The centrosome in animal cells and its functional homologs in plant and yeast cells

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 169, Issue , 1996, Pages 25-82

  Balczon, Ron ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cell cycle; Centriole; Centrosome; Microtubule cytoskeleton; Microtubules; Mitotic apparatus; Pericentriolar material; Spindle pole body

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL CELL; CELL CYCLE; CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE; CENTROSOME; EUKARYOTE; HIGHER PLANT; HYPOPHYSIS INTERMEDIATE LOBE; MAMMAL CELL; MICROTUBULE; MITOSIS; MITOSIS SPINDLE; NONHUMAN; PLANT CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; REVIEW; TELEOST;

ANIMALIA; EMBRYOPHYTA; EUKARYOTA; MAMMALIA; TELEOSTEI;

EID: 0029995710     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61984-1     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. Achler, C., Filmer, D., Merte, C., and Dreckhahn, D. (1989). Role of microtubules in polarized delivery of apical membrane proteins to the brush border of the intestinal epithelium. J. Cell Biol. 109, 179-189.
2. Adams, A. E. M., and Pringle, J. R. (1984). Relationship of actin and tubulin distribution to bud growth in wild-type and morphogenetic mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 98, 934-945.
3. Albrecht-Buehler, G. (1992). Function and formation of centrioles and basal bodies. In "The Centrosome" (V. I. Kalnins, ed.), pp. 70-102. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
4. Alfa, C. E., Ducommun, B., Beach, D., and Hyams, J. S. (1990). Distinct nuclear and spindle pole body populations of cyclin/cdc2 in fission yeast. Nature (London) 347, 680-682.
5. Baas, P. W., and Joshi, H. C. (1992). Gamma tubulin distribution in the neuron: Implications for the origin of neuritic microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 119,171-178.
6. Bacallao, R., Antony, C., Dotti, C., Karsenti, E., Stelzer, E. H. K., and Simons, K. (1989). The subcellular organization of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells during the formation of a polarized epithelium. J. Cell Biol. 109, 2817-2832.
7. cdc2 is located in both nucleus and cytoplasm-part is centrosomally associated at Ga/M and enters vesicles at anaphase. EMBO J. 8, 3985-3995.
8. Bajer, A. S., and Molé-Bajer, J. (1986). Reorganization of microtubules in endosperm cells and cell fragments of the higher plant Haemanthus in vivo. J. Cell Biol. 102, 263-286.
9. Balczon, R. (1993). Autoantibodies as probes in cell and molecular biology. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 204, 138-154.
10. Balczon, R., and Schatten, G. (1983). Microtubule-containing detergent-extracted cytoskeletons in sea urchin eggs from fertilization through cell division-antitubulin immunofluorescence microscopy. Cell Motil 3, 213-226.
11. Balczon, R., and West, K. (1991). The identification of mammalian centrosomal antigens using human autoimmune anticentrosome antisera. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 20, 121-135.
12. Balczon, R., Bao, L., and Zimmer, W. E. (1994). PCM-1, a 228 kDa centrosome autoantigen with a distinct cell cycle distribution. J. Cell Biol. 124, 783-793.
13. Balczon, R., Bao, L., Zimmer, W. E., Brown, K., Zinkowski, R. P., and Brinkley, B. R. (1995). Dissociation of centrosome replication events from DNA synthesis and mitotic division in hydroxyurea-arrested Chinese hamster ovary cells. J. Cell Biol. 130, 105-115.
14. 2 cells. J. Cell Biol. 107, 2669-2678.
15. Baron, A. T., and Salisbury, J. L. (1992). Role of centrin in spindle pole dynamics. In "The Centrosome" (V. I. Kalnins, ed.), pp. 167-195. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
16. 2 cells exhibits temperature and calcium-modulated behavior. J. Cell Sei. 107,2993-3003.
17. 2+ binding proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 83, 5512-5516.
18. Baum, P. C., Yin, C, Goetsch, L., and Byers, B. (1988). A yeast gene essential for regulation of spindle pole duplication. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 5386-5397.
19. Bestor. T. H., and Schatten, G. (1981). Anti-tubulin immunofluorescence microscopy of microtubules present during the pronuclear movements of sea urchin fertilization. Dev. Biol. 88, 80-91.
20. Bestor, T. H., and Schatten, G. (1982). Configurations of microtubules in artificially activated eggs of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Exp. Cell Res. 141, 71-78.
21. Bhattacharya, D., Steinkötter, J., and Melkonian, M. (1993). Molecular cloning and evolutionary analysis of the calcium-modulated contractile protein, centrin, in green algae and land plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 23, 1243-1254.
22. Biggins, S., and Rose, M. (1994). Direct interactions between yeast spindle body components: Karlp is required for CdcSlp localization to the spindle pole body./. Cell Biol. 125,843-852.
23. Blackburn, G. R., Barreau, M. D., and Dewey, W. C. (1978). Partial purification of centrosomes from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Exp. Cell Res. 113, 183-187.
24. cdc2 regulates spindle association of human Eg5, a kinesin-related motor essential for bipolar spindle formation in vivo. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 83, 1159-1169.
