.
138. Rüssel DS, Rubinstein LJ: Pathology of Tumors of the Nervous System. London, E. Arnold Ltd., 1989, ed 5, pp 421-448.
139. Rutka JT, Apodaca G, Stern R, Rosenblum M: The extracellular matrix of the central and peripheral nervous systems: Structure and function. J Neurosurg 69:155-170, 1988.
140. Rutka JT, Giblin JR, Apodaca G, DeArmond SJ, Stern R, Rosenblum ML: Inhibition of growth and induction of differentiation in a malignant human glioma cell line by normal leptomeningeal extracellular matrix proteins. Cancer Res 47:3515-3522, 1987.
141. Rutka JT, Myatt CA, Giblin JR, Davis RL, Rosenblum ML: Distribution of extracellular matrix proteins in primary human brain tumors: An immunohistochemical analysis. Can J Neurol Sei 14:25-30, 1987.
142. Sadoul R, Fahrig T, Bartsch U, Schachner M: Binding properties of liposomes containing the myelin associated glycoprotein MAG to neural cell cultures. J Neurosci 25:1-13, 1990.
143. Sawaya R, Rämö OJ, Shi ML, Mandybur G: Biological significance of tissue plasminogen activator content in brain tumors. J Neurosurg 74:480-186, 1991.
144. Scherer HJ: Structural development in gliomas. Am J Cancer 34:333-351, 1938.
145. Scherer HJ: Critical review: Pathology of cerebral gliomas. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 3:147-177, 1940.
146. Scherer HJ: The forms of growth in gliomas and their practical significance. Brain 63:1-35, 1940.
147. 1, independent of cell shape. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 88:7849-7853, 1991.
148. Schwartz MS, Morris J, Sarid J: Overexpression of oncogene products can cause tumor progression without parenchymal infiltration in the rat brain. Cancer Res 51:3595-3601, 1991.
149. Sherman L, Sleeman J, Herrlich P, Ponta H: Hyaluronate receptors: Key players in growth, differentiation, migration and tumor progression. Curr Opin Cell Biol 6:726-733, 1994.
150. Silbergeld DL, Madsen CL, Chicoine MR: Isolation of human malignant glioma cells from histologically normal brain. Presented at the CNS Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 1995 (abstr).
151. Small RK: Glial cell lineages in development and disease, in Asburry AK, McKhann GM, McDonald VVI (eds): Diseases of Hie Nervous System: Clinical Ncttrobiology. Philadelphia, VV.B. Saunders Co., 1992, vol 1, pp 72-86.
152. Smith GM, Miller RH: Immature Type 1 astrocytes suppress glial scar formation, are motile and interact with blood vessels. Brain Res 543:111-122, 1991.
153. Snow DM, Lemmon V, Carrino DA, Caplan AI, Silver J: Sulfated proteoglycans in astroglial barriers inhibit neurite outgrowth in vitro. Exp Neurol 109:111-130, 1990.
154. Snow DM, Steindler DA, Silver J: Molecular and cellular characterization of the glial roof plate of the spinal cord and optic tectum: A possible role for a proteoglycan in the development of an axon barrier. Dev Biol 138:359-376, 1990.
155. Sriramarao P, Mendier M, Bourdon MA: Endothelial cell attachment and spreading on human tenascin is mediated by 2i and av3 integrins. J Cell Sei 105:1001-1012, 1993.
156. Tanaguchi T, Kitagawea H, Yasue S: Protein tyrosine kinase p72syk is activated by thrombin and is negatively regulated through Ca2+ regulation in platelets. J Biol Chem 268:2277-2279, 1993.
157. Thomas L, Byers HR, Vink J, Stamenkovic I: CD44 regulates tumor cell migration on hyaluronate-coated substrate. J Cell Biol 118:971-977, 1992.
158. Trapp BD, Andrews SB, VVong A, O'Connell M, Griffin JVV: Colocalization of the myelin-associated glycoprotein and the microfilament components, F-actin and spectrin, in Schwann cells of myelinated nerve fibers. J Neurocytol 18:47-60, 1989.
