Inhaled nitric oxide therapy

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 117-126

  Hurford, William E ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN; NITRIC OXIDE;

ARTERIAL OXYGEN SATURATION; DRUG BINDING; HUMAN; INHALATIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LUNG CIRCULATION; LUNG VENTILATION; PERFUSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; REVIEW; SHUNTING; VASODILATATION;

EID: 0029984627     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001503-199602000-00022     Document Type: Review

References (119)

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13. Samama CM, Diaby M, Fellahi JL, Mdhafar A, Eyraud P, Arock M, Guilloson JJ, Coriat P, Rouby JJ: Inhibition of platelet aggregation by Inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 1995, 83:56-65. During NO inhalation, a dose-independent decrease in ex vivo platelet aggregation was induced by adenosine diphosphate ( - 56 ± 18%), collagen ( - 37 ± 18%), and ristocetin ( - 45 ± 18%) (P < 0.05). Bleeding time remained within normal values measured in healthy volunteers, and variations after NO did not correlate with changes in platelet aggregation.
14. Gerlach H, Rossaint R, Pappert D, Knorr M, Falke KJ: Autoinhalation of nitric oxide after endogenous synthesis in nasopharynx. Lancet 1994, 343:518-519.
15. Lundberg JON, Farkas-Szallasi T, Weitzberg E, Rinder J, Lidholm J, Änggard A, Hökfelt T, Lundberg JM, Alviing K: High nitric oxide production in human paranasal sinuses. Nat Med 1995, 1:370-373.
16. Kharitonov SA, Wells AU, O'Connor BJ, Cole PJ, Hansell PM, Logan-Sinclair RB, Barnes PJ: Elevated levels of exhaled nitric oxide in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1889-1893.
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21. -6 M) were evaluated in patients under consideration for transplantation of the heart or lungs, or both. In patients with high left atrial pressure, inhaled NO decreased pulmonary artery pressure, PVR and venous admixture. In patients without left atrial hypertension, the only change was a decrease in PVR. Cardiac index, systemic pressure and resistance did not change in either group. Seven patients who received acetylcholine showed no significant alteration of pulmonary hemodynamics.
22. Pepke-Zaba J, Higenbottam TW, Dinh-Xuan AT, Stone D, Wallwork J: Inhaled nitric oxide as a cause of selective pulmonary vasodilation in pulmonary hypertension. Lancet 1991, 338:1173-1174.
23. 2 in most patients with ARDS. The selective pulmonary vasodilation was most pronounced in ARDS patients with the greatest degree of pulmonary vasoconstriction.
24. Benzing A, Geiger K: Inhaled nitric oxide lowers pulmonary capillary pressure and changes longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with acute lung injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994, 38:640-645. Inhaled NO caused vasodilation of the pulmonary venous vasculature. Pulmonary capillary pressure was decreased in all patients with acute lung injury.
25. Mira JP, Monchi M, Brunet F, Fierobe L, Dhainaut JF, Dinh-Xuan AT: Lack of efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide in ARDS. Intensive Care Med 1994, 20:532.
26. 2.
27. Puybasset L, Stewart T, Rouby JJ, Cluzel P, Mourgeon E, Belin MF, Arthaud M, Landault C, Viars P: Inhaled nitric oxide reverses the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance induced by permissive hypercapnia in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 1994, 80:1254-1267. Inhaled NO partially reversed the pulmonary hypertension induced by acute permissive hypercapnia. A significant increase of arterial oxygenation after NO administration was observed during normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions.
28. Wysocki M, Delclaux C, Roupie E, Langeron O, Liu N, Herman B, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Additive effect on gas exchange of inhaled nitric oxide and intravenous almitrine bismesylate in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1994, 20:254-259. Inhaled NO and intravenous almitrene had additive effects on gas exchange and decreased pulmonary artery pressure in patients with ARDS. The effects of NO alone were small and nonsignificant, except in a subgroup of seven patients in whom the combination of both therapies had the more pronounced results.
29. Young JD, Brampton WJ, Knighton JD, Finfer SR: Inhaled nitric oxide in acute respiratory failure in adults. Br J Anaesth 1994, 73:499-502.
