Opioid Analgesics: Comparative Features and Prescribing Guidelines

Drugs

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 713-737

  Cherny, Nathan I ^a  

^a SHAARE ZEDEK MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUPRENORPHINE; BUTORPHANOL; CODEINE; DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE; DIHYDROCODEINE; HYDROCODONE; NALBUPHINE; OPIATE; OPIATE AGONIST; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; OPIATE RECEPTOR; OXYCODONE; PARTIAL AGONIST; PENTAZOCINE; TRAMADOL;

COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONSTIPATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DROWSINESS; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CLASSIFICATION; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG POTENCY; HUMAN; MYOCLONUS; NAUSEA; PAIN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCRIPTION; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REVIEW; URINE RETENTION; VOMITING;

ANALGESICS, OPIOID; HUMANS; PAIN; PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG;

EID: 0029993578     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199651050-00002     Document Type: Review

References (210)

1. Jaffe JH, Martin WR. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, et al., editors. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990: 485-521
2. Pasternak GW. Pharmacological mechanisms of opioid analgesics. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993; 16 (1): 1-18
3. Knapp RJ, Malatynska E, Collins N, et al. Molecular biology and pharmacology of cloned opioid receptors. FASEB J 1995; 9 (7): 516-25
4. Stein C. The control of pain in peripheral tissue by opioids. N Engl J Med 1995; 332 (25): 1685-90
5. Dalsgaard J, Felsby S, Juelsgaard P, et al. Low-dose intra-articular morphine analgesia in day case knee arthroscopy: a randomized double-blinded prospective study. Pain 1994; 56 (2): 151-4
6. Houde RW, Wallenstein SL, Beaver WT. Evaluation of analgesics in patients with cancer pain. In: Lasagna L, editor. International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics. Vol. 1. New York: Pergamon Press, 1966: 59-67
7. Portenoy RK, Foley KM, Inturrisi CE. The nature of opioid responsiveness and its implications for neuropathic pain: new hypotheses derived from studies of opioid infusions. Pain 1990; 43 (3): 273-86
8. World Health Organization. Cancer pain relief. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1986
9. Chary S, Goughnour BR, Moulin DE, et al. The dose-response relationship of controlled-release codeine (Codeine Contin) in chronic cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994; 9 (6): 363-71
10. Lloyd RS, Costello F, Eves MJ, et al. The efficacy and tolerability of controlled-release dihydrocodeine tablets and combination dextropropoxyphene/paracetamol tablets in patients with severe osteoarthritis of the hips. Curr Med Res Opin 1992; 13 (1): 37-48
11. Pappagallo M, Campbell J. Chronic opioid therapy as an alternative treatment for post herpetic neuralgia. Ann Neurol 1994; 35: S54-56
12. Sunshine A, Olson N. Colon A, et al. Analgesic efficay of controlled release oxycodone vs. immediate release oxycodone alone and in combination with acetaminophen in postoperative pain: a preliminary study. Nida Res Monogr 1993; 132: 329
13. Zenz M, Strumpf M, Tryba M. Long-term oral opioid therapy in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1992; 7 (2): 69-77
14. Hopkinson JH. Vicodin, a new analgesic: clinical evaluation of efficacy and safety of repeated doses. Curr Ther Res 1978; 24: 633-45
15. Poyhia R, Vainio A, Kalso E. A review of oxycodone's clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J Pain Symptom Manage 1993; 8 (2): 63-7
16. Inturrisi CE, Colburn WN, Verebey K, et al. Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene kinetics after single and repeated doses of propoxyphene. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982; 31: 157-67
17. De Conno F, Ripamonti C, Sbannotto A, et al. A clinical study on the use of codeine, oxycodone, dextroprpoxyphene, buprenorphine and pentazocine in cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1991; 6 (7): 423-7
18. Raffa RB, Friderichs E, Reimann W, et al. Opioid and nonopioid components independently contribute to the mechanism of action of tramadol, an 'atypical' opioid analgesic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 260 (1): 275-85
19. Wilder Smith CH, Schimke J, Osterwalder B, et al. Oral tramadol, a mu-opioid agonist and monoamine reuptake-blocker, and morphine for strong cancer-related pain. Ann Oncol 1994; 5 (2): 141-6
