Erythropoietin production in liver and kidneys

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 28-34

  Eckardt, Kai Uwe ^a  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ERYTHROPOIETIN;

BIOSYNTHESIS; DRUG SYNTHESIS; ERYTHROPOIESIS; KIDNEY; LIVER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0029980276     PISSN: 10624821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00041552-199601000-00007     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Eckardt K-U: Erythropoietin: oxygen-dependent control of erythropoiesis and its failure in renal disease. Nephron 1994, 67:7-23. Review article with major emphasis on the mechanisms of Epo production.
2. Krantz SB: Erythropoietin. Blood 1991, 77:419-434.
3. Jacobson LO, Goldwasser E, Fried W, Pizak L: Role of the kidney in erythropoiesis. Nature 1957, 179:633-634.
4. Fried W: The liver as a source of extrarenal erythropoietin production. Blood 1972, 40:671-677.
5. Lin F-K, Suggs S, Lin C-H, Browne JK, Smalling R, Egrie JC, Chen KK, Fox GM, Martin F, Stabinsky Z, et al.: Cloning and expression of the human erythropoietin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985, 82:7580-7584.
6. Jacobs K, Shoemaker C, Rudersdorf R, Neill SD, Kaufman RJ, Mufson A, Seehra J, Jones SS, Hewick R, Fritsch EF, et al.: Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin. Nature 1985, 313:806-810.
7. Winearls CG, Oliver DO, Pippard MJ, Reid C, Downing MR, Cotes PM: Effect of human erythropoietin derived from recombinant DNA on the anaemia of patients maintained by chronic haemodialysis. Lancet 1986, 2:1175-1178.
8. Eschbach JW, Egrie JC, Downing MR, Browne JK, Adamson JW: Correction of the anaemia of end-stage renal disease with recombinant human erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 1987, 316:73-78.
9. Muta K, Krantz SB, Bondurant MC, Wickrema A: Distinct roles of erythropoietin, insulin like growth factor I, and stem cell factor in the development of erythroid progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 1994, 94:34-43.
10. Youssoufian H, Longmore G, Neumand D, Yoshimura A, Lodish HF: Structure, function, and activation of the erythropoietin receptor. Blood 1993, 81:2223-2236. Extensive review of the biology of the Epo receptor and its similarities with other cytokine receptors.
11. Koury MJ, Bondurant MC: Erythropoietin retards DNA breakdown and prevents programmed death in erythroid progenitor cells. Science 1990, 248:378-381.
12. Vogt C, Pentz S, Rich IN: A role for the macrophage in normal hemopoiesis: III. In vitro and in vivo erythropoietin gene expression in macrophages detected by in situ hybridization. Exp Hematol 1989, 17:391-397.
13. Beridge MV, Fraser JK, Carter JM, Lin FK: Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on megakaryocytes and on platelet production in the rat. Blood 1988, 72:970-977.
14. Ishibashi T, Koziol JA, Burstein SA: Human recombinant erythropoietin promotes differentiation of murine megakaryocytes in vitro. J Clin Invest 1987, 79:286-289.
15. Bartely TD, Bogenberger P, Hunt P, Li YS, Lu HS, Martin F, Chang MS, Samal B, Nichol JL, Swift S, et al.: Identification and cloning of a megacaryocyte growth and development factor that is a ligand for the cytokine receptor Mpl. Cell 1994, 77:1117-1124.
16. De Sauvage FJ, Mass PE, Spencer SD, Malloy BE, Gurney AL, Spencer SA, Darbonne WC, Henzel WJ, Wong SC, Kuang WJ, et al.: Stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis by the c-Mpl ligand. Nature 1994, 369:533-538.
17. Lok S, Kaushansky K, Holly RD, Kuijper JL, Lofton-Day CE, Oort PJ, Grant FJ, Heipel MD, Burkhead SK, Kramer JM, et al.: Cloning and expression of murine thrombopoietin cDNA and stimulation of platelet production in vivo. Nature 1994, 369:565-568.
18. Broudy VC, Lin NL, Kaushansky K: Thrombopoietin (c-Mpl ligand) acts synergistically with erythropoietin, stem cell factor, and Interleukin-11 to enhance murine megakaryocyte colony growth and increases megakaryocyte ploldy in vitro. Blood 1995, 85:1719-1726.