30. Fierobe L, Brunet F, Dhainaut JF, Monchi M, Belghith M, Mira JP, Dall'ava-Santucci J, Din-Xuan AT: Effect of inhaled nitric oxide on right ventricular function in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1414-1419. Inhaled NO (5 ppm) decreased PVR and increased right ventricular ejection fraction from 32 ± 5% to 36 ± 6%; P < 0.05.
31. 2 and positive end-expiratory pressure. 70% of patients survived hospitalization.
32. Puybasset L, Rouby JJ, Mourgeon E, Cluzel P, Souhil Z, Law-Koune JD, Stewart T, Devilliers C, Lu Q, Roche S et al.: Factors influencing cardiopulmonary effects of inhaled nitric oxide in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 152:318-328. Factors associated with improvement in arterial oxygenation and decreases of PVR during NO breathing in ARDS patients were positive end-expiratory pressure-induced alveolar recruitment and the baseline level of PVR.
33. T) by greater than or equal to 10%; and in 63%, NO decreased mean pulmonary artery pressure by greater than or equal to 3 mmHg.
34. Rossaint R, Slama K, Steudel W, Gerlach H, Pappert D, Veit S, Falke K: Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on right ventricular function in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1995, 21:197-203.
35. Abman SH, Griebel JL, Parker DK, Schmidt JM, Swanton D, Kinsella JP: Acute effects of inhaled nitric oxide in children with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. J Pediatr 1994, 124:881-888. Inhaled NO acutely improved oxygenation and lowered PVR in pediatric patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. NO treatment (3-10 ppm) was continued for up to 24 days.
36. Finer NN, Etches PC, Kamstra B, Tierney AJ, Peliowski A, Ryan CA: Inhaled nitric oxide in infants referred for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: dose response. J Pediatr 1994, 124:302-308.
37. Lonnqvist PA, Winberg P, Lundell B, Sellden H, Olsson GL: Inhaled nitric oxide in neonates and children with pulmonary hypertension. Acta Paediatrica 1994, 83:1132-1136.
38. Karamanoukian HL, Glick PL, Zayek M, Steinhorn RH, Zwass MS, Fineman JR, Morin FC III: Inhaled nitric oxide in congenital hypoplasia of the lungs due to diaphragmatic hernia or oligohydramnios. Pediatrics 1994, 94:715-718. In these nine neonates with hypoplastic lungs, inhaled NO was effective only after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. This difference in activity may reflect maturational changes such as activation of the endogenous surfactant system.
39. Rozé JC, Storme L, Zupan V, Morville P, Dinh-Xuan AT, Mercier JC: Echocardiographic investigation of inhaled nitric oxide in newborn babies with severe hypoxaemia. Lancet 1994, 344:303-305. Inhaled NO improved systemic oxygenation in neonates with severe hypoxemia secondary to extra-pulmonary right-to-left shunts by increasing pulmonary blood flow, and in those without anatomical shunts by improving ventilation-perfusion matching.
40. Shah N, Jacob T, Exler R, Morrow S, Ford H, Albanese C, Wiener E, Rowe M, Billier T. Simmons R et al.: Inhaled nitric oxide in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1994, 29:1010-1015.
41. Wessel DL, Adatia I, Thompson JE, Hickey PR: Delivery and monitoring of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Crit Care Med 1994, 22:930-938.
42. Pappert D, Busch T, Gerlach H, Lewandowski K, Radermacher P, Rossaint R: Aerosolized prostacyclin versus inhaled nitric oxide in children with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 1995, 82:1507-1511.
43. Peliowski A, Finer NN, Etches PC, Tierney AJ, Ryan CA: Inhaled nitric oxide for premature infants after prolonged rupture of the membranes. J Pediatr 1995, 126:450-453. Inhaled NO ( ≤ 20 ppm) was administered for 6-137 h to eight premature infants (weighing 520-1440 g, born after 24-31 weeks of gestation) who failed to respond to conventional management and who had prolonged rupture of the membranes and oligohydramnios. All infants showed a significant improvement in oxygenation and a fall in mean airway pressure with inhaled NO.
44. Thompson MW, Bates JN, Klein JM: Treatment of respiratory failure in an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia infected with respiratory syncytial virus using inhaled nitric oxide and high frequency ventilation. Acta Paediatrica 1995, 84:100-102.
45. Journois D, Pouard P, Mauriat P, Malhere T, Vouhe P, Safran D: Inhaled nitric oxide as a therapy for pulmonary hypertension after operations for congenital heart defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994, 107:1129-1135.
