Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 1047-1060

  Chow, Robert K P ^a   Ho, Vincent C ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; CHLORAMBUCIL; CHLORMETHINE; CLOFAZIMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; CYPROHEPTADINE; CYTARABINE; DAUNORUBICIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; MELPHALAN; MESALAZINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MINOCYCLINE; NICOTINE; POTASSIUM IODIDE; PREDNISONE; TACROLIMUS; THALIDOMIDE;

ANAPHYLAXIS; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRY SKIN; HUMAN; HYPERBARIC OXYGEN; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; PLASMAPHERESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM; REVIEW;

EID: 0029975636     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90285-6     Document Type: Article

References (199)

1. Brunsting LA, Goeckerman WH, O'Leary PA. Pyoderma (ecthyma) gangrenosum: clinical and experimental observations in five cases occurring in adults. Arch Dermatol 1930;22:655-80.
2. Hickman JG, Lazarus GS. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a reappraisal of associated systemic diseases. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:235-7.
3. Powell FC, Schroeter AL, Su WPD. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a review of 86 patients. Q J Med 1985;55:173-86.
4. Ko CB, Walton S, Wyatt EH. Pyoderma gangrenosum: associations revisited. Int J Dermatol 1992;31:574-7.
5. Jemec GBE, Konradsen L. Pyoderma gangrenosum complicated by necrotizing fasciitis. Cutis 1994;53:139-41.
6. Talansky AL, Meyers S, Greenstein AJ, et al. Does intestinal resection heal the pyoderma gangrenosum of inflammatory bowel disease? J Clin Gastroenterol 1983; 5:207-10.
7. Perry HO. Pyoderma gangrenosum. South Med J 1969; 62:899-908.
8. Jennings JL. Pyoderma gangrenosum: successful treatment with intralesional steroids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:575-80.
9. Newell LM, Malkinson FD. Pyoderma gangrenosum: response to cyclophosphamide therapy. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:495-7.
10. Murray JC. Pyoderma gangrenosum with IgG gammopathy. Cutis 1983;32:477-86.
11. Prystowsky JH, Kahn SN, Lazarus GS. Present status of pyoderma gangrenosum: review of 21 cases. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:57-64.
12. Callen JP. Pyoderma gangrenosum and related disorders. Med Clin North Am 1989;73:1247-61.
13. Schwaegerle SM, Bergfeld WF, Senitzer D, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:559-68.
14. Nguyen LQ, Weiner J. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with benzoyl peroxide. Cutis 1977;19:842-4.
15. Work BA Jr. Pyoderma gangrenosum of the perineum. Obstet Gynecol 1980;55:126-8.
16. Schwaitzbert SD, Bradshaw W, Williams TW. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a possible cause of wound necrosis. Arch Surg 1982;117:363-7.
17. Davis JC, Landeen JM, Levine RA. Pyoderma gangrenosum: skin grafting after preparation with hyperbaric oxygen. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987;79:200-6.
18. Dean SJ, Nieber S, Hickerson WL. The use of cultured epithelial autograft in a patient with idiopathic pyoderma gangrenosum. Ann Plast Surg 1991;26:194-5.
19. Phillips TJ, Bigby M, Bercovitch L. Cultured allografts as an adjunct to the medical treatment of problematic leg ulcers. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:799-801.
20. Límová M, Mauro T. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with cultured keratinocyte autografts. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994;20:833-6.
21. Moschella SL. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a patient successfully treated with intralesional injections of steroid. Arch Dermatol 1967;95:121-3.
22. Gardner LW, Acker DW. Triamcinolone and pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1972;106:599-600.
23. Goldstein F, Krain R, Thornton JJ. Intralesional steroid therapy of pyoderma gangrenosum. J Clin Gastroenterol 1985;7:499-501.
24. Duffill MB. Cyclosporine, azathioprine and local therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum. Australas J Dermatol 1994; 35:15-8.
25. Anderson JA. Malignant pyoderma. Br J Dermatol 1978; 99:211-4.
26. Schoetz DJ, Coller JA, Veidenheimer MC. Pyoderma gangrenosum and Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1983;26:155-8.
27. Pariser H, Murray P. Intralesional injection of triamcinolone. Arch Dermatol 1963;87:183-7.
28. Newell LM, Malkinson FD. Commentary: pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:769-73.
29. Peachey RDG. Pyoderma gangrenosum of scalp. Br J Dermatol 1974;90:106-8.
30. Hees van PAM, Bakker JH, van Tongeren JHM. Effect of sulphapyridine, 5-aminosalicylic acid and placebo in patients with idiopathic proctitis. Gut 1980;21:632-5.
31. Sanders CJG, Hulsmans RFHJ. Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with topical 5-aminosalicylic acid. Cutis 1993;51:262-4.
32. Molin L, Stendhal O. The effect of sulphasalazine and its active components on human polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in relation to ulcerative colitis. Acta Med Scand 1979;206:451-7.
33. Rhodes JM, Bartholomew TC, Jewell DP. Inhibition of leucocyte mobility by drugs used in ulcerative colitis. Gut 1981;22:642-7.
34. Lip P. Sodium cromoglycate (Intal) in the management of chronic leg ulcers [letter]. Med J Aust 1978;2:32.
35. De Cock KM, Thorne MG. The treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with sodium cromoglycate. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:231-3.
36. Saffouri B, Hom BM, Mertesdorf JM, et al. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with disodium cromoglycate. Dig Dis Sci 1984;29:183-5.
37. Smith KC, Su WPD, Leiferman KM. Cromolyn sodium in 2% aqueous solution under an occlusive hydrocolloid dressing may be effective adjunctive treatment in management of pyoderma gangrenosum [letter]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:509-11.
38. Cave DR, Burakoff R. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with ulcerative colitis: treatment with disodium cromoglycate. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82:802-4.
39. Massone L, Borghi S, Pestarino A, et al. Topical disodium cromoglycate in the management of pyoderma gangrenosum. Cutis 1988;42:459-62.
40. Anderson LL, Samlaska CP, Cardone JS, et al. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with 4% cromolyn. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1117-20.
41. Powell FC, Schroeter AL, Su WP, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum and monoclonal gammopathy. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:468-72.
42. Curley RK, Macfarlane AW, Vickers CFH. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with cyclosporin A. Br J Dermatol 1985;113:601-4.
43. Kang S, Dover JS. Successful treatment of eruptive pyoderma gangrenosum with intravenous vancomycin and mezlocillin. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:389-93.
44. Mrowietz U, Christophers E. Clearing of pyoderma gangrenosum by intralesional cyclosporin A [letter]. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:499.
45. Ho VC, Lui H, McLean DI. Cyclosporine in nonpsoriatic dermatoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:1248-59.
46. Tsele E, Yu RCH, Chu AC. Pyoderma gangrenosum - response to topical nitrogen mustard. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:437-40.
47. Hickman JG, Lazarus GS. Pyoderma gangrenosum: new concepts in etiology and treatment. In: Moschella SL, editor. Dermatology update: review for physicians. New York: Elsevier, 1979:325-42.
48. Holt PJA, Davies MG, Saunders KC, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: clinical and laboratory findings in 15 patients with special reference to polyarthritis. Medicine 1980;59:114-33.
49. Wright ET, Greco DJ. Pyoderma gangrenosum: report of a case controlled by cortisone. Arch Dermatol 1956; 74:543-6.
50. Stathers GM, Abbott LG, McGuinness AE. Pyoderma gangrenosum in association with regional enteritis. Arch Dermatol 1967;95:375-80.
51. Lebbé C, Moulonguet-Michau I, Perrin P, et al. Steroid-responsive pyoderma gangrenosum with vulvar and pulmonary involvement. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27: 623-5.
52. Michaëlsson G, Molin L, Öhman S, et al. Clofazimine: a new agent for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:344-9.
53. Rand R, Brown G, Bostwick J. Pyoderma gangrenosum and progressive cutaneous ulceration. Ann Plast Surg 1988;20:280-4.
54. McGarity WC, Robertson DB, Mckeown PP, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum at the parastomal site in patients with Crohn's disesae. Arch Surg 1984;119:1186-8.
55. Perry HO. Pyoderma gangrenosum. Australas J Dermatol 1982;23:53-61.
56. Wernikoff S, Merritt C, Briggaman RA, et al. Malignant pyoderma of pyoderma gangrenosum of the head and neck? Arch Dermatol 1987;123:371-5.
57. Norris DA, Weston WL, Thorne EG, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: abnormal monocyte function corrected in vitro with hydrocortisone. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:906-11.
58. Haynes RC, Murad F. Adrenocorticotropic hormone; adrenocortical steroids and their synthetic analogs; inhibitors of adrenocortical steroid biosynthesis. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A, editors. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: MacMillan, 1980:1466-96.
59. Johnson RB, Lazarus GS. Pulse therapy: therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:76-84.
60. Callen JP, Case JD, Sager D. Chlorambucil - an effective corticosteroid-sparing therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:515-9.
61. Elgart G, Stover P, Larson K, et al. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporine:results in seven patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:83-6.
62. Matis WL, Ellis CN, Griffiths CEM, et al. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporine. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1060-4.
63. Bambauer R, Weber U, Schäfer M, et al. Drug resistant pyoderma gangrenosum successfully treated with therapeutic plasma exchange. Transfus Sci 1989;10:349-54.
64. Gupta AK, Shear NH, Sauder DN. Efficacy of human intravenous immune globulin in pyoderma gangrenosum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:140-2.
65. Greenberg SJ, Jegasothy BV, Johnson RB, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: occurrence with altered cellular immunity and a circulating serum factor. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:498-502.
66. Galun E, Flugelman MY, Rachmilewitz D. Pyoderma gangrenosