A template-matching pandemonium recognizes unconstrained handwritten characters with high accuracy

Memory and Cognition

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 136-143

  Larsen, Axel ^a   Bundesen, Claus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPUTER MODEL; COMPUTER PROGRAM; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; HANDWRITING; IMAGE ANALYSIS; PATTERN RECOGNITION; WORD RECOGNITION;

EID: 0029995295     PISSN: 0090502X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/BF03200876     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. ATTNEAVE, F., & ARNOULT, M. D. (1956). The quantitative study of shape and pattern perception. Psychological Bulletin, 53, 452-471.
2. BIEDERMAN, I. (1987). Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review, 94, 115-147.
3. BIEDERMAN, I., & COOPER, E. E. (1992). Size invariance in visual object priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance, 18, 121-133.
4. BROWN, D. R., & OWEN, D. H (1967). The metrics of visual form: Methodological dyspepsia. Psychological Bulletin, 68, 243-259.
5. BUNDESEN, C., & LARSEN, A. (1975). Visual transformation of size. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception & Performance, 1, 214-220.
6. BUNDESEN, C., LARSEN, A., & FARRELL, J. E. (1981). Mental transformations of size and orientation. In J. Long & A. D. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance IX (pp 279-294). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. CAVE, K. R., & KOSSLYN, S. M. (1989). Varieties of size-specific visual selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 118, 148-164
8. COOPER, L. A. (1975). Mental rotation of random two-dimensional shapes. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 20-43.
9. COOPER, L. A., SCHACTER, D. L., BALLESTEROS, S., & MOORE, C. (1992) Priming and recognition of transformed three-dimensional objects: Effects of size and reflection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 18, 43-57.
10. DONEGAN, N. H., GLUCK, M. A., & THOMPSON, R. F. (1989). Integrating behavioral and biological models of classical conditioning. In R. D. Hawkins & G. H. Bower (Eds.), Computational models of learning in simple neural systems: The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 23, pp. 109-156). New York: Academic Press.
11. EDELMAN, S., & WEINSHALL, D. (1991). A self-organizing multipleview representation of 3D objects. Biological Cybernetics, 64, 209-219.
12. EYSENCK, M. W., & KEANE, M. T. (1990). Cognitive psychology. A student's handbook. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. FUJITA, I., TANAKA, K., ITO, M., & CHENG, K. (1992). Columns for visual features of objects in monkey inferotemporal cortex. Nature, 360, 343-346.
14. GERVAIS, M. J., HARVEY, L. O., JR., & ROBERTS, J. O. (1984). Identification confusions among letters of the alphabet. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 10, 655-666.
15. GIBSON, J. J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
16. GIBSON, J. J. (1959). Perception as a function of stimulation. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (Vol. 1, pp. 456-501). New York: McGraw-Hill.
17. GOODALE, M. A., & MILNER, A. D. (1992). Separate visual pathways for perception and action Trends in Neurosciences, 15, 20-25.
18. HOLBROOK, M. B. (1975). A comparison of methods for measuring the interletter similarity between capital letters. Perception & Psychophysics, 17, 532-536.
19. HUMMEL, J. E., & BIEDERMAN, I. (1992). Dynamic binding in a neural network for shape recognition. Psychological Review, 99, 480-517.
20. HUMPHREYS, G. W., & BRUCE, V. (1989). Visual cognition: Computational, experimental, and neuropsychological perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. JOLICOEUR, P. (1985). The time to name disoriented natural objects. Memory & Cognition, 13, 289-303.
22. JOLICOEUR, P. (1990). Orientation congruency effects on the identification of disoriented shapes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 16, 351-364.
23. JOLICOEUR, P., & BESNER, D. (1987). Additivity and interaction between size ratio and response category in the comparison of size-discrepant shapes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 13, 478-487.
24. JOLICOEUR, P., & LANDAU, M, J. (1984). Effects of orientation on the identification of simple visual patterns. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 38, 80-93
25. LAM, L., & SUEN, C. Y. (1988). Structural classification and relaxation matching of totally unconstrained handwritten zip-code numbers. Pattern Recognition, 21, 19-31.
26. LARSEN, A. (1985) Pattern matching: Effects of size ratio, angular difference in orientation, and familiarity. Perception & Psychophysics, 38, 63-68.
27. LARSEN, A., & BUNDESEN, C. (1978). Size scaling in visual pattern recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance, 4, 1-20.
28. LARSEN, A., & BUNDESEN, C. (1992). The efficiency of holistic template matching in the recognition of unconstrained handwritten digits. Psychological Research, 54, 187-193.
29. LARSEN, A., & BUNDESEN, C. (1993). An adaptive pandemonium of templates for visual pattern recognition. In C. Bundesen & A. Larsen (Eds.). Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology. Summaries (p. 5). Copenhagen: European Society for Cognitive Psychology.
30. LECUN, Y., BOSER, B., DENKER, J. S., HENDERSON, D., HOWARD, R. E., HUBBARD, W., & JACKEL, L. D. (1989). Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition. Neural Computation, 1, 541-551.
31. LINDSAY, P. H., & NORMAN, D, A. (1972). Human information processing. New York: Academic Press.
32. LOOMIS, J. M. (1990). A model of character recognition and legibility. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 16, 106-120.
33. LOWE, D. G. (1987). Three-dimensional object recognition from single two-dimensional images. Artificial Intelligence, 31, 355-395.
34. MARK, D. (1982). Vision. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
35. MARR, D., & NISHIHARA, H. K. (1978). Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B, 200, 269-294.
36. MICHELS, K. M., & ZUSNE, L. (1965). Metrics of visual form. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 74-86.
37. MISHKIN, M., UNGERLEIDER, L. G., & MACKO, K. A. (1983). Object vision and spatial vision: Two cortical pathways. Trends in Neurosciences, 6, 414-417.
38. NEISSER, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
39. POGGIO, T., & EDELMAN, S. (1990). A network that learns to recognize three-dimensional objects. Nature, 343, 263-266.
40. REED, S. K. (1973). Psychological processes in pattern recognition. New York: Academic Press.
41. ROCK, I., & DIVITA, J. (1987). A case of viewer-centered object perception. Cognitive Psychology, 19, 280-293.
42. ROCK, I., WHEELER, D., & TUDOR, L. (1989). Can we imagine how objects look from other viewpoints? Cognitive Psychology, 21, 185-210.
43. SELFRIDOE, O. G. (1959). Pandemonium: A paradigm for learning. In Mechanisation of thought processes (pp. 511-526). London: H.M.S.O.
44. SELFRIDGE, O. G., & NEISSER, U. (1960, August). Pattern recognition by machine. Scientific American, 203, 60-68.
45. SHEPARD, R. N., & COOPER, L. A. (1982). Mental images and their transformations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
46. SHEPARD, R. N., & METZLER, J. (1971, February 19). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171, 701-703.
47. STONE, G. O. (1986). An analysis of the delta rule and the learning of statistical associations. In D. E. Rumelhart & J. L. McClelland (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (Vol 1, pp. 444-459). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
48. SUEN, C. Y. (ED.) (1990). Frontiers in handwriting recognition. Montreal, Canada: Concordia University, Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence.
49. SUTHERLAND, N S. (1968). Outlines of a theory of visual pattern recognition in animals and man. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B, 171, 297-317.
50. SUTTON, R. S., & BARTO, A. G. (1981). Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks. Expectation and prediction. Psychological Review, 88, 135-170.
51. TANAKA, K. (1993, October 29). Neuronal mechanisms of object recognition. Science, 262, 685-688.
52. TANAKA, K., SAITO, H.-A., FUKADA, Y., & MORIYA, M. (1991). Coding visual images of objects in the inferotemporal cortex of the macaque monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology, 66, 170-189.
53. TARR, M. J., & PINKER, S. (1989). Mental rotation and orientationdependence in shape recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 233-282.
54. ULLMAN, S. (1989). Aligning pictorial descriptions: An approach to object recognition Cognition,32, 193-254.
55. ULLMAN, S., & BASRI, R. (1991). Recognition by linear combinations of models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence, 13, 992-1006.
56. UNOERLEIDER, L. G., & MISHKIN, M. (1982). Two cortical visual systems. In D. J. Ingle, M. A Goodale, & R. J. W. Mansfield (Eds.), Analysis of visual behavior (pp. 549-586). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
57. ZUSNE, L. (1970). Visual perception of form. New York: Academic Press.