20. Lee CR, McTavish D, Sorkin EM. Tramadol: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properlies, and therapeutic potential in acute and chronic pain states. Drugs 1993; 46 (2): 313-40
21. Vickers MD, O'Flaherty D, Szekely SM, et al. Tramadol: pain relief by an opioid without depression of respiration. Anaesthesia 1992; 47 (4): 291-6
22. Hoskin PJ, Hanks GW, Aherne GW, et al. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of morphine after intravenous, oral and buccal administration in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 27 (4): 499-505
23. Westerling D, Frigren L, Hoglund P. Morphine pharmacokinetics and effects on salivation and continuous reaction times in healthy volunteers. Ther Drug Monit 1993; 15 (5): 364-74
24. Davis T, Miser AW, Loprinzi CL, et al. Comparative morphine pharmacokinetics following sublingual, intramuscular, and oral administration in patients with cancer. Hosp J 1993; 9 (1): 85-90
25. Gourlay GK, Plummer JL, Cherry DA, et al. The reproducibility of bioavailability of oral morphine from solution under fed and fasted conditions. J Pain Symptom Manage 1991; 6 (7): 431-6
26. Keefe PA, Merridew CG. 467 consecutive cases of subcutaneous morphine infusions, for palliative care patients [abstract no. 884]. In: 7th World Congress on Pain: Congress Abstracts. Seattle: I.A.S.P. Publications, 1993
27. Max MB, Inturrisi CE, Kaiko RF, et al. Epidural and intrathecal opiates: cerebrospinal fluid and plasma profiles in patients with chronic cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 38: 631-41
28. Sawe J, Svensson JO, Rane A. Morphine metabolism in cancer patients on increasing oral doses - no evidence for autoinduction or dose dependence. J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16: 85-93
29. Smith MT, Watt JA, Cramond T. Morphine-3-glucuronide - a potent antagonist of morphine analgesia. Life Science 1990; 47: 579-85
30. Ashhy MA, Flemming BG, van Crugten J, et al. Plasma morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) concentrations in hospice patients recieving morphine for cancer pain: absence of relationship to opioid side effects [abstract no. 1002]. In: 7th World Congress on Pain: Abstracts. Seattle: I.A.S.P. Publications, 1993
31. Bowsher D. Paradoxical pain [editorial]. BMJ 1993; 306: 473
32. Jacobsen LS, Olsen AK, Sjogren P, et al. Morphine-induced hyperalgesia, allodynia and myoclonus - new side-effects of morphine? [in Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger 1995; 157 (23): 3307-10
33. Paul D, Standifer KM, Inturrisi CE, et al. Pharmacological characterization of morphine-6 beta-glucuronide, a very potent morphine metabolite. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 251 (2): 477-83
34. Pasternak GW, Bodnar RJ, Clarke JA, et al. Morphine-6-glucuronide, a potent Mu agonist. Life Science 1987; 41: 2845-9
35. Shimomura K, Kamata O, Ueki S, et al. Analgesic effects of morphine glucuronides. Tohoku J Exp Med 1971; 105: 45-51
36. Osborne RJ, Joel SP, Slevin ML. Morphine intoxication in renal failure: the role of morphine-6-glucuronide. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1986; 292: 1548-9
37. Hanna MH, Peat SJ, Woodham M, et al. Analgesic efficacy and CSF pharmacokinetics of intrathecal morphine-6-glucuronide: comparison with morphine. Br J Anaesth 1990; 64 (5): 547-50
38. Osborne R, Thompson P, Joel S, et al. The analgesic activity of morphine-6-glucuronide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 34 (2): 130-8
39. Portenoy RK, Thaler HT, Inturrisi CE, et al. The metabolite, morphine-6-glucuronide, contributes to the analgesia produced by morphine infusion in pain patients with normal renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 51 (4): 422-31
40. D'Honneur G, Gilton A, Sandouk P. et al. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of morphine and morphine glucuronides after oral morphine: the influence of renal failure. Anesthesiology 1994; 81 (1); 87-93
41. Hagen N, Foley KM, Cerbones DJ, et al. Chronic nausea and morphine-6-glucuronide. J Pain Sympt Manage 1991; 6: 125-8
42. Lehmann KA, Zech D. Morphine-6-glucuronide, a pharmacologically active morphine metabolite: a review of the literature. Eur J Pain 1993; 12 (2): 28-35
43. Houde RW, Wallenstein SL, Beaver WT. Clinical measurement of pain. In: de Stevens G, editor. Analgesics. New York: Academic Press, 1965: 75-122
44. Hasselstrom J, Eriksson LS, Persson A, et al. The metabolism and bioavailability of morphine in patients with severe liver cirrhosis . Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 29: 289-97
45. Sawe J, Dahlstrom B, Paazlow L, et al. Morphine kinetics in cancer patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 30: 629-34