25. Bornens, M. (1992). Structure and functions of isolated centrosomes. In "The Centrosome" (V. I. Kalnins, ed.), pp. 1-43. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
26. Bornens, M., Paintrand, M., Berges, J., Marty, M. C., and Karsenti, E. (1987). Structural and chemical characterization of isolated centrosomes. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 8, 238-249.
27. Bre, M. H., Pepperkok, R., Hill, A. M., Levilliers, N., Ansorge, W., Steltzer, E. H. K., and Karsenti, E. (1990). Regulation of microtubule dynamics and nucleation during polarization in MDCK II cells. J. Cell Biol 111, 3013-3021.
28. Brinkley, B. R. (1985). Microtubule organizing centers. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 1, 145-172.
29. Brinkley, B. R., and Stubblefield, E. (1970). Ultrastructure and interaction of the kinetochore and the centriole in mitosis and meiosis. Adv. Cell Biol. 1, 119-185.
30. Brinkley, B. R., Cox, S. M., and Fistel, S. H. (1981a). Organizing centers for cell processes. Neurosd. Res. Program Bull. 19, 108-124.
31. Brinkley, B. R., Cox, S. M., Pepper, D. A., Wible, L., Brenner, S. L., and Pardue, R. L. (1981b). Tubulin assembly sites and the organization of cytoplasmic microtubules in cultured mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 90, 554-562.
32. Byers, B. (1981). Cytology of the yeast cell cycle In "The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces: Life Cycle and Inheritance" (J. N. Strathern, E. W. Jones, and J. R. Broach, eds.), pp. 59-96. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
33. Byers, B., and Goetsch, L. (1973). Duplication of the spindle plaques and integration of the yeast cell cycle. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38, 123-131.
34. Byers, B., and Goetsch, L. (1975). Behavior of the spindle plaques in the cell cycle and conjugation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacterial. 124, 511-523.
35. Byers, B., Shriver, K., and Goetsch, L. (1978). The role of spindle pole bodies and modified microtubule ends in the initiation of microtubule assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Sei. 30, 331-352.
36. Calarco-Gillam, P. D., Siebert, M. C., Hubble, R., Mitchison, T., and Kirschner, M. (1983). Centrosomal development in early mouse embryos as defined by an autoantibody against pericentriolar material. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 35, 621-629.
37. Chaly, N., Bladon, T., Setterfield, G., Little, J. E., Kaplan, J. G., and Brown, D. L. (1984). Changes in distribution of nuclear matrix antigens during the mitotic cycle. J. Cell Biol. 99, 661-671.
38. Chellapan, S., Kruas, V. B., Kroger, B., Munger, K., Howley, P. M., Phelps, W. C, and Nevins, J. R. (1992). Adenovirus E1A, Simian virus 40 tumor antigen, and human papilloma virus share the capacity to disrupt the interaction between transcription factor E2F and the retinoblastoma gene product. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 89, 4549-4553.
39. Chevrier, V., Komesli, S., Schmit, A. C, Vantard, M., Lambert, A. M., and Job, D. (1992). A monoclonal antibody, raised against mammalian centrosomes and screened by recognition of plant microtubule organizing centers, identifies a pericentriolar component in different cell types. J. Cell Sei. 101, 823-835.
40. Compton, D. A., Szilak, I., and Cleveland, D. W. (1992). Primary structure of NuMA, an intranuclear protein that defines a novel pathway for segregation of proteins at mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 116, 1395-1408.
41. Cyr, R. J., and Palevitz, B. A. (1989). Microtubule-binding proteins from carrot. 1. Initial characterization and microtubule bundling. Planta 177, 245-260.
42. Davidow, L. S., Goetsch, L., and Byers, B. (1980). Preferential occurrence of non-sister spores in two-spored asci of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Evidence for spore wall formation by the spindle pole body. Genetics 94, 581-585.
43. Davis, F. M., Tsao, T. Y., Fowler, S. K., and Rao, P. N. (1983). Monoclonal antibodies to mitotic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 80, 2926-2930.
44. Davis, L. L, and Fink, G. R. (1990). The Nupl gene encodes an essential component of the yeast nuclear pore complex. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 61, 965-978.
45. DeCaprio, J. A., Ludlow, J. W., Figge, J., Shew, J. Y., Huang, C. M., Lee, W. H., Marsilio, E., Paucha, E., and Livingston, D. M. (1988). SV40 large tumor antigen forms a specific complex with the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 54, 275-283.
46. Dogterom, M., Maggs, A. C., and Leibler, S. (1995). Diffusion and formation of microtubule asters: Physical processes versus biochemical regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 92, 6683-6688.
47. Doxsey, S. J., Stein, P., Evans, L., Calarco, P. D., and Kirschner, M. W. (1994). Pericentrin, a highly conserved centrosome protein involved in microtubule organization. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 76, 639-650.
48. Dustin, P. (1978). "Microtubules." Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
49. Errabolu, R., Sanders, M., and Salisbury, J. (1994). Cloning of a cDNA encoding human centrin, an EF-hard protein of centrosomes and mitotic spindle poles. J. Cell Sei. 107,9-16.
50. Evans, L., Mitchison, T. J., and Kirschner, M. J. (1985). Influence of the centrosome on the structure of nucleated microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 100, 1185-1191.
