The effect of pharmaceutical benefits managers: Is it being evaluated?

Annals of Internal Medicine

Volumn 124, Issue 10, 1996, Pages 906-913

  Schulman, Kevin A ^a   Rubenstein, L Elizabeth ^a   Abernethy, Darrell R ^a   Seils, Damon M ^a   Sulmasy, Daniel P ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COST CONTROL; DRUG COST; DRUG FORMULARY; DRUG INDUSTRY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; MANAGER; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0029984918     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-124-10-199605150-00008     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Green JA, Chawla AK, Fong PA. Evaluating a restrictive formulary system by assessing nonformulary-drug requests. Am J Hosp Pharm 1985;42 1537-41
2. Miller LG, Blum A. Physician awareness of prescription drug costs a missing element of drug advertising promotion. J Fam Pract 1993,36:33-6
3. Glickman L, Bruce EA, Caro FG, Avorn J. Physicians' knowledge of drug costs for the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994,42:992-5.
4. Burton T, Tanouye E. Eli Lilly to buy McKesson unit for $4 billion The Wall Street Journal 12 July 1994 A3.
5. Etheredge L. Pharmacy benefit management: the right Rx? In Research Agenda Brief, from a discussion by the George Washington University National Health Policy Forum. Washington, DC, 21 May 1995.
6. Sloan FA, Gordon GS, Cocks DL. Hospital drug formularies and use of hospital services Med Care 1993,31 851-67.
7. Gibaldi M. Vertical integration: the drug industry and prescription benefits managers. Pharmacotherapy. 1996;15 265-71.
8. Freudenheim M. Drug merger chill? U.S restriction on Lilly deal raises questions on purchases of marketers. The New York Times. 27 October 1994.D2.
9. Drug industry takeovers mean more cost-cutting, less research spending. The Wall Street Journal. 1 February 1995:B1
10. Pharmacy Benefit Managers Early Results on Ventures with Drug Manufacturers HEHS-96-45. Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office; 9 November 1995.
11. FDA cautions 3 drug makers on pressure: concern about prescription for unauthorized use. The New York Times 1 February 1995 D3
12. Abrahams P, Waters R. Eli Lilly to test new formula planned purchase cornes as drugs industry is reshaping Financial Times 12 July 1994 25.
13. Muirhead G. PPOs show gradual rise in pharmacy programs Drug Topics 1995,139:40
14. Analysts expect competition to soften some drug prices Chicago Tribune. 18 July 1994.S6
15. Berod T, Vetel JM, Sauvageon A. Compliance with a formulary for geriatric patients [Letter] Am J Hosp Pharm 1990,47:1751-2.
16. Morgan DJ, Sutters CA, Pugh S. Medical audit and formulary management' a policy for rational use of thrombolytic drugs Postgrad Med J 1991, 67:165-9.
17. Shalansky SJ. Antibiotic interchange through educational interventions in a community hospital Am J Hosp Pharm 1991,48:2655-7.
18. Statement by Mary K. Pendergast, Deputy Commissioner/Senior Adviser, to the Commissioner, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services before the Subcommittee on Regulation. Business Opportunities, and Technology, Committee on Small Business, U S House of Representives. Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration, 1994.
19. Kolata G. Upjohn to repay 8 states over drug plan. The New York Times 8 August 1994.D1
20. Gibbs Brown J. Prescription Drug Marketing. Questionable Practices within the Pharmaceutical Industry Washington, DC. House Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Technology; 1994
21. Freudenheim M. Drug makers' managed-care ties questioned The New York Times 10 November 1995:D1.
22. Soumerai SB, Lipton HL Computer-based drug-utilization review-risk, benefit, orboondoggle? N Engl J Med 1995;332.1641-5.
23. Pearce MJ, Begg EJ. Hospital drug therapy cost containment through a preferred medicines list and drug utilisation review system N Z Med J. 1994, 107:101-4
24. Kralewski J, Wertheimer A, Ratner E. Prescription drug utilization review in the private sector. Health Care Manage Rev. 1994,19.62-71
25. Cotterell CC, Dombroske L, Fischermann EA. Comprehensive drug-use evaluation program in a health maintenence organization Am J Hosp Pharm 1991,48:1712-7.
26. Kaplan MS. Asthma and managed care [Editorial]. J Asthma 1995;32:321-4.
27. O'Brien KP. Managed care and the treatment of asthma J Asthma. 1995; 32.325-34
28. Impact of total disease management on the pharmaceutical industry In: Bootman JL, Bungay KM, Schulman KA. Total Disease Management Roanoke, VA: The Certified Medical Representatives Institute, 1995.79-92
29. Gibson PG, Wlodarczyk J, Hensley MJ, Murree-Allen K, Olson LG, Saltos N. Using quality-control analysis of peak expiratory flow recordings to guide therapy for asthma Ann Intern Med. 1995,123:488-92.