46. Kalso E, Vainio A. Morphine and oxycodone hydrochloride in the management of cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 47 (5): 639-46
47. Kaiko RF. Commentary: equianalgesic dose ratio of intramuscular/oral morphine, 1 : 6 versus 1 : 3. In: Foley KM, Inturrisi CE, editors. Opioid analgesics in the management of clinical pain: advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 8. New York: Raven Press, 1986: 87-94
48. Twycross RG. Opioid analgesics in cancer pain: current practice and controversies. Cancer Surv 1988; 7 (1): 29-53
49. Ferrell B, Wisdom C, Wenzl C, et al. Effects of controlled-released morphine on quality of life for cancer pain. Oncol Nurs Forum 1989; 16 (4): 521-6
50. Forman WB, Portenoy RK, Yanagihara RH, et al. A novel morphine sulphate preparation: clinical trial of a controlled-release morphine suspension in cancer pain. Palliat Med 1993; 7 (4): 301-6
51. Babul N, Darke AC, Anslow JA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of two novel rectal controlled-release morphine formulations. J Pain Symptom Manage 1992; 7 (7): 400-5
52. Inturrisi CE, Max MB, Foley KM, et al. The pharmacokinetics of heroin in patients with chronic pain. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1213-7
53. Kaiko RF, Wallenstein SL, Rogers AG, et al. Analgesic and mood effects of heroin and morphine in cancer patients with postoperative pain. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 1501-5
54. Szeto HH, Inturrisi CE, Houde R, et al. Accumulation of normeperidine an active metabolite of meperidine, in patients with renal failure or cancer. Ann Intern Med 1977; 86 (6): 738-41
55. Eisendrath SJ, Goldman B, Douglas J, et al. Meperidine-induced delirium. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144 (8): 1062-5
56. Hagmeyer KO, Mauro LS, Mauro VF. Meperidine-related seizures associated with patient-controlled analgesia pumps. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27 (1): 29-32
57. Umans JG, Inturrisi CE. Antinociceptive activity and toxicity of meperidine and normeperidine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982; 223: 203-6
58. Kaiko RF, Foley KM, Grabinski PV, et al. Central nervous system excitatory effects of meperidine in cancer patients. Ann Neurol 1983; 13: 180-5
59. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research: Acute Pain Management Panel. Acute pain management: operative or medical procedures and trauma. Clinical practice guideline. Washington: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1992
60. Houde RW. Clinical analgesic studies of hydromorphone. In: Foley KM, Inturrisi CE, editors. Opioid analgesics in the management of clinical pain. Advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 8. New York: Raven Press, 1986: 129-36
61. Moulin DE, Kreeft JH, Murray PN, et al. Comparison of continuous subcutaneous and intravenous hydromorphone infusions for management of cancer pain. Lancet 1991; 337: 465-8
62. Hays H, Hagen N, Thirlwell M, et al. Comparative clinical efficacy and safety of immediate release and controlled release hydromorphone for chronic severe cancer pain. Cancer 1994; 74 (6): 1808-6
63. Brose WG, Tanalian DL, Brodsky JB, et al. CSF and blood pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone and morphine following lumbar epidural administration. Pain 1991; 45: 11-7
64. Leow KP, Smith MT, Williams B, et al. Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone in patients with cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52 (5): 487-95
65. Glare PA, Walsh TD. Dose-ranging study of oxycodone for chronic pain in advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11 (5): 973-8
66. Leow KP, Cramond T, Smith MT. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone when given intravenously and rectally to adult patients with cancer pain. Anesth Analg 1995; 80 (2): 296-302
67. Sinatra RS, Hyde NH, Harrison DM. Oxymorphone revisited. Semin Anesth 1988; 8 (3): 208-15
68. Hermens JM, Hanifin JM, Hirshman CA. Comparison of histamine release in human skin mast cells by morphine, fentanyl and oxymorphone. Anesthesiology 1985; 62: 124-9
69. Varvel JR, Shafer SL, Hwang SS, et al. Absorption characteristics of transdermally administered fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1989; 70: 928-34
70. Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL, et al. The efficacy of transdermal fentanyl in the treatment of postoperative pain; a double blind comparison of fentanyl and placebo systems. Pain 1990; 40: 21-8
71. Calis KA, Kohler DR, Corso DM. Transdermally administered fentanyl for pain management. Clin Pharmacol 1992; 11 (1): 22-36
72. Fine PG, Marcus M, DeBoer AJ, et al. An open label study of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain. Pain 1991; 45: 149-55
