Anti-malarial drugs: Possible mechanisms of action in autoimmune disease and prospects for drug development

Lupus

Volumn 5, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1996, Pages

  Fox, R ^a  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti malarial; Chloroquine; Hydroxychloroquine

Indexed keywords

ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; AUTOANTIGEN; CHLOROQUINE; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2;

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; AUTOIMMUNITY; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL PH; CYTOPLASM VESICLE; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; DRUG THERAPY; ETIOLOGY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MACROPHAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW;

EID: 0029977202     PISSN: 09612033     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0961203396005001031     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Wallace D. Anti-malarial drugs. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1994; 20: 243-263.
2. Unanue E. Antigen-presenting function of the macrophage. Annu Rev. Immunol 1984; 2: 395.
3. Dubois EL: Anti-malarials in the management of discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1978; 8: 33-51.
4. Teyton L et al. Invariant chain distinguishes between the exogenous and endogenous antigen presentation pathways. Nature 1990; 348: 39-44.
5. Peterson M, Miller J. Invariant chain influences the immunological recognition of MHC class II molecules. Nature 1990; 345: 172-174.
6. Ziegler HK, Unanue ER. Decrease in macrophage antigen catabolism caused by ammonia and chloroquine is associated with inhibition of antigen presentation to T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 175.
7. Ohkuma S, Poole B. Fluorescence probe measurement of the intralysosomal pH in living cells and the perturbation of pH by various agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 3327-2221.
8. Koevary SB, Blomberg M. Prevention of diabetes in BB/Wor rats by intra-thymic islet injection. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 512-516.
9. Kaufman DL et al. Spontaneous loss of T-cell tolerance to glutamic acid decarboxylase in murine insulin-dependent diabetes. Nature 1993; 366: 69-72.
10. Tisch R et al. Immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. Nature 1993; 366: 72-75.
11. Herold KC, Montag AG, Buckingham E. Induction of tolerance to autoimmune diabetes with islet antigens. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 1107-1114.
12. Vaux DL. Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of physiological cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 786-789.
13. Malnati MS et al. Processing pathways for presentation of cytosolic antigen to MHC class II-restricted T cells. Nature 1992; 357: 702-706.
14. Lotteau V et al. Intracellular transport of class II MCH molecules directed by invariant chain. Nature 1990; 348: 600-606.
15. Lehmann PV et al. Determinant spreading and the dynamics of the autoimmune T-cell repertoire. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 203-208.
16. Teyton L, Peterson PA. Assembly and transport of MHC class II molecules. New Biol 1992; 4: 441-447.
17. Mamula MJ, Lin R-H, Janeway CA, Jr., Hardin JA. Breaking T cell tolerance with foreign and self co-immunogens. A study of autoimmune B and T cell epitopes of cytochrome c. J Immunol 1992; 149: 789-795.
18. Gammon G, Sercarz EE, Benichou G. The dominant self and the cryptic self: Shaping the autoreactive T-cell repertoire. Immunol Today 1991; 12: 193-195.
19. Karlsson L et al. Reconstitution of an operational MHC class II compartment in nonantigen-presented cells. Science 1994; 226: 1569-1573.
20. Schmid SL, Jackson MR. Making class II presentable. Nature 1994; 369: 103-105.
21. Roche PA, Cresswell P. Proteolysis of the class II-associated invariant chain generates a peptide binding site in intracellular HLA-DR molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 3150-3154.
22. Blum JS, Cresswell P. Role for intracellular proteases in the processing and transport of class II HLA antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 3975-3979.
23. Jensen PE. Regulation of antigen presentation by acidic pH. J Exp Med 1990; 171: 1779-1784.
24. Cain CC, Sipe DM, Murphy RF. Regulation of endocytic pH by the Na+, K+-ATPase in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 544-548.
25. Tulp A et al. Isolation and characterization of the intracellular MHC class II compartment. Nature 1994; 369: 120-123.
26. Amigorena S, Drake JR, Webster P, Mellman I. Transient accumulation of new class II MHC molecules in a novel endocytic compartment in B lymphocytes. Nature 1994; 369: 113-116.
27. Homewood CA, Warhurst DC, Peters W, Baggaley VC. Lysosomes, pH and the anti-malarial action of chloroquine. Nature 1972; 235: 50-52.
28. HERA. A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine in early rheumatoid arthritis: The HERA study. Am J Med 1995; 98: 156.
29. Nowell J, Quaranta V. Chloroquine affects biosynthesis of Ia molecules by inhibiting dissociation of invariant (gamma) chains from α-β dimers in B cells. J Exp Med 1985; 162: 1371-1376.
30. Janeway CA, Jr., Bottomly K: Signals and signs for lymphocyte responses. Cell 1994; 76: 275-285.
31. Fox RI, Kang HI. Mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine as an antirheumatic drug. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1993; 23: 82-91.
32. Hamilton E, Scott J. Hydroxychloroquine in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1962; 5: 502.
33. Ziff M, Esserman P, McKwan C. Observations on the course and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1958; 1: 332.
34. Bykerk V et al. A randomized study of the effect of withdrawing hydroxychloroquine sulfate in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 150.
35. Cohen S, Yielding K. Inhibition of DNA and RNA polymerase reactions by chloroquine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1965; 54: 521-527.
36. Filippov A et al. Ca+ + antagonistic properties of phospholipase A2 inhibitors, mepacrine and chloroquine. Gen Physiol Biophys 1989; 8: 113-118.
37. Matsuzawa Y, Hestetler KY. Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase A and phospholipase C by chloroquine and 4,4′bis (diethylaminoethoxy) alpha, beta-diethylane, J Biol Chem 1980; 255: 5190-5194.
38. Hurst N et al. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine inhibit multiples sites in metabolic pathways leading to neutrophil superoxide release. J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 23.
39. Salmeron G, Lipsky PE. Immunosuppressive potentials of anti-malarials. Am J Med 1983; 75(Suppl 1a): 19-24.
40. Picot S et al. Chloroquine inhibits tumor necrosis factor production by human macrophages in vitro. J Infect Dis 1991; 164: 830.
41. Naimiuchi S et al. Quinacrine inhibits the primary but not secondary proliferative response of human cytotoxic T cells to allogeneic non-T-cell antigens. J Immunol 1984; 123: 1456-1461.