51. Felix, M. A., Antony, C, Wright, M., and Maro, B. (1994). Centrosome assembly in vitro-role of gamma tubulin recruitment in Xenopus sperm aster formation. J. Cell Biol. 124,19-31.
52. Frash, M., Glover, D. M., and Saumweber, H. (1986). Nuclear antigens follow different patterns into daughter nuclei during mitosis in early Drosophila embryos. J. Cell Sei. 82,155-172.
53. Gard, D. L., Hafezi, S., Zhang, T., and Doxsey, S. J. (1990). Centrosome duplication continues in cycloheximide-treated Xenopus blastulae in the absence of a detectable cell cycle. J. Cell Biol. 110, 2033-2042.
54. Geiser, J. R., Sundberg, H. A., Chang, B. H., Muller, E. G. D., and Davis, T. N. (1993). The essential mitotic target of calmodulin is the 110 kilodalton component of the spindle pole body in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 7913-7924.
55. Gilbert, T., Lebivic, A., Quaroni, A., and Rodriguez-Boulan, E. (1991). Microtubular organization and its involvement in the biogenetic pathways of plasma membrane proteins in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 113, 275-284.
56. Glover, D. M., Gonzalez, C, and Raff, J. W. (1993). The centrosome. ScL Am. 268, 62-68.
57. Gould, R. R., and Borisy, G. G. (1977). The pericentriolar material in Chinese hamster ovary cells nucleates microtubule formation. J. Cell Biol. 73, 601-615.
58. Gueth-Hallonet, C, Antony, C., Aghion, J., Santa-Maria, A., Lajoie-Mazenc, I., Write, M., and Maro, B. (1993). Gamma tubulin is present in acentiolar MTOCs during early mouse development. J. Cell Sei. 105, 157-166.
59. Hagan, I. M., and Hyams, J. S. (1988). The use of cell division cycle mutants to investigate the control of microtubule distribution the fission yeast Saccharomyces pombe. J. Cell Sei. 89, 343-357.
60. 1. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 71, 599-611.
61. Hasezawa, S., and Nagata, T. (1993). Microtubule-organizing centers in plant cells localization of a 49 kDa protein that is immunologically cross-reactive to a 51 kDa protein from sea urchin centrosomes in synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells. Protoplasma 176, 64-74.
62. Hoffman, J. C, Vaughn, K. C., and Joshi, H.C. (1994). Structural and immunocytochemical characterization of microtubule organizing centers in pteridophyte spermatogenous cells. Protoplasma 176, 46-60.
63. Hollenbeck, P. J., and Cande, W. Z. (1985). Microtubule distribution and reorganization in the first cell cycle of fertilized eggs of Lytechinus pictus. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 37,140-148.
64. Hope, A. J., Rodionov, V. I., and Borisy, G. G. (1995). How do cytoplasmic fragments define their center-global determinants or local geometry? Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 267a.
65. Horio, T., Uzawa, S., Jung, M. K., Oakley, B. R., Tanaka, K., and Yanagida, M. (1991). The fission yeast gamma tubulin is essential for mitosis and is localized at microtubule organizing centers. J. Cell Sei. 99, 693-700.
66. Hoyt, M. A., He, L., Loo, K. K., and Saunders, W. J. (1992). Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-related gene products required for mitotic spindle assembly. J. Cell Biol. 118, 109-120.
67. 2+-binding protein: Homology in its protein sequence with calmodulin and the yeast CDC31 gene product. J. Cell Biol. 107,133-140.
68. Hyams, J. S., and Borisy, G. G. (1978). Nucleation of microtubules in vitro by isolated spindle pole bodies of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 78, 401-414.
69. Joshi, H. C. (1994). Microtubule organizing centers and gamma tubulin. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6, 55-62.
70. Joshi, H. C, and Baas, P. W. (1993). New perspective on microtubules and axon growth. J. Cell Biol. 121,1191-1196.
71. Joshi, H. C., Palacios, M. J., McNamara, L., and Cleveland, D. W. (1992). Gamma tubulin is a centrosomal protein required for cell cycle-dependent microtubule nucleation. Nature (London) 356, 80-83.
72. Joswig, G., and Petzelt, C. (1990). The centrosomal cycle: Visualization in PtK cells by a monoclonal antibody to a centrosomal 32 kD protein. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 15, 181-192.
73. Kalt, A., and Schliwa, M. (1993). Molecular components of the centrosome. Trends Cell Biol. 3,118-128.
74. Kellogg, D. R., and Alberts, B. M. (1992). Purification of a multiprotein complex containing centrosomal proteins from the Drosophila embryo by chromatography with low affinity polyclonal antibodies. Mol. Biol. Cell 3, 1-11.
75. Kellogg, D. R., Field, C. M., and Alberts, B. M. (1989). Identification of microtubule-associated proteins in the centrosome, spindle, and kinetochore of the early Drosophila embryo. J. Cell Biol. 109, 2977-2991.
76. Kellogg, D. R., Moritz, M., and Alberts, B. M. (1994). The centrosome and cellular organization. Anna. Rev. Biochem. 63, 639-674.
77. Kilmartin, J. V., and Adams, A. E. M. (1984). Structural rearrangements of tubulin and actin during the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces. J. Cell Biol. 123, 922-933.