73. Singer M, Noonan KR. Continuous intravenous infusion of fentanyl: case reports of use in patients with advanced cancer and intractable pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1993; 8 (4): 215-20
74. Holley FO, Van-Steennis C. Postoperative analgesia with fentanyl: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of constantrate IV and transdermal delivery. Br J Anaesth 1988; 60: 608-13
75. Portenoy PK, Southam M, Gupta SK, et al. Transdermal fentanyl for cancer pain repeated dose pharmacokinetics. Anesthesiology 1993; 78: 36-43
76. Willens JS, Myslinski NR. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses of fentanyl, sufentanil, and alfentanil [published erratum appears in Heart Lung 1993 Jul-Aug; 22 (4): 307]. Heart Lung 1993; 22 (3): 239-51
77. Hopton D. Double-blind clinical trial of the analgesic effects of phenazocine hydrobromide (Narphen) compared with morphine sulphate in patients with acute abdominal pain. Gut 1971; 12 (1): 51-4
78. Brown AS. Absorption of analgesics from the buccal mucous membrane. Practitioner 1966; 196 (171): 125-6
79. Ventafridda V, Ripamonti C, Bianchi M, et al. A randomised study on oral administration of morphine and methadone in the treatment of cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1986; 1 (4): 203-8
80. Twycross RG, Lack SA. Symptom control in far-advanced cancer. In: Twycross RG, Lack SA, editors. Pain relief. London: Pitman, 1984
81. Fainsinger R, Schoeller T, Bruera E. Methadone in the management of cancer pain: a review. Pain 1993; 52 (2): 137-47
82. Sawe J, Hansen J, Ginman C, et al. Patient-controlled dose regimen of methadone lor chronic cancer pain. BMJ 1981; 282 (6266): 771-3
83. Grochow L, Sheidler V, Grossman S, et al. Does intravenous methadone provide longer lasting analgesia than intravenous morphine? A randomized double-blind study. Pain 1989; 38 (2): 151-7
84. Bruera E, Fainsinger R, Moore M, et al. Local toxicity with subcutaneous methadone: experience of two centers. Pain 1991; 45: 141-5
85. Dixon R, Crews T, Inturrisi CE, et al. Levorphanol: pharmacokinetics and steady-state plasma concentrations in patients with pain. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1983; 41: 3-17
86. Wallenstein SL, Rogers AG, Kaiko RF, et al. Clinical analgesic studies of levorphanol in acute and chronic cancer pain. In: Foley KM, Inturrisi CE, editors. Opioid analgesics in the management of clinical pain: advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 8. New York: Raven Press, 1986: 211-5
87. Moulin DE, Ling GS, Pasternak GW. Unidirectional cross tolerance between morphine and levorphanol in the rat. Pain 1988; 33: 233-9
88. Houde RW. Analgesic effectiveness of narcotic agonist-antagonists. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 7: 297-308
89. Wallenstein SL, Rogers AG, Kaiko RF, et al. Crossover trials in clinical analgesic assays: studies of buprenorphine and morphine. Pharmacotherapy 1986; 6: 228-35
90. Bullingham R, McQuay H, Porter E, et al. Sublingual buprenorphine used postoperatively: ten hour plasma drug concentration analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 13: 665-73
91. Gal TJ. Naloxone reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 45: 66-71
92. Beaver W, Wallenstein S, Houde R, et al. Comparison of the analgesic effects of pentazocine and morphine in patients with cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1966; 7: 740-51
93. Woods AJJ, Moir DC, Campbell C, et al. Medicines monitoring and evaluation group: central nervous system effects of pentazocine. BMJ 1974; 1: 304-7
94. Caruso FS. Butorphanol: clinical analgesic studies. In: Foley K, Inturrisi C, editors. Opioid analgesics in the management of clinical pain: advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 8. New York: Raven Press, 1986: 253-7
95. Gillis JC, Benfield P, Goa KL. Transnasal butorphanol: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in acute pain management. Drugs 1995 Jul; 50 (1): 157-75
96. Ralley FE. Intranasal opiates: old route for new drugs. Can J Anaesth 1984; 36 (5): 491-3
97. Hoffert MJ, Couch JR, Diamond S, et al. Transnasal butorphanol in the treatment of acute migraine. Headache 1995; 35 (2): 65-9
98. Baumel B. Migraine: a pharmacologic review with newer options and delivery modalities. Neurology 1994 May; 44 (5 Suppl. 3): S13-7
99. Joyce T, Kubicek MF, Skjonsby BS, et al. Efficacy of transnasal butorphanol tartrate in postepisiotomy pain: a model to assess analgesia. Clin Ther 1993; 15 (1): 160-7
100. Scott JL, Smith MS, Sanford SM, et al. Effectiveness of transnasal butorphanol for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. Am J Emerg Med 1994; 12 (4): 469-71
101. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research: Cancer Pain Management Panel. Management of cancer pain. Clinical practice guideline no. 9. Washington: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1994
102. Brookoff D, Polomano R. Treating sickle cell pain like cancer pain. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116 (5): 364-8
103. Ziegler DK. Opiate and opioid use in patients with refractory headache. Cephalalgia 1994; 14 (1): 5-10
104. Markley HG. Chronic headache: appropriate use of opiate analgesics. Neurology 1994; 44 Suppl. 3: 18-24
105. Jamison RN, Anderson KO, Peeters AC, et al. Survey of opioid use in chronic nonmalignant pain patients. Reg Anesth 1994; 19 (4): 225-30
106. Reidenberg MM, Portenoy RK. The need for an open mind about the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 55 (4): 367-9
107. Schofferman J. Long-term use of opioid analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain of nonmalignant origin. J Pain Symptom Manage 1993; 8 (5): 279-88
108. Hill CJ. The intractable pain treatment act of Texas. Tex Med 1992; 88 (2): 70-2
109. Hampf GB, Kalso EA. Chronic use of opioids in intractable facial pain: a case report. Acta Odontol Scand 1991; 49 (4): 215-8
110. Tennant FJ, Robinson D, Sagherian A, et al. Chronic opioid treatment of intractable, non-malignant pain. Nida Res Monogr 1988; 81 (1): 174-80
111. Portenoy RK, Farkash A. Practical management of non-malignant pain in the elderly. Geriatrics 1988; 43 (5): 29-40
112. Gonzales GR, Portenoy RK. Selection of analgesic therapies in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of opioid medications. Arthritis Care Res 1993; 6 (4): 223-8
113. Devor M, Basbaum AI, Bennett GJ, et al. Group report: mechanisms of neuropathic pain following peripheral injury. In: Basbaum A, Besson J-M, editors. Towards a new pharmacotherapy of pain. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1991: 417-40
114. Portenoy RK. Issues in the management of neuropathic pain. In: Basbaum A, Besson J-M, editors. Towards a new pharmacotherapy of pain. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1991: 393-416
115. Rowbotham MC, Reisner L, Fields HL. Both intravenous lidocaine and morphine reduce the pain of postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 1991; 41 (7): 1024-8
116. Jadad AR, Carroll D, Glynn CJ, et al. Morphine responsiveness of chronic pain: double blind randomised crossover study with patient controlled analgesia. Lancet 1992; 339: 1367-71
117. McQuay HJ, Jadad AR, Carroll D, et al. Opioid sensitivity of chronic pain: a patient controlled analgesia method. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 757-67
118. Arner S, Meyerson BA. Lack of analgesic effect of opioids on neuropathic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain 1988; 33 (1): 11-23
119. Duhner R. A call for more science, not more rhetoric, regarding opioids and neuropathic pain [editorial]. Pain 1991; 47 (1): 1-2
120. Cherny NI, Thaler HT, Friedlander-Klar H, et al. Opioid responsiveness of cancer pain syndromes caused by neuropathic or nociceptive mechanisms: a combined analysis of controlled single dose studies. Neurology 1994; 44: 857-61
121. Portenoy RK. Adjuvant analgesics in pain management. In: Doyle D, Hanks GW, MacDonald N, editors. Oxford textbook of palliative medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993: 187-203
122. World Health Organization. Cancer pain relief and palliative care. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990
123. Galer BS, Coyle N, Pasternak GW, et al. Individual variability in the response to different opioids: report of five cases. Pain 1992; 49 (1): 87-91
124. de Stoutz ND, Bruera E, Suarez Almazor M. Opioid rotation for toxicity reduction in terminal cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995; 10 (5): 378-84
125. Crews JC, Sweeney NJ, Denson DD. Clinical efficacy of methadone in patients refractory to other mu-opioid receptor agonist analgesics for management of terminal cancer pain: case presentations and discussion of incomplete cross-tolerance among opioid agonist analgesics. Cancer 1993; 72 (7): 2266-72
126. MacDonald N, Der L, Allan S, et al. Opioid hyperexcitability: the application of alternate opioid therapy. Pain 1993; 53 (3): 353-5
127. Leng G, Finnegan MJ. Successful use of methadone in nociceptive cancer pain unresponsive to morphine. Palliat Med 1994; 8 (2): 153-5
128. Cherny NI, Chang V, Frager G, et al. Opioid pharmacotherapy in the management of cancer pain: a survey of strategies used by pain physicians for the selection of analgesic drugs and routes of administration. Cancer 1995; 76: 1283-93