46. Okamoto K, Sato T, Kurose M, Kukita I, Fujii H, Taki K: Successful use of inhaled nitric oxide for treatment of severe hypoxemia in an infant with total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Anesthesiology 1994, 81:256-259.
47. Winberg P, Lundell BP, Gustafsson LE: Effect of inhaled nitric oxide on raised pulmonary vascular resistance in children with congenital heart disease. Br Heart J 1994, 71:282-286.
48. Beghetti M, Habre W, Friedlii B, Berner M: Continuous low dose inhaled nitric oxide for treatment of severe pulmonary hypertension after cardiac surgery in paediatric patients. Br Heart J 1995, 73:65-68.
49. Day RW, Lynch JM, Shaddy RE, Orsmond GS: Pulmonary vasodilatory effects of 12 and 60 parts per million inhaled nitric oxide in children with ventricular septal defect. Am J Cardiol 1995, 75:196-198.
50. 2.
51. Miller OI, Celermajer DS, Deanfield JE, Macrae DJ: Very-low-dose inhaled nitric oxide: a selective pulmonary vasodilator after operations for congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994, 108:487-494.
52. 2, NO did not induce systemic hypotension.
53. Semigran MJ, Cockrill BA, Kacmarek R, Thompson BT, Zapol WM, Dec GW, Fifer MA: Hemodynamic effects of inhaled nitric oxide in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:982-988. Inhaled NO (20, 40, and 80 ppm) or intravenous nitroprusside was administered to 16 patients with New York Heart Association class III or IV heart failure referred for heart transplantation. PVR decreased to a greater extent with 80 ppm NO than with the maximally tolerated dose of nitroprusside. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure increased with 80 ppm NO (26 ± 2 to 32 ± 2 mmHg). Mean arterial pressure did not change with NO but decreased with nitroprusside.
54. Loh E, Stamler JS, Hare JM, Loscalzo J, Colucci WS: Cardiovascular effects of Inhaled nitric oxide in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1994, 90:2780-2785. Inhalation of 80 ppm NO in patients with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction caused a decrease of PVR, but this was due to an increase of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from 25 ± 3 to 31 ± 4 mmHg.
55. Bocchi EA, Bacal F, Auler Junior JO, Carmone MJ, Bellotti G, Pileggi F: Inhaled nitric oxide leading to pulmonary edema in stable severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:70-72.
56. Gatecel C, Mebazaa A, Kong R, Guinard N, Kermarrec N, Mateo J, Payen D: Inhaled nitric oxide improves hepatic tissue oxygenation in right ventricular failure: value of hepatic venous oxygen saturation monitoring. Anesthesiology 1995, 82:588-590.
57. Rich GF, Lowson SM, Johns RA, Daugherty MO, Uncles DR: Inhaled nitric oxide selectively decreases pulmonary vascular resistance without impairing oxygenation during one-lung ventilation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1994, 80:57-62. Inhaled NO (20 ppm) was a selective pulmonary vasodilator in patients with moderate pulmonary hypertension secondary to cardiac disease who were undergoing one-lung ventilation. Inhaled NO did not affect the venous admixture or oxygenation.
58. Lindberg L, Larsson A, Steen S, Olsson SG, Nordstrom L: Nitric oxide gives maximal response after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1994, 8:182-187.
59. Snow DJ, Gray SJ, Ghosh S, Foubert L, Oduro A, Higenbottam TW, Wells FC, Latimer RD: Inhaled nitric oxide in patients with normal and increased pulmonary vascular resistance after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 1994, 72:185-189. NO (40 ppm) caused a reduction of PVR after mitral valve surgery in patients who had pulmonary hypertension, but no change in hemodynamics in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass but had normal pulmonary artery pressures.
60. Sanna A, Kurtansky A, Veriter C, Stanescu D: Bronchodilator effect of inhaled nitric oxide in healthy men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:1702-1704. The bronchodilator effect of NO in men with methacholine-induced bronchospasm was much less than that reported in animals or that regularly observed in asthmatic patients after the inhalation of beta-sympathomimetic drugs.
61. Rossaint R, Falke KJ, Lopez F, Slama K, Pison U, Zapol WM: Inhaled nitric oxide for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:399-405.