78. Kilmartin, J. V., Dyos, S. L., Kershaw, D., and Finch, J. T. (1993). A spacer protein in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spindle whose transcript is cell cycle regulated. J. Cell Biol. 123, 1175-1184.
79. Kimble, M., and Kuriyama, Y. (1992). Functional components of microtubule-organizing centers. Int. Rev. Cytol. 136, 1-50.
80. Kirschner, M., and Mitchison, T. (1986). Beyond self-assembly-from microtubules to morphogenesis. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 45, 329-342.
81. Kitanishi-Yumura, T., and Fukui, Y. (1987). Reorganization of microtubules during mitosis in Dictyostelium-dissociation from MTOC and selective assembly disassembly in situ. Cell Motil. 12, 78-89.
82. Klausner, R. D., Donaldson, J. G., and Lippincott-Schwartz, J. (1992). Brefeldin A - insights into the control of membrane traffic and organelle structure. J. Cell Biol. 116, 1071-1080.
83. Kochansky, R. S., and Borisy, G. G. (1990). Mode of centriole duplication and distribution. J. Cell Biol. 110,1599-1605.
84. Kuriyama, R. (1984). Activity and stability of centrosomes in Chinese hamster ovary cells in nucleation of microtubules in vitro. J. Cell Sei. 66, 277-295.
85. Kuriyama, R. (1992). Monoclonal antibodies to MTOC antigens. In "The Centrosome" (V. I. Kalnins, ed.), pp. 131-165. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
86. Kuriyama, R., and Borisy, G. G. (1981). Centriole cycle in Chinese hamster ovary cells as determined by whole mount electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 91, 814-821.
87. Kuriyama, R., and Borisy, G. G. (1983). Cytasters induced within unfertilized sea urchin eggs. J. Cell Sei. 61,175-189.
88. Kuriyama, R., Dasgupta, S., and Borisy, G. G. (1986). Independence of centriole formation and initiation of DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 6,355-362.
89. Kuriyama, R., Dragasgrow, S., Maekawa, T., Vassiliev, A., Khodjako, A., and Kobayashi, H. (1994). Heterogeneity and microtubule interaction of the CHO1 antigen, a mitosis-specific kinesin-like protein-analysis of subdomains expressed in insect SF9 cells. J. Cell Sei. 107, 3485-3499.
90. Kuriyama, R., Kofron, M., Essner, R., Kato, T., Dragas-Granoic, S., Omoto, C. K., and Khodjakov, A. (1995). Characterization of a minus end-directed kinesin-like motor protein from cultured mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 129,1049-1060.
91. Lajoie-Mazenc, I., Tollon, Y., Detraves, C., Julian, M., Moisand, A., Gueth-Hallonet, C., Deloec, A., Sallespan, I., Puget, A., and Mazarguin, H. (1994). Recruitment of antigenic gamma tubulin during mitosis in animal cells-presence of gamma tubulin in the mitotic spindle. J. Cell Sei. 107, 2825-2837.
92. Lambert, A. M. (1993). Microtubule organizing centers in higher plants. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. S, 116-122.
93. Lange, B. M. H., and Gull, K. (1995). A molecular marker for centriole maturation in the mammalian cell cycle. J. Cell Biol. 130, 919-927.
94. Lee, V. D., and Huang, B. (1993). Molecular cloning and centrosomal localization of human caltractin. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 90, 11039-11043.
95. LeGuellec, R., Paris, J., Couturier, A., Roghi, C, and Philippe, M. (1991). Cloning by differential screening of a Xenopus cDNA that encodes a kinesin-related protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 3395-3398.
96. Levine, D. S., Sanchez, C. A., Rabinovitch, P. S., and Reid, B. J. (1991). Formation of the tetraploid intermediate is associated with the development of cells with more than four centrioles in the elastase-simian virus 40 tumor antigen transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 88, 6427-6431.
97. Li, Q., and Joshi, H. C. (1995). Gamma tubulin is a minus end-specific microtubule binding protein. J. Cell Biol. 131, 207-214.
98. Lippincott-Schwartz, J., and Bloom, G. (1992). Microtubules and ER-Golgi trafficking-localization of kinesin on ER to Golgi transport intermediates. Mol. Biol. Cell 3, 220a.
99. Liu, B., Joshi, H. C., and Palevitz, B. A. (1993). A gamma tubulin-related protein associated with the microtubule arrays of higher plants in a cell cycle-related manner. J. Cell Sei. 104, 1217-1228.
100. Lydersen, B. K., and Pettijohn, D. E. (1980). Human-specific nuclear protein that associates with the polar region of the mitotic apparatus: Distribution in a human/hamster hybrid cell. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 22, 489-499.
101. Maekawa, T., and Kuriyama, R. (1991). Differential pathways of recruitment for centrosomal antigens to the mitotic poles during bipolar spindle formation. J. Cell Sei. 100, 533-540.
102. Maniotis, A., and Schliwa, M. (1991). Microsurgical removal of centrosomes blocks cell reproduction and centriole generation in BSC-1 cells. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 67, 495-504.
103. Maritz, M., Braunfield, M. B., Fung, J. C., Sedat, J. W., Alberts, B. M., and Agard, D. A. (1995). Three-dimensional structural characterization of centrosomes from early Drosophila embryos. J. Cell Biol. 130, 1149-1160.
104. Maro, B., Howlett, S. K., and Webb, M. (1985). Non-spindle microtubule organizing centers in metaphase II-arrested mouse oocytes. J. Cell Biol. 101, 1665-1672.
105. Masuda, H., Sevik, M., and Cande, W. Z. (1992). In vitro microtubule nucleating activity in the spindle pole bodies in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Cell cycle-dependent activation in Xenopus cell-free extracts. J. Cell Biol. 117, 1055-1066.
106. Maxwell, S. A., Ames, S. K., Sawai, E. T., Decker, G. L., Cook, R. G., and Butel, J. S. (1991). Simian virus 40 large T-antigen and p53 are microtubule-associated proteins in transformed cells. Cell Growth Differ. 2,115-127.
107. Mays, R. W., Beck, K. A., and Nelson, W. J. (1994). Organization and function of the cytoskeleton in polarized epithelial cells: A component of the protein sorting machinery. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6,16-24.
108. Mazia, D. (1961). Mitosis and physiology of cell division. In "The Cell: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Morphology" (J. Brachet and A. Mirsky, eds.), Vol. 3, pp. 77-412. Academic Press, New York.
109. Mazia, D. (1978). Origin of twoness in cell reproduction. ICN-UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell Biol. 12, 1-14.
110. Mazia, D. (1984). Centrosomes and mitotic poles. Exp. Cell Res. 153, 1-15.
111. Mazia, D. (1987). The chromosome cycle and the centrosome cycle in the mitotic cycle. Int. Rev. Cytol. 100, 49-92.
112. Mazia, D., Harris, P. J., and Bibring, T. (1960). The multiplicity of mitotic centers and the time course of their duplication and separation. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 7,1-10.
113. McBeath, E., and Fugiwara, K. (1990). Microtubule detachment from the microtubule-organizing center as a key event in the complete turnover of microtubules in cells. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 52, 1-16.
114. McNiven, M. A., and Porter, K. R. (1988). Organization of microtubules in centrosome-free cytoplasm. J. Cell Biol. 106, 1593-1605.
115. Meluh, P. B., and Rose, M. D. (1990). KAR3, a kinesin-related gene required for yeast nuclear fusion. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 60, 1029-1041.
116. Meng, Y. X., and Balczon, R. (1996). Submitted for publication.
117. Mitchison, T. J. (1989). Polewards microtubule flux in the mitotic spindle-evidence from photoactivation of fluorescence. J. Cell Biol. 109, 637-652.
118. Mitchison, T. J. (1993). Localization of an exchangeable GTP-binding site at the plus end of microtubules. Science 261, 1044-1047.
119. Mitchison, T., and Kirschner, M. (1984a). Microtubule assembly nucleated by isolated centro-somes. Nature (London) 312, 232-237.
120. Mitchison, T., and Kirschner, M. (1984b). Dynamic instability of microtubule growth. Nature (London) 312, 237-242.
121. Mitchison, T. J., and Kirschner, M. W. (1986). Isolation of mammalian centrosomes. In "Methods in Enzymology" (R. B. Vallee, ed.), Vol. 134, pp. 261-268. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
122. Mitchison, T. J., and Salmon, E. D. (1992). Poleward kinetochore fiber movement occurs during both metaphase and anaphase A in newt lung cell mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 119,569-582.
123. Moens, P. B., and Rapport, E. (1971). Spindles, spindle plaques, and meiosis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 50, 344-361.
124. Morejohn, L. C., and Fosket, D. E. (1991). The biochemistry of compounds with antimicrotubule activity in plant cells. Pharmacol. Ther. 51, 217-231.
125. Moroi, Y., Murata, I., Takeuchi, A., Kamatani, N., Tanimoto, K., and Yokohari, R. (1983). Human anticentriole autoantibody in patients with scleroderma and Raynaud's phenomenon. Clin. Imnnmol. Immunopatlwl. 29, 381-390.
126. Nislow, C., Lombillo, V. A., Kuriyama, R., and McIntosh, J. R. (1992). A plus end-directed motor enzyme that moves antiparallel microtubules in vitro localizes to the interzone of mitotic spindles. Nature (London) 359, 543-547.
127. Oakley, C. E., and Oakley, B. R. (1989). Identification of gamma tubulin, a new member of the tubulin superfamily encoded by mipA gene of Aspergillus niditlans. Nature (London) 338, 662-664.
128. Oakley, B. R. (1992). Gamma tubulin: The microtubule organizer? Trends Cell Biol. 2, 1-6.
129. Oakley, B. R., Oakley, C. E., Yoon, Y., and Jung, M. K. (1990). Gamma tubulin is a component of the spindle pole body that is essential for microtubule function in Aspergillus nidulans. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 61, 1289-1301.
130. Ogawa, K., and Shimuzu, T. (1993). cDNA sequence for mouse caltractin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1216, 126-128.
131. Ohata, H., Fugiwara, Y., Komaya, K., and Nakamura, Y. (1994). Mapping of the human autoantigen pericentriolar material-1 (PCM-1) gene to chromosome 8p21.3-p22. Genomics 24, 404-406.
132. Osborn, T. G., Patel, N. J., Ross, S. C, and Bauer, N. E. (1982). Antinuclear antibody staining only centrioles in a patient with scleroderma. N. Engl. J. Med. 307, 253-254.