129. Chan GL, Matzke GR. Effects of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opioid analgesics. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1987; 21 (10): 773-83
130. Sawe J, Svensson JO, Odar-Cederlof I. Kinetics of morphine in patients with renal failure [letter]. Lancet 1985; 2: 211
131. Portenoy RK, Foley KM, Stulman J, et al. Plasma morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide during chronic morphine therapy for cancer pain: plasma profiles, steady state concentrations and the consequences of renal failure. Pain 1991; 47: 13-9
132. McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Faura CC, et al. Oral morphine in cancer pain: influences on morphine and metabolite concentration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 48 (3): 236-44
133. Beaver WT, Feise G. Comparison of the analgesic effect oxymorphone by rectal suppository and intramuscular injection in patients with postoperative pain. J Clin Pharmacol 1977; 17: 276
134. Hanning CD. The rectal absorption of opioids. In: Benedetti C, Chapman CR, Giron G, editors. Opioid analgesia in the management of clinical pain: advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 14. New York: Raven Press, 1990: 259-69
135. Hanning CD, Vickers AP, Smith G, et al. The morphine hydrogel suppository: a new sustained release preparation. Br J Anaesth 1988; 61: 221-7
136. Wilkinson TJ, Robinson BA, Begg EJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of rectal versus oral sustained-release morphine in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1992; 31 (3): 251-4
137. Korte W, Morant R. Transdermal fentanyl in uncontrolled cancer pain: titration on a day-to-day basis as a procedure for safe and effective dose finding - a pilot study in 20 patients. Support Care Cancer 1994; 2 (2): 123-7
138. Weinberg DS, Inturrisi CE, Reidenberg B, et al. Sublingual absorption of selected opioid analgesics. Clin Pharm Ther 1988; 44: 335-42
139. Carl P, Crawford ME, Madsen NB, et al. Pain relief after major abdominal surgery: a double-blind controlled comparison of sublingual buprenorphine, intramuscular buprenorphine, and intramuscular meperidine. Anesth Analg 1987; 66 (2): 142-6
140. Streisand JB, Varvel JR, Stanski DR, et al. Absorption and bioavailability of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Anesthesiology 1991; 75 (2): 223-9
141. Shyu WC, Pittman KA, Robinson D, et al. Multiple-dose phase I study of transnasal butorphanol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54 (1): 34-41
142. Coyle N, Cherny NI, Portenoy RK. Subcutaneous opioid infusions in the home. Oncology 1994; 8 (4): 21-7
143. Bruera E, Brenneis C, Michaud M, et al. Use of the subcutaneous route for the administration of narcotics in patients with cancer pain. Cancer 1988; 62 (2): 407-11
144. Storey P, Hill HH, St Louis R, et al. Subcutaneous infusions for control of cancer symptoms. J Pain Symptom Manage 1990; 5: 33-41
145. Portenoy RK. Continuous intravenous infusions of opioid drugs. Med Clin North Am 1987; 71: 233-41
146. Dover SB. Syringe driver in terminal care. BMJ 1987; 294: 553-5
147. Amesbury BDW. Use of SC midazolam in the home care setting. Palliat Med 1989; 3: 299-301
148. Oliver DJ. Syringe drivers in palliative care: a review. Palliat Med 1988; 2: 21-6
149. Trissel LA, Xu Q, Martinez JF, et al. Compatibility and stability of ondansetron hydrochloride with morphine sulfate and with hydromorphone hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection at 4, 22, and 32 degrees C. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994; 51 (17): 2138-42
150. Lichter I, Hunt E. Drug combinations in syringe drivers. NZ Med J 1995; 108 (1001): 224-6
151. Waldmann CS, Eason JR, Rambohu IE, et al. Serum morphine levels: a comparison between continuous subcutaneous infusions and intravenous infusions in postoperative patients. Anesthesia 1984; 39 (8): 768-71
152. Yaksh TL, Reddy SVR. Studies in the primate on the analgesic effects associated with intrathecal actions of opiates, alpha adrenergic agonists and baclofen. Anesthesiology 1981; 54: 451-67
153. Yaksh TL. Spinal opiate analgesics: characteristics and principal action. Pain 1981; 11: 293-346
154. Moulin DE, Inturrisi CE, Foley KM. Epidural and intrathecal opioids: cerebrospinal fluid and plasma pharmacokinetics in cancer pain patients. In: Foley KM, Inturrisi CE, editors. Opioid analgesics in the management of clinical pain: advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 8. New York: Raven Press, 1986: 369-84
155. Chrubasik J, Wust H, Schulte MJ, et al. Relative analgesic potency of epidural fentanyl, alfentanil, and morphine in treatment of postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 929-33
156. Du Pen S, Kharasch ED, Williams A, et al. Chronic epidural bupivacaine-opioid infusion in intractable cancer pain. Pain 1992; 49 (3): 293-300
157. Nitescu P, Appelgren L, Linder LE, et al. Epidural versus intrarhecal morphine-bijpivicaine: assessment of consecutive treatment in advanced cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1990; 5: 18-26
158. Hogan Q, Haddox JD, Abram S, et al. Epidural opiates and local anesthetics for the management of cancer pain. Pain 1991; 46 (3): 271-9
159. Sjoberg M, Appelgren L, Einarsson S, et al. Long-term intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine in 'refractory' cancer pain: results from the first series of 52 patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991; 35 (1): 30-43
160. Van Dongen RT, Crul BJ, De Bock M. Long-term intrathecal infusion of morphine and morphine/bupivacaine mixtures in the treatment of cancer pain: a retrospective analysis of 51 cases. Pain 1993; 55 (1): 119-23
161. Sjoberg M, Nitescu P, Appelgren L, et al. Long-term intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine in patients with refractory cancer pain: results from a morphine/bupivacaine dose regimen of 0.5/4.75 mg/ml. Anesthesiology 1994; 80 (2): 284-97
162. Crul BJ, van Dongen RT, Snijdelaar DG, et al. Long-term continuous intrathecal administration of morphine and bupivacaine at the upper cervical level: access by a lateral C1-C2 approach. Anesth Analg 1994; 79 (3): 594-7
163. Goucke R. Continuous intrathecal analgesia with opioid/local anaesthetic mixture for cancer pain. Anaesth Intens Care 1993; 21 (2): 222-3
164. Obbens EAMT, Hill CS, Leavens ME, et al. Intraventricular morphine administration for control of chronic cancer pain. Pain 1987; 28: 61-8
165. Lobato RD, Madrid JL, Fatela LV, et al. Intraventricular morphine for intractable cancer pain: rationale, methods, clinical results. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1987; 31 Suppl.: 68-74
166. Leavens ES, Hill CS, Cech DA, et al. Intrathecal and intraventricular morphine for pain in cancer patients. J Neurosurg 1982; 56: 241-5
167. Lee TL, Kumar A, Baratham G. Intraventricular morphine for intractable eraniofacial pain. Singapore Med J 1990; 31 (3): 273-6
168. Nurchi G. Use of intraventricular and intrathecal morphine in intractable pain associated with cancer. Neurosurgery 1984; 15 (6): 801-4
169. Roquefeil B, Benezich J, Blanchet P, et al. Intraventricular administration of morphine in patients with neoplastic intractable pain. Surg Neurol 1984; 21: 155-8
170. Crammond T, Stuart G. Intraventricular morphine for intractable pain of advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 1993; 8 (7): 465-73
171. Dennis GC, DeWitty RL. Long-term intraventricular infusion of morphine for intractable pain in cancer of the head and neck. Neurosurgery 1990; 26: 404-7
172. Bruera E, Sloan P, Scott J, et al. Slow release (SR) versus intermediate release (IR) hydromorphone (HM) in patients with cancer pain: a controlled, crossover trial [abstract no. 899]. 7th World Congress on Pain: congress abstracts. Seattle: I.A.S.P. Publications, 1993
173. Thomas Z, Bruera E. Use of methadone in a highly tolerant patient receiving parenteral hydromorphone. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995; 10 (4): 315-7
174. Brescia FJ, Portenoy RK, Ryan M, et al. Pain, opioid use, and survival in hospitalized patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10 (1): 149-55
175. Kanner RM, Foley KM. Patterns of narcotic drug use in a cancer pain clinic. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981; 362: 161-72
176. Coyle N, Adelhardt J, Foley KM, et al. Character of terminal illness in the advanced cancer patient: pain and other symptoms during last four weeks of life. J Pain Symptom Manage 1990; 5: 83-9
177. Lichter I. Accelerated titration of morphine for rapid relief of cancer pain. NZ Med J 1994; 107 (990): 488-90
178. Edwards WT, Breed RJ. Treatment of postoperative pain in the post anesthesia care unit. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 1990; 8: 235-65
179. Portenoy RK. Management of common opioid side effects during long-term therapy of cancer pain. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994; 23 (2): 160-70
180. Sykes NP. Oral naloxone in opioid associated constipation. Lancet 1991; 337: 1475
181. Culpepper-Morgan JA, Inturrisi CE, Portenoy RK, et al. Treatment of opioid induced constipation with oral naloxone: a pilot study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 90-5
182. Campora E, Merlini L, Pace M, et al. The incidence of narcotic induced emesis. J Pain Symptom Manage 1991; 6 (7): 428-30