159. Turley EA, Austen L, Moore D, Hoare K: Ras-transformed cells express both CD44 and RHAMM hyaluronan receptors: Only RHAMM is essential for hyaluronan-promoted locomotion. Exp Cell Res 207:277-282, 1993.
160. Vaughan L, Zisch AH, Weber P, D'Allesandri L, Ferber P, David G, Zimmermann DR, VVinterhalter KH: Cellular receptors for tenascin. Contrib Nephrol 107:80-84, 1994.
161. Venstrom KA, Reichardt LF: Extracellular matrix 2: Role of extracellular matrix molecules and their receptors in the nervous system. FASEB J 7:996-1003, 1993.
162. Vertosick FT, Selker RG, Pollack IF, Arena V: The treatment of intracranial malignant gliomas using orally administered tamoxifen therapy: Preliminary results in a series of "failed" patients. Neurosurgery 30:897-903, 1992.
163. Vick NA, Lin M-J, Bigner DD: The role of the subependymal plate in glial tumorgenesis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 40:63-71, 1977.
164. Voris HC: Tumors of the frontal lobe of the brain: Anatomic, pathologic and clinical analysis. Proc Mayo Clin 9:396-399, 1934.
165. Westphal M, Hansel M, Nausch H, Rohde E, Herrmann H-D: Culture of human brain tumors on an extracellular matrix derived from bovine corneal endothelial cells and cultured human glioma cells, in Pollard J\V, Walker JM (eds): Methods in Molecular Biology: Animal Cell Culture. Clifton, Humana Press, 1990, vol 5, pp 113-131.
166. Westphal M, Nausch H, Zirkel D: Cell culture of human matrices: Methodology and biological applications, in Jones GE (ed): Methods in Molecular Biology: Human Cell Culture Protocols. Totowa, Humana Press, 1996 (in press).
167. Wood P, Bunge RP: The biology of the oligodendrocyte, in Norton WT (ed): Oligodendroglia. New York, Plenum Press, 1984, pp 1-46.
168. Yamada M, Shimizu K, Miyao Y, Hayakawa T, Nakajima K, Nakahira K, Nakagawa H, Mikoshiba K, Ikenaka K: Migration of genetically labeled glioma cells after implantation into murine brain. J Neurosci Res 38:415-423, 1994.
169. Yamamoto M, Sawaya R, Mohanam S, Rao VH, Bruner JM, Nicolson GL, Rao JS: Expression and localization of urokinasetype plasminogen activator receptor in human gliomas. Cancer Res 54:5016-5020, 1994.
170. Yayon A, Klagsbrun M, Esko JD, Leder P, Orbitz DM: Cell surface, heparan-like molecules are required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its high-affinity receptor. Cell 64:841-848, 1991.
171. Yokosaki Y, Palmer EL, Prieto AL, Crossin KL, Bourdon MA, Pytela R, Sheppard D: The integrin o9/31 mediates cell attachment to a non-RGD site in the third fibronectin Type III repeat of tenascin. J Biol Chem 269:26691-26696, 1994.
172. Zagzag D, Friedlander DR, Miller DC, Dosik J, Cangiarella J, Kostianovsky M, Cohen H, Grumet M, Greco MA: Tenascin expression in astrocytomas correlates with angiogenesis. Cancer Res 55:907-914, 1995.
173. Zhang ET, Inman CB, Weller RO: Interrelationships of the pia mater and the perivascular spaces in the human cerebrum. J Anal 170:111-123, 1990.
174. Zhou FC: Four patterns of laminin-immunoreactive structure in developing rat brain. Dev Brain Res 55:191-201, 1990.
175. Zisch AH, D'Alessandri L, Ranscht B, Falchetto R, Winterhalter KH, Vaughan L: Neuronal cell adhesion molecule contactin/ Fll binds to tenascin via its immunoglobulin-like domains. J Cell Biol 119:203-213, 1992.