133. Osborne, M. A., Schienstrom, G., Jinks, T., and Silver, P. A. (1994). Nuf2, a spindle pole body-associated protein required for nuclear division in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 125, 853-866.
134. Page, B. D., and Snyder, M. (1992). CIK1: A developmentally regulated spindle pole body-associated protein important for microtubule functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 6, 1414-1429.
135. Page, B. D., Satterwhite, K. L., Rose, M. D., and Snyder, M. (1994). Localization of the KAR3 kinesin heavy chain-like protein requires the CIK1 interacting protein. J. Cell Biol. 124, 507-519.
136. Palacios, M. P., Joshi, H. C., Simerly, C., and Schatten, G. (1993). Dynamic reorganization of gamma tubulin during mouse fertilization and early development. J. Cell Sei. 104,383-389.
137. Palazzo, R. E., Brawley, J. B., and Rebhun, L. I. (1988). Spontaneous aster formation in cytoplasmic extracts from eggs of the surf clam. Zool. Sei. S, 603-611.
138. Palazzo, R. E., Vaisberg, E., Cole, R. W., and Rieder, C. L. (1992). Centriole duplication in lysates of spisula solidissima oocytes. Science 256, 219-221.
139. Paweletz, N., Mazia, D., and Finze, E. M. (1984). The centrosome cycle in the mitotic cycle of sea urchin eggs. Exp. Cell Res. 152, 47-65.
140. Phillips, S. G., and Rattner, J. B. (1976). Dependence of centriole formation on protein synthesis. J. Cell Biol. 70, 9-19.
141. Pickett-Heaps, J. D. (1969). Evolution of the mitotic apparatus: An attempt at comparative ultrastructural cytology in dividing plant cells. Cytobios 1, 257-280.
142. Polyak, K., Lee, M. H., Erdjumeneh, H., Koff, A., Roberts, J. M., Tempst, P., and Massagué, J. (1994). Cloning of p27 (kipl) a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and a potential mediator of extracellular antimitogenic signals. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 78, 59-66.
143. Purohit, A., Dictenberg, J. C., and Doxsey, S. J. (1995). Pericentrin as a template for centrosome assembly. Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 40a.
144. Raff, J. W., and Glover, D. M. (1988). Nuclear and cytoplasmic cycles continue in Drosophila embryos in which DNA synthesis is inhibited by aphidicolin. J. Cell Biol. 107, 2009-2019.
145. Raff, J. W., Kellogg, D. R., and Alberts, B. M. (1993). Drosophila gamma tubulin is part of a complex containing two previously identified centrosomal M APs. J. Cell Biol. 121,823-835.
146. Rao, P. N., and Johnson, R. T. (1970). Mammalian cell fusion-studies on the regulation of DNA synthesis and mitosis. Nature (London) 225, 159-164.
147. Rao, P. N., Zhao, J. Y., Ganju, R. K., and Ashorn, C. L. (1989). Monoclonal antibody against the centrosome. J. Cell Sei. 93, 63-69.
148. Rappaport, R. (1969). Aster-equatorial surface relations and furrow establishment. J. Exp. Zool. 171, 59-67.
149. Rattner, J. B. (1992). Ultrastructure of centrosome domains and identification of their protein components. In "The Centrosome" (V. I. Kalnins, ed.), pp. 45-69. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
150. Rattner, J. B., and Phillips, S. G. (1973). Independence of centriole formation and DNA synthesis. J. Cell Biol. 57, 359-372.
151. Riabowol, K., Draetta, G., Brizuela, L., Vandré, D., and Beach, D. (1989). The cdc2 kinase is a nuclear protein that is essential for mitosis in mammalian cells. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 57,393-401.
152. 2 cells: Asymmetric distribution and structural changes in the pericentriolar material. Biol. Cell. 44, 117-132.
153. Ring, D., Hubble, R., Caput, D., and Kirschner, M. (1980). Isolation of microtubule organizing centers from mouse neuroblastoma cells. In "Microtubules and Microtubule Inhibitors" (M. DeBrabender and J. DeMey, eds.), pp. 277-310. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam.
154. Robbins, E., Jentzsch, G., and Micali, A. (1968). The centriole cycle in synchronized HeLa cells. J. Cell Biol. 36, 329-339.
155. Roof, D., Meluh, P., and Rose, M. (1992). Kinesin-related proteins required for assembly of the mitotic spindle. J. Cell Biol. 118, 95-108.
156. Rose, M. D., and Fink, G. R. (1987). KAR1, a gene required for function of both intranuclear and extranuclear microtubules in yeast. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 48, 1047-1060.
157. Rose, M. D., Biggins, S., and Satterwhite, L. L. (1993). Unraveling the tangled web at the microtubule organizing center. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5, 105-115.
158. Rout, M. P., and Kilmartin, J. V. (1990). Components of the yeast spindle and spindle pole body. J. Cell Biol. 111, 1913-1927.
159. Rout, M. P., and Kilmartin, J. V. (1991). Yeast spindle pole body components. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 61, 687-692.
160. Sager, P. R., Rothfield, N. L., Oliver, J. M., and Berlin, R. D. (1986). A novel mitotic spindle pole component that originates from the cytoplasm during prophase. J. Cell Biol. 103, 1863-1872.