183. Cole RM, Robinson F, Harvey L, et al. Successful control of intractable nausea and vomiting requiring combined ondansetron and haloperidol in a patient with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994; 9 (1): 48-50
184. Bruera E, Brenneis C, Paterson AH, et al. Use of methylphenedate as an adjuvant to narcotic analgesics in patients with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 1989; 4: 3-6
185. Bruera E, Chadwick S, Brenneis C, et al. Methylphenidate associated with narcotics for the treatment of cancer pain. Cancer Treat Rep 1987; 71: 67-70
186. Forrest WH, Brown BW, Brown CR, et al. Dextroamphetamine with morphine for the treatment of postoperative pain. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 712-5
187. Breitbart W, Mermelstein H. Pemoline: an alternative psychostimulant for the management of depressive disorders in cancer patients. Psychosomatics 1992; 33 (3): 352-6
188. Fainsinger R, Tapper M, Bruera E. A perspective on the management of delirium in terminally ill patients on a palliative care unit. J Palliat Care 1993; 9 (3): 4-8
189. Foley KM. Clinical tolerance to opioids. In: Basbaum AI, Bessom JM, editor. Towards a new pharmacotherapy of pain, Dahlem Konfrenzen. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1991: 181-204
190. Hanks GW, Twycross RG, Lloyd JW. Unexpected complication of successful nerve block: morphine induced respiratory depression precipitated by removal of severe pain. Anaesthesia 1981; 36 (1): 37-9
191. Goldfrank L, Weisman RS, Errick JK, et al. A dosing nomogram for continuous infusion of intravenous naloxone. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15 (5): 91-5
192. Bradberry JC, Reabel MA. Continuous infusion of naloxone in the treatment of narcotic overdose. Drug Intel Clin Pharm 1981; 15: 85-90
193. Sjogren P, Jensen NH, Jensen TS. Disappearance of morphine-induced hyperalgesia after discontinuing or substituting morphine with other opioid agonists. Pain 1994; 59 (2); 313-6
194. Eisele JH, Grigsby EJ, Dea G. Clonazepam treatment of myoclonic contractions associated with high dose opioids: a case report. Pain 1992; 49 (2): 231-2
195. Mercadante S. Dantrolene treatment of opioid-induced myoclonus. Anesth Analg 1995; 81 (6): 1307-8
196. Schuster CR. Does treatment of cancer pain with narcotics produce junkies? In: Hill CS, Fields WS, editors. Drug treatment of cancer pain in a drug-oriented society: advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 11. New York: Raven Press, 1989: 1-3
197. Cleeland CS. Pain control: public and physicians' attitudes. In: Hill CS, Fields WS, editors. Drug treatment of cancer pain in a drug-oriented society: advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 11. New York: Raven Press, 1989: 81-9
198. Foley KM. The decriminalization of cancer pain. In: Hill CS, Fields WS, editors. Drug treatment of cancer pain in a drug-oriented society: advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 11. New York: Raven Press, 1989: 5-18
199. Chapman CR, Hill HF. Prolonged morphine self-administration and addiction liability. Cancer 1989; 63: 1636-44
200. Foley KM. Controversies in cancer pain: medical perspective. Cancer 1989; 63: 2257-65
201. Porter J, Jick H. Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics [letter]. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 123
202. Perry S, Heidrich G. Management of pain during debridement: a survey of US burn centers. Pain 1982; 13: 267-80
203. Chapman CR. Giving the patient control of opioid analgesic administration. In: Hill CS, Fields WS, editors. Drug treatment of cancer pain in a drug-oriented society: advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 11. New York: Raven Press, 1989: 339-51
204. American College of Physicians Health and Public Policy Committee. Drug therapy for severe chronic pain in terminal illness. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99: 870-80
205. American Pain Society. Principles of analgesic use in the treatment acute pain and chronic cancer pain: a concise guide to medical practice. 3rd ed. Skokie (IL): American Pain Society, 1992
206. Foley KM. The treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 84-95
207. Hill CS, Fields WS, editors. Drug treatment of cancer pain in a drug oriented society: advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 11. New York: Raven Press, 1989
208. Inturrisi CE. Management of cancer pain. Cancer 1989; 63: 2308-20
209. Walsh TD. Prevention of opioid side effects. J Pain Symptom Manage 1990; 5 (6): 363-7
210. Weissman DE, Haddox JD. Opioid pseudoaddiction - an iatrogenic syndrome. Pain 1989; 36: 363-6