30. Soumerai SB, Ross-Degnan D, Fortess EE, Abelson J. A critical analysis of studies of state drug reimbursement policies research in need of discipline. Milbank Q. 1993,71:217-52
31. Kreling DH, Knocke DJ, Hammel RW. The effects of an internal analgesic formulary restriction on Medicaid drug expenditures in Wisconsin Med Care. 1989;27:34-44
32. Cromwell DM, Moore RD, Steinberg EP, Yasui Y, Bass EB. Florida's restrictions on reimbursement for peptic ulcer disease drugs associated with increased hospitalizations. Presented at the First Annual National Research Service Award Trainees Research Conference, Chicago, IL; 3 June 1995.
33. Smalley WE, Griffin MR, Fought RL, Sullivan L, Ray WA. Effect of a prior-authorization requirement on the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs by Medicaid patients N Engl J Med 1995,332.1612-7.
34. Bloom BA, Jacobs J. Cost-effects of restricting cost-effective therapy. Med Care 1985;23:872-80.
35. Lexchin J. Prescribing and drug costs in the province of Ontario Int J Health Serv. 1992;22:471-87.
36. Ross-Degnan D, Soumerai SB, Fortess EE, Gurwitz JH. Examining product risk in context. Market withdrawal of zomepirac as a case study JAMA 1993;270:1937-42.
37. Cohen MB, Stegelmeyer D. Limited lists and the purchase of pharmaceutical products by government agencies in the RSA S Afr Med J 1990,77 21-4
38. Therapeutic substitution and formulary systems. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1990,113 160-3
39. Ferrando C, Henman MC Corrigan OI. Impact of nationwide limited prescribing lists preliminary findings. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1987,21:653-8.
40. Kessler DA, Rose JL, Temple RJ, Schapiro R, Griffin JP. Therapeutic-class wars - drug promotion in a competitive marketplace N Engl J Med 1994, 331.1350-3.
41. Kilzenrath D. Lilly to buy manager of drug benefit. The Washington Post 12 July 1994:A1
42. Alper PR. High pressure tactics raise doctor's pressure. The Wall Street Journal 17 November 1993:A22.
43. Schachner M. Caution urged in use of drug formularies Business Insurance. 1993;27 3, 11.
44. Soumerai SB, McLaughlin TJ, Ross-Degnan D, Casteris CS, Bollini P. Effects of a limit on Medicaid drug-reimbursement benefits on the use of psychotropic agents and acute mental health services by patients with schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 1994;331 650-5
45. Bloom BS, Wierz DJ, Pauly MV. Cost and price of comparable branded and generic pharmaceutical JAMA. 1986,256:2523-30.
46. Grasela TH Jr. The role of therapeutic drug monitoring in pharmacoepidemiology. In Strom BL, ed Pharmacoepidemiology. 2d ed New York. J Wiley; 1994:413-430
47. Gurwitz JH. Suboptimal medication use in the elderly. The tip of the iceberg [Editorial] JAMA 1994;272 316-7.
48. Willcox SM, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S. Inappropriate drug prescribing for the community-dwelling elderly JAMA 1994;272:292-6.
49. Tumulty PA. The Effective Clinician His Methods and Approach to Diagnosis and Care. Philadelphia. WB Saunders; 1973:111-112
50. Freudenheim M. A shift of power in pharmaceutical The New York Times. 9 May 1994 D1
51. Flanigan J. What ails the drug industry has little to do with politics. The Los Angeles Times. 25 May 1994 Business 1.
52. Walters R. Drug industry seeks prescription for growth manufacturers and distributors are scrambling for market share. Financial Times 11 May 1994.32.
53. Counsell G. Drugs in upheaval rapid change in the way corporate America buys its healthcare is forcing pharmaceutical firms to rethink marketing strategies. The Independent 8 May 1994 3
54. Lilly to buy McKeeson distribution unit. Atlanta Journal and Constitution 12 July 1994.13.
55. Freudenheim M. Pharmaceutical giant is buying operator of drug benefit plans. The New York Times 12 July 1994.A1.
56. Merck & Co., Inc Form 10-K: Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 1993 Washington, DC Securities and Exchange Commission, 1994
57. Freudenheim M. Merck and Lilly post strong earnings and sales The New York Times 10 October 1994:C3
58. Hilzenrath D. Drugmakers to team with benefits firms. The Washington Post. 4 May 1994:D1
59. Hilzenrath D. Lilly's plan to buy benefits manager draws intense antitrust study. The Washington Post 27 October 1994 B11
60. Freudenheim M. Eli Lilly deal is advanced by the FTC. The New York Times. 4 November 1994 D1.
61. Agreement Containing Consent Order in the Matter of Eli Lilly and Company, Inc. US Federal Trade Commission file no 941-0102. Washington, DC U S Federal Trade Commission; 1994.
62. Black L. US bulk buyers slashing cost of medication The Independent 5 May 1994:3