161. Salisbury, J. L. (1995). Centrin, centrosomes, and mitotic spindle poles. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7, 39-45.
162. Salisbury, J. L., Baron, A., Surek, B., and Melkonian, M. (1984). Striated flagellar roots: Isolation and partial characterization of a calcium-modulated contractile protein. J. Cell Biol. 99, 962-970.
163. Salisbury, J. L., Baron, A., and Sanders, M. (1988). The centrin-based cytoskeleton of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Distribution in interphase and mitotic cells. J. Cell Biol. 107,635-641.
164. Sanders, M., and Salisbury, J. (1994). Centrin plays an essential role in microtubule severing during flagellar excision in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Cell Biol. 124, 795-805.
165. Saunders, W., and Hoyt, M. A. (1992). Kinesin-related proteins required for structural integrity of the mitotic spindle. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 70, 451-458.
166. Sawin, K. E., and Mitchison, T. J. (1991). Poleward microtubule flux in mitotic spindles assembled in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 112, 941-954.
167. Sawin, K. E., LeGuellec, K., Philippe, M., and Mitchison, T. J. (1992). Mitotic spindle organization by a plus end-directed microtubule motor. Nature (London) 359, 540-543.
168. Schatten, G. (1994). The centrosome and its mode of inheritance-the reduction of the centrosome during gametogenesis and its restoration during fertilization. Dev. Biol. 165, 299-335.
169. Schatten, G., Schatten, H., Bestor, T. H., and Balczon, R. (1982). Taxol inhibits the nuclear movements during fertilization and induces asters in unfertilized sea urchin eggs. J. Cell Biol. 94, 455-465.
170. Schatten, G., Simerly, C, and Schatten, H. (1985). Microtubule configurations during fertilization, mitosis, and early development in the mouse and the requirement for egg microtubulemediated motility during mammalian fertilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 82,4152-4156.
171. Schatten, G., Simerly, C, and Schatten, H. (1991). Maternal inheritance of centrosomes in mammals-studies on parthenogenesis and polyspermy in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 88, 6785-6789.
172. Schellenbaum, P., Vantard, M., Peter, C., Fellous, A., and Lambert, A. M. (1993). Co-assembly properties of higher plant microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) with purified brain and plant tubulins. Plant J. 3, 253-260.
173. Schild, D., Ananthaswamy, H. N., and Mortimer, R. K. (1981). An endomitotic effect of a cell cycle mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 97, 552-562.
174. Sellito, C, and Kuriyama, R. (1988). Distribution of pericentriolar material in multipolar spindles induced by colcemid treatment in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J. Cell Sei. 89,57-65.
175. Sellito, C, Kimble, M., and Kuriyama, R. (1992). Heterogeneity of microtubule organizing center components as revealed by monoclonal antibodies to mammalian centrosomes and to nucleus-associated bodies from Dictyostelium. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 22,7-24.
176. Sherline, P., and Mascardo, R. N. (1982a). Epidermal growth factor induces rapid centrosomal separation in HeLa and 3T3 cells. J. Cell Biol. 93, 507-511.
177. Sherline, P., and Mascardo, R. N. (1982b). Epidermal growth factor-induced centrosomal separation: Mechanism and relationship to mitogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 95, 316-322.
178. Shu, H. B., and Joshi, H. C. (1995). Gamma tubulin can both nucleate microtubule assembly and self-assemble into novel tubular structures in mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 130,1137-1147.
179. Simerly, C., Wu, W. G., Zoran, S., Ord, T., Rawlins, R., Jones, J., Navara, C., Gerrity, M., Rinehart, J., Binor, C., Asch, and Schatten, G. (1995). The paternal inheritance of the centrosome, the cells microtubule organizing center, in humans, and the implications for infertility. Nat. Med. 1, 47-52.
180. Skoufias, D. A., and Scholey, J. M. (1993). Cytoplasmic microtubule-based motor proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5, 95-104.
181. Sluder, G., and Lewis, K. (1987). Relationship between nuclear DNA synthesis and centrosome reproduction in sea urchin eggs. J. Exp. Zool. 244, 89-100.
182. Sluder, G., and Rieder, C. L. (1985). Centriole number and the reproductive capacity of spindle poles. J. Cell Biol. 100, 887-896.
183. Sluder, G., Miller, F. J., and Rieder, C. L. (1986). The reproduction of centrosomes-nuclear versus cytoplasmic controls. J. Cell Biol. 103, 1873-1881.
184. Sluder, G., Miller, F. J., Cole, R., and Rieder, C. L. (1990). Protein
185. Smirnova, E. A., and Bajer, A. S. (1992). Spindle poles in higher plant mitosis. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 23, 1-7.
186. Snyder, M. (1994). The spindle pole body of yeast. Chromosoma 103, 369-380.
187. Snyder, M., and Davis, R. W. (1988). SPA1: A gene important for chromosome segregation and other mitotic functions in S. cerevisiae. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 54, 743-754.
188. Sobel, S. G., and Snyder, M. (1995). A highly divergent gamma tubulin gene is essential for cell growth and proper microtubule organization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 131, 1775-1788.
189. Song, Y. H., and Mandelkow, E. (1995). The anatomy of flagellar microtubules-polarity, seams, junctions, and lattice. J. Cell Biol. 128, 81-94.
190. Spang, A., Courtney, L, Fackler, U., Matzner, M., and Schiebel, E. (1993). The calcium-binding protein Cdc31 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a component of the half bridge of the spindle pole body. J. Cell Biol. 123, 405-416.
191. Stearns, T., and Kirschner, M. (1994). In vitro reconstitution of centrosome assembly and function-the central role of gamma tubulin. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 76, 423-437.
192. Stearns, T., Evans, L., and Kirschner, M. (1991). Gamma tubulin is a highly conserved component of the centrosome. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 65, 825-836.
193. Thomas, J. H., and Botstein, D. (1986). A gene required for the separation of chromosomes on the spindle apparatus in yeast. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 44, 65-76.
194. Tilney, L. G., Bryan, J., Bush, D. J., Fujiwara, K., Mooseker, M. S., Murphy, D. B., and Snyder, D. H. (1973). Microtubules-evidence for 13 protofilaments. J. Cell Biol. 59, 267-275.
195. Tournier, F., Cyrklaff, M., Karsenti, E., and Bornenes, M. (1991). Centrosomes competent for parthenogenesis in Xenopus eggs support procentriole budding in cell free extracts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 88, 9929-9933.
196. Tousson, A., Zeng, C., Brinkley, B. R., and Valdivia, M. M. (1991). Centrophilin - a novel mitotic spindle protein involved in microtubule nucleation. J. Cell Biol. 112, 427-440.
197. Vallen, E. A., Scherson, T. Y., Roberts, T., Zee, K. V., and Rose, M. D. (1992a). Asymmetric mitotic segregation of the yeast spindle pole body. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 69, 505-515.
198. Vallen, E. A., Hitler, M. A., Scherson, T. Y., and Rose, M. D. (1992b). Separate domains of Karl mediate distinct functions in mitosis and nuclear fusion. J. Cell Biol. 117, 1277-1287.
199. Van Dolah, F. M., and Ramsdell, J. S. (1992). Okadaic acid inhibits a protein phosphatase activity involved in formation of the mitotic spindle of GH4 rat pituitary cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 152,190-198.
200. Vandré, D. D., and Borisy, G. G. (1989). The centrosome cycle in animal cells. In "Mitosis: Molecules and Methods" (J. S. Hyams and B. R. Brinkley, eds.), pp. 39-76. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
201. Vandré, D. D., and Wills, V. L. (1992). Inhibition of mitosis by Okadaic acid-possible involvement of protein phosphatase 2A in the transition from metaphase to anaphase. J. Cell Sei. 101, 79-91.
202. Vandré, D. D., Davis, F. M., Rao, P. N., and Borisy, G. G. (1984). Phosphoproteins are components of mitotic microtubule organizing centers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 81, 4439-4443.
203. Vantard, M., Levelliers, N., Hill, A. M., Adoutte, A., and Lambert, A. M. (1990). Incorporation of Paramecium axonemal tubulin into higher plant cells reveals functional sites of microtubule assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 87, 8825-8829.
204. Vaughn, K. C., and Vaughan, M. A. (1988). Mitotic disrupters from higher plants: Effects on plant cells. ACS Symp. Ser. 380, 273-293.
205. Vaughn, K. C., Sherman.T. D., and Renzaglia, K. S. (1993). A centrin homolog is a component of the multilayered structure in bryophytes and pteridophytes. Protoplasma 175, 58-66.
206. Verde, F., Labbé, J.-C., Dorée, M., and Karsenti, E. (1990). Regulation of microtubule dynamics by cdc2 protein kinase in cell-free extracts of Xenopus eggs. Nature (London) 343, 233-238.
207. Wilson, E. B. (1925). "The Cell in Development and Heredity," 3rd ed. Macmillan, New York.
208. Winey, M., and Byers, B. (1993). Assembly and functions of the spindle pole body in budding yeast. Trends Genet. 9, 300-304.
209. Winey, M., Goetsch, L., Baum, P., and Byers, B. (1991). MPS1 and MPS2-novel yeast genes defining distinct steps of spindle pole body duplication. J. Cell Biol. 114, 745-754.
210. Winey, M., Hoyt, A., Chan, C, Goetsch, L., Zhu, Z., Botstein, D., and Byers, B. (1993). Nuclear envelope localized Ndcl protein is required for yeast spindle pole body duplication. J. Cell Biol. 122, 743-751.
211. Yasuhara, H., Sonobe, S., and Shibaoka, H. (1992). ATP-sensitive binding to microtubules of polypeptides extracted from isolated phragmoplasts of tobacco BY2 cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 33, 601-608.
212. Zheng, Y., Jung, M. K., and Oakley, B. R. (1991). Gamma tubulin is present in Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens and is associated with the centrosome. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 65, 817-823.
213. Zhu, J.-K., Bressan, R., and Hasegawa, P. (1992). An Atriplex nummularia cDNA with sequence relatedness to the algal caltractin gene. Plant Physiol. 99, 1734-1735.
214. Zoran, S., Navara, C., Simerly, C., Jones, J., and Schatten, G. (1994). Sperm aster formation using microtubule assembly in an invitro Xenopus extract-applications for diagnosing male infertility involving centrosomal defects. Dev. Biol. 163, 543a.