62. Gerlach H, Pappert D, Lewandowski K, Rossaint R, Falke KJ: Long-term inhalation with evaluated low doses of nitric oxide for selective Improvement of oxygenation in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1993, 19:443-449.
63. Miller OI, Tang SF, Keech A, Celermajer DS: Rebound pulmonary hypertension on withdrawal from inhaled nitric oxide. Lancet 1995, 346:51-52.
64. Kiff RJ, Moss DW, Moncada S: Effect of nitric oxide gas on the generation of nitric oxide by isolated blood vessels: implications for inhalation therapy. Br J Pharmacol 1994, 113:496-498.
65. Roberts JD, Polaner DM, Lang P, Zapol WM: Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet 1992, 340:818-819.
66. Kinsella JP, Shaffer E, Neish SR, Abman SH: Low-dose inhalational nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet 1992, 340:819-820.
67. Karamanoukian HL, Glick PL, Wilcox DT, Rossman JE, Holm BA, Morin FC III: Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. VIII: Inhaled nitric oxide requires exogenous surfactant therapy in the lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1995, 30:1-4.
68. DeMarco V, Skimming J, Ellis TM, Cassin S: Nitric oxide inhalation: effects on the ovine neonatal pulmonary and systemic circulations. Chest 1994, 105:91-92.
69. Etches PC, Finer NN, Barrington KJ, Graham AJ, Chan WK: Nitric oxide reverses acute hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the newborn piglet. Pediatr Res 1994, 35:15-19.
70. Kinsella JP, Ivy DD, Abman SH: Inhaled nitric oxide improves gas exchange and lowers pulmonary vascular resistance in severe experimental hyaline membrane disease. Pediatr Res 1994, 36:402-408.
71. Nelin LD, Moshin J, Thomas CJ, Sasidharan P, Dawson CA: The effect of inhaled nitric oxide on the pulmonary circulation of the neonatal pig. Pediatr Res 1994, 35:20-24.
72. Skimming JW, deMarco VG, Cassin S: The effects of nitric oxide inhalation on the pulmonary circulation of preterm lambs. Pediatr Res 1994, 37:35-40.
73. Rosenberg AA, Kinsella JP, Abman SH: Cerebral hemodynamics and distribution of left ventricular output during inhalation of nitric oxide. Crit Care Med 1995, 23:1391-1397.
74. Radermacher P, Rammos S: Low dose inhaled nitric oxide causing selective pulmonary vasodilation in child with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Pediatr 1994, 153:691-693.
75. Moinard J, Manier G, Pillet O, Castaing Y: Effect of inhaled nitric oxide on hemodynamics and VA/Q inequalities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 149:1482-1487. The circulatory effects of inhalation of 15 ppm NO in air in 14 hypoxic patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonary artery pressure and PVR decreased after 10 min NO inhalation. The extent of the reduction appeared to depend on the level of baseline pulmonary arterial hypertension. The mean VA/Q ratio and the dispersion of ventilation and blood flow distributions were not altered by NO inhalation.
76. Channick RN, Hoch RC, Newhart JW, Johnson FW, Smith CM: Improvement in pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia during nitric oxide inhalation in a patient with end-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 149:811-814.
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79. Maruyama K, Kobayasi H, Taguchi O, Chikusa H, Muneyuki M: Higher doses of inhaled nitric oxide might be less effective in improving oxygenation in a patient with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis [Letter]. Anesth Analg 1995, 81:210-212.
80. Roberts JD Jr, Lang P, Bigatello LM, Vlahakes GJ, Zapol WM: Inhaled nitric oxide in congenital heart disease. Circulation 1993, 87:447-453.
81. 2 and sodium nitroprusside decreased PVR.
82. Snell GI, Salamonsen RF, Bergin P, Esmore DS, Khan S, Williams TJ: Inhaled nitric oxide used as a bridge to heart-lung transplantation in a patient with end-stage pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1263-1266. The authors report a case of a 40-year-old woman who received inhaled NO as a 'bridge' to heart-lung transplantation for end-stage primary pulmonary hypertension. Inhaled NO (mean dose 50 ± 23 ppm) was administered initially via a face mask and later via a transtracheal Scoop catheter. The patient received a heart-lung transplant after 68 days of inhaled NO therapy. The explanted lungs revealed no evidence of significant NO toxicity.
83. Adatia I, Lillehei C, Arnold JH, Thompson JE, Palazzo R, Fackler JC, Wessel DL: Inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of postoperative graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1994, 57:1311-1318. The effects of inhaled NO (80 ppm) on hemodynamics and gas exchange were examined in six patients (median age 14 years; range 5-21 years) after lung transplantation as well as the effect of extended treatment over 40-69 h in two patients. In five patients with pulmonary hypertension, NO lowered pulmonary artery pressure, PVR and venous admixture. NO caused a sustained improvement on oxygenation and pulmonary artery pressure during extended therapy at doses of 10 ppm.
84. Hogman M, Wei SZ, Frostell C, Arnberg H, Hedenstierna G: Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction: a concentration response study in rabbits. Eur Respir J 1994, 7:698-702.
85. Brown RH, Zerhouni EA, Hirshman CA: Reversal of bronchoconstriction by inhaled nitric oxide. Histamine versus methacholine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:233-237. The ability of NO to dilate airways preconstricted with histamine or methacholine was assessed with high-resolution computed tomography in anesthetized dogs. NO completely reversed histamine-induced airway constriction in a dose-related fashion. In contrast, NO only partially reversed methacholine-induced constriction.
86. Lindeman KS, Aryana A, Hirshman CA: Direct effects of inhaled nitric oxide on canine peripheral airways. J Appl Physiol 1995, 78 1898-1903. High concentrations of inhaled NO produced small but significant bronchodilation of peripheral airways in anesthetized dogs. The mechanism of action appeared to involve activation of guanylyl cyclase and was independent of the cholinergic neural pathway.
87. Putensen C, Rasanen J, Lopez FA: Improvement in VA/Q distributions during inhalation of nitric oxide in pigs with methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:116-122. Inhalation of either 20 ppm NO or terbutaline produced similar reductions of pulmonary resistance and increases of lung compliance in anesthetized pigs with methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction.
88. Channick RN, Newhart JW, Johnson FW, Moser KM: Inhaled nitric oxide reverses hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs. A practical nitric oxide delivery and monitoring system. Chest 1994, 105:1842-1847.
89. Jacob TD, Nakayama DK, Seki I, Exler R, Lancaster JR Jr, Sweetland MA, Yousem S, Simmons RL, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB, Motoyama EK: Hemodynamic effects and metabolic fate of inhaled nitric oxide in hypoxic piglets. J Appl Physiol 1994, 76:1794-1801.
90. Romand JA, Pinsky MR, Firestone L, Zar HA, Lancaster JR Jr: Effect of inhaled nitric oxide on pulmonary hemodynamics after acute lung injury in dogs. J Appl Physiol 1994, 76:1356-1362.
91. Romand JA, Pinsky MR, Firestone L, Zar HA, Lancaster JR Jr: Inhaled nitric oxide partially reverses hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog. J Appl Physiol 1994, 76:1350-1355.
92. Van Camp JR, Yian C, Lupinetti FM: Regulation of pulmonary vascular resistance by endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide. Ann Thorac Surg 1994, 58:1025-1030.
93. Freden F, Wei SZ, Berglund JE, Frostell C, Hedenstierna G: Nitric oxide modulation of pulmonary blood flow distribution in lobar hypoxia. Anesthesiology 1995, 82:1216-1225.
94. Tod ML, O'Donnell DC, Gordon JB: Sites of inhaled NO-induced vasodilation during hypoxia and U-46619 infusion in isolated lamb lungs. Am J Physiol 1995, 268:H1422-1427. In blood-perfused lamb lungs, inhaled NO (45 ppm) relaxed large and small arteries during hypoxia, and large arteries and small arteries and veins during U-46619 infusion. Inhaled NO did not dilate large pulmonary veins.
95. Zwissler B, Weite M, Messmer K: Effects of inhaled prostacyclin as compared with inhaled nitric oxide on right ventricular performance in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995, 9:283-289.
96. Dahm P, Blomquist S, Martensson L, Thome J, Zoucas E: Circulatory and ventilatory effects of intermittent nitric oxide inhalation during porcine endotoxemia. J Trauma 1994, 37:769-777. NO inhalation induced selective pulmonary vasodilation in an anesthetized swine endotoxemia model.
97. Ogura H, Cioffi WG, Offner PJ, Jordan BS, Johnson AA, Pruitt BA Jr: Effect of inhaled nitric oxide on pulmonary function after sepsis in a swine model. Surgery 1994, 116:313-321.