19. Anagnostou A, Liu Z, Steiner M, Chin K, Lee ES, Kessimian N, Noguchi CT: Erythropoietin receptor mRNA expression in human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994, 91:3974-3978.
20. Katoh K, Mizuno K, Hashimoto S, Okazaki K, Asahi K, Kuriki M, Yamada D, Fukuchi S: Direct evidence for erythropoietin-induced release of endothelin from peripheral vascular tissue. Life Sci 1994, 54:PL253-PL259.
21. Gogusev J, Zhu D-L, Hérembert T, Ammarguellat F, Marche P, Drueke T: Effect of erythropoietin on DNA synthesis, proto-oncogene expression and phospholipase C activity in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994, 199:977-983.
22. Foresta C, Mioni R, Bordon P, Miotto D, Montini G, Varotto A: Erythropoietin stimulates testosterone production in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 78:753-756.
23. Foresta C, Mioni R, Bordon P, Gottardello F, Nogara A, Rossato M: Erythropoietin and testicular steroldogenesls: the role of second messengers. Eur J Endocrinol 1995, 132:103-108.
24. Masuda S, Okano M, Yamagishi K, Nagao M, Masatsugu U, Sasaki R: A novel site of erythropoietin production: oxygen-dependent production in cultured rat astrocytes. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:19488-19493. Interesting study, demonstrating the in-vitro production of Epo by astrocytes in cerebral cell cultures of rat fetuses. Together with previous work by the same group these findings suggest a paracrine effect of Epo on neurons during hypoxia.
25. Tan CC, Eckardt K-U, Firth J, Ratcliffe PJ: Feedback modulation of renal and hepatic erythropoietin messenger RNA in response to graded anemia and hypoxia. Am J Physiol 1992, 263:F474-F481.
26. Carlini RG, Reyes AA, Rothstein M: Recombinant human erythropoietin stimulates angiogenesls in vitro. Kidney Int 1995, 47:740-745.
27. Vaziri ND, Zhou XJ, Liao SY: Erythropoietin enhances recovery from cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:F360-F366. Interesting, yet unexplained observation, which suggests that Epo influences the course of renal failure independent of its effects on eiythropoiesis.
28. Eckardt K-U, Ratcliffe PJ, Tan CC, Bauer C, Kurtz A: Age dependent expression of the erythropoietin gene in rat liver and kidneys. J Clin Invest 1992, 89:753-760.
29. Lim GB, Jeyaseelan K, Wintour EM: Ontogeny of erythropoietin gene expression in the sheep fetus: effect of dexamethasone at 60 days gestation. Blood 1994, 84:460-466.
30. Lacombe C, Da Silva J-L, Bruneval P, Fournier J-G, Wendling F, Casadevall N, Camilleri J-P, Bariety J, Varet B, Tambourin P: Peritubular cells are the site of erythropoietin synthesis in the murine hypoxic kidney. J Clin Invest 1988, 81:620-623.
31. Koury ST, Bondurant MC, Koury MJ: Localization of erythropoietin synthesizing cells in murine kidneys by in situ hybridization. Blood 1988, 71:524-527.
32. Kurtz A, Eckardt K-U, Neumann R, Kaissling B, Le Hir M, Bauer C: Site of erythropoietin formation. Contrib Nephrol 1989, 76:14-23.
33. Bachmann S, Le Hir M, Eckardt K-U: Colocalization of erythropoietin mRNA and ecto-5′-nucleotidase immunoreactivity in peritubular cells of rat renal cortex indicates that fibroblasts produce erythropoietin. J Histochem Cytochem 1993, 41:335-341.
34. Darby IA, Evans BA, Fu P, Lim GB, Moritz KM, Wintour EM: Erythropoietin gene expression in fetal and adult sheep kidney. Br J Haematol 1995, 89:266-270.
35. Eckardt K-U, Koury ST, Tan CC, Schuster SJ, Ratcliffe PJ, Kaissling B, Kurtz A: Distribution of erythropoietin producing cells in rat kidneys during hypoxic hypoxia. Kidney Int 1992, 43:815-823.
36. Maxwell PH, Osmond MK, Pugh CW, Heryet A, Nicholls LG, Tan CC, Doe BG, Ferguson DJP, Johnson MH, Ratcliffe PJ: Identification of the renal erythropoietin-producing cells using transgenic mice. Kidney Int 1993, 44:1149-1162.
37. Koury ST, Koury MJ, Bondurant MC, Caro J, Graber SE: Quantitation of erythropoietin-producing cells in kidneys of mice by in-situ hybridization: correlation with hematocrit, renal erythropoietin mRNA, and serum erythropoietin concentration. Blood 1989, 74:645-651.
38. Koury ST, Bondurant MC, Koury MJ, Semenza GL: Localization of cells producing erythropoietin in murine liver by in situ hybridization. Blood 1991, 77:2497-2503.
39. Schuster SJ, Koury St, Bohrer M, Salceda S, Caro J: Cellular sites of extrarenal and renal erythropoietin production in anaemic rats. Br J Haematol 1992, 81:153-159.
40. Lacombe C, Da Silva J-L, Bruneval P, Chesne C, Guillouza A, Camilleri J-P, Bariety J, Varet B, Tambourin P: Expression of the erythro poietin gene in the kidney and the liver of the anaemic mouse. In Response and adaptation to hypoxia: organ to organelle. Edited by Lahiri S, Cherniack NS, Fitzgerald RS. Oxford University Press; 1991:69-77.
41. Eckardt K-U, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ, Kurtz A: Oxygen dependent modulation of erythropoietin mRNA in rat hepatocytes in vitro. Pflügers Arch 1993, 423:356-364.
42. Maxwell PH, Ferguson DJP, Osmond MK, Pugh CW, Heryet A, Doe BG, Johnson MH, Ratcliffe PJ: Expression of a homologously recombined erythropoietin-SV 40 T antigen fusion gene in mouse liver: evidence for erythropoietin production by Ito cells. Blood 1994, 84:1823-1830. Using the same animals as in [36] the authors provide first evidence that the non-parenchymal cells producing Epo in the liver are Ito cells.
43. Ramadori G: The stellate cell (Ito-cee, fat-storing cell, lipocyte, perisinusoidal cell) of the liver. Virchows Arch [B] 1991, 61:147-158.
44. Lemley KV, Kriz W: Anatomy of the renal interstitium. Kidney Int 1991, 39:370-382.
45. Le Hir M, Eckardt K-U, Kaissling B: Anemia induces 5′-nucleotidase in fibroblasts of cortical labyrinth of rat kidney. Renal Physiol Biochem 1989, 12:313-319.
46. Schmid TC, Loffing J, Le Hir M, Kaissling B: Distribution of ecto-5′-nucleotidase in the rat liver: effect of anemia. Histochemistry 1994, 101:439-447.
47. Friedman SL: The cellular basis of hepatic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1828-1835.
48. Nath KA: Tubulointerstitial changes as a major determinant in the progression of renal damage. Am J Kidney Dis 1992, 20:1-17.
49. da Silva J-L, Lacombe C, Bruneval P, Casadevall N, Leporrier M, Camilleri J-P, Bariety J, Tambourin P, Varet B: Tumor cells are the site of erythropoietin synthesis in human renal cancers associated with polycythemia. Blood 1990, 75:577-582.
50. Shiramizu M, Katsuoka Y, Grodberg J, Koury ST, Fletcher JA, Davis KL, Sytkowski AJ: Constitutive secretion of erythropoietin by human renal adenocarcinoma cells in vivo and in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1994, 215:249-256.
51. Funakoshi A, Muta H, Baba T, Shimizu S: Gene expression of mutant erythropoietin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993, 195:717-722.
52. Loya F, Yang Y, Lin H, Goldwasser E, Albitar M: Transgenic mice carrying the erythropoietin gene promoter linked to lacZ express the reporter in proximal convoluted tubule cells after hypoxia. Blood 1994, 84:1831-1836.
53. Scholz H, Schurek HK, Eckardt K-U, Kurtz A, Bauer C: Oxygen dependent erythropoietin production by the isolated perfused rat kidney. Pflügers Arch 1991, 418:228-233.
54. Ratcliffe PJ, Jones RW, Phillips RE, Nicholls LG, Bell JI: Oxygen-dependent modulation of erythropoietin mRNA levels. J Exp Med 1990, 172:657-660.
55. Goldberg MA, Glass GA, Cunningham JM, Bunn HF: The regulated expression of erythropoietin by two human hepatoma cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987, 84:7972-7976.
56. Goldberg MA, Gaut CC, Bunn HF: Erythropoietin mRNA levels are governed by both the rate of gene transcription and posttranscriptional events. Blood 1991, 77:271-277.
57. Ohigashi T, Brookins J, Fisher JW: Interaction of nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in erythropoietin production. J Clin Invest 1993, 92:1587-1591.
58. Eckardt K-U, Ring A, Maier M, Gess B, Fabbro D, Kurtz A: Hypoxia induced accumulation of erythropoietin mRNA in isolated hepatocytes is inhibited by protein kinase C. Pflügers Arch 1994, 426:21-30.
59. Wang GL, Semenza GL: Characterization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and regulation of DNA binding activity by hypoxia. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:21513-21518.
60. Goldberg MA, Dunning SP, Bunn HF: Regulation of the erythropoietin gene: evidence that the oxygen sensor is a heme protein. Science 1988, 242:1412-1415.
61. Wang GL, Semenza GL: Desferrioxamine induces erythropoietin gene expression and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 DNA-binding activity: implications for models of hypoxia signal transduction. Blood 1993, 82:3610-3615.
62. Teruel JL, Marcen R, Navarro JF, Villafruela JJ, Lucas MF, Rivera M, Ortuno J: Influence of body iron stores on the serum erythropoietin concentration in hemodialyzed patients. Am J Nephrol 1994, 14:95-98.
63. Imagawa S, Izumi T, Miura Y: Positive and negative regulation of the erythropoietin gene. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:9038-9044.
64. Blanchard KL, Acquaviva AM, Galson DL, Bunn HF: Hypoxic induction of the human erythropoietin gene: cooperation between the promoter and enhancer, each of which contains steroid receptor response elements. Mol Cell Biol 1992, 12:5373-5385.
65. Pugh CW, Tan CC, Jones RW, Ratcliffe PJ: Functional analysis of an oxygen-regulated transcriptional enhancer lying 3′ to the mouse erythropoietin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991, 88:10553-10557.
66. Beck I, Weinmann R, Caro J: Characterization of hypoxia-responsive enhancer in the human erythropoietin gene shows presence of hypoxia-inducible 120-kd nuclear DNA-binding protein in erythropoietin-producing and nonproducing cells. Blood 1993, 82:704-711.
67. Madan A, Curtin PT: A 24-base-pair sequence 3′ to the human erythropoietin gene contains a hypoxia-responsive transcriptional enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993, 90:3928-3932.
68. Semenza GL, Wang GL: A nuclear factor induced by hypoxia via de novo protein synthesis binds to the human erythropoietin gene enhancer at a site required for transcription activation. Mol Cell Biol 1992, 12:5447-5454.
69. Semenza GL, Nejfelt MK, Chi SM, Antonarakis SE: Hypoxia-inducible nuclear factors bind to an enhancer element located 3′ to the human erythropoietin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991, 88:5680-5684.
70. Wang GL, Semenza GL: Purification and characterization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:1230-1237. This study reports a very important step in the identification of the molecular mechanisms of oxygen-dependent gene control.
71. Maxwell PH, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ: Inducible operation of the erythropoietin 3′ enhancer in multiple cell lines: evidence for a widespread oxygen-sensing mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993, 90:2423-2427.
72. Wang GL, Semenza GL: General involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in transcriptional response to hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993, 90:4304-4308.
73. Semenza GL, Roth PH, Fang H-M, Wang GL: Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:23757-23763. Extensive analysis of similarities and differences between the oxygen-dependent control of different glycolytic enzymes and Epo.
74. Shreeniwas R, Koga S, Karakurum M, Pinsky D, Kaiser E, Brett J, Wolitzky BA, Norton C, Plocinski J, Benjamin W, et al.: Hypoxia-mediated induction of endothelial cell interteukin-1 alpha. J Clin Invest 1992, 90:2333-2339.
75. Firth JD, Ebert BL, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ: Oxygen-regulated control elements in the phosphoglycerate kinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase A genes: similarities with the erythropoietin 3′ enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994, 91:6496-6500. Interesting study providing further convincing evidence for the existence of a widespread oxygen sensing system.
76. Goldberg MA, Schneider TJ: Similarities between the oxygen-sensing mechanisms regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:4355-4359.
77. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E: Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 1992, 359:843-845.
78. Longo LD, Packianathan S, McQueary JA, Stagg RB, Byus CV, Cain CD: Acute hypoxia increases omithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine concentrations in fetal rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993, 90:692-696.
79. Minchenko A, Bauer T, Salceda S, Caro J: Hypoxic stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vitro and in vivo. Lab Invest 1994, 71:374-379.