98. Klemm P, Thiemermann C, Winkmaier G, Martorana PA, Henning R: Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition combined with nitric oxide inhalation in a porcine model of endotoxin shock. Br J Pharmacol 1995, 224:363-368.
99. Putensen C, Rasanen J, Downs JB: Effect of endogenous and inhaled nitric oxide on the ventilation-perfusion relationships in oleic-acid lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:330-336.
100. Tonz M, von Segesser LK, Schilling J, Luscher TF, Noll G, Leskosek B, Tunna MI: Treatment of acute pulmonary hypertension with inhaled nitric oxide. Ann Thorac Surg 1994, 58:1031-1035.
101. Ogura H, Cioffi WG Jr, Jordan BS, Okergerg CV, Johnson AA, Mason AD Jr, Pruitt BA Jr: The effect of inhaled nitric oxide on smoke inhalation injury in an ovine model. J Trauma 1994, 37:294-302.
102. Putensen C, Rasanen J, Lopez FA, Downs JB: Continuous positive airway pressure modulates effect of inhaled nitric oxide on the ventilation-perfusion distributions in canine lung injury. Chest 1994, 106:1563-1569.
103. Rovira I, Chen TY, Winkler M, Kawai N, Bloch KD, Zapol WM: Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on pulmonary hemodynamics and gas exchange in an ovine model of ARDS. J Appl Physiol 1994, 76:345-355.
104. Shah NS, Nakayama DK, Jacob TD, Nishio I, Imai T, Billiar TR, Exler R, Yousem SA, Motoyama EK, Deitzman AR: Efficacy of Inhaled nitric oxide in a porcine model of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Arch Surg 1994, 129:158-164.
105. Roos CM, Rich GF, Uncles DR, Daughterly MO, Frank DU: Sites of vasodilation by inhaled nitric oxide vs. sodium nitroprusside in endothelin-constricted isolated rat lungs. J Appl Physiol 1994, 77:51-57.
106. Lindeborg DM, Kavanagh BP, Van Meurs K, Pearl RG: Inhaled nitric oxide does not alter the longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance. J Appl Physiol 1995, 78:341-348.
107. Rimar S, Gillis CN: Site of pulmonary vasodilation by inhaled nitric oxide in the perfused lung. J Appl Physiol 1995, 78:1745-1749.
108. Ichinose F, Adrie C, Hurford WE, Zapol WM: Prolonged pulmonary vasodilator action of inhaled nitric oxide by Zaprinast in awake lambs. J Appl Physiol 1995, 78:1288-1295.
109. Kavanagh BP, Mouchawar A, Goldsmith J, Pearl RG: Effects of inhaled NO and inhibition of endogenous NO synthesis in oxidant-induced acute lung injury. J Appl Physiol 1994, 76:1324-1329.
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111. Nishimura M, Hess D, Kacmarek RM, Ritz R, Hurford WE: Nitrogen dioxide production during mechanical ventilation with nitric oxide in adults. Effects of ventilator internal volume, air versus nitrogen dilution, minute ventilation, and inspired oxygen fraction. Anesthesiology 1995, 82:1246-1254.
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113. Valvini EM, Young JD: Serum nitrogen oxides during nitric oxide inhalation. Br J Anaesth 1995, 74:338-339.
114. Iwamoto J, Krasney JA, Morin FC III: Methemoglobin production by nitric oxide in fresh sheep blood. Respir Physiol 1994, 96:273-283.
115. Young JD, Dyar O, Xiong L, Howell S: Methaemoglobin production in normal adults inhaling low concentrations of nitric oxide. Intensive Care Med 1994, 20:581-584.
116. Pickett JA, Moors AH, Latimer RD, Mahmood N, Ghosh S, Oduro A: The role of soda lime during administration of Inhaled nitric oxide. Br J Anaesth 1994, 72:683-685.
117. Petros AJ, Cox P, Bohn D: A simple method for monitoring the concentration of inhaled nitric oxide. Anaesthesia 1994, 49:317-319.
118. Etches PC, Harris ML, McKinley R, Finer NN: Clinical monitoring of inhaled nitric oxide: comparison of chemiluminescent and electrochemical sensors. Biomed Instrument Technol 1995, 29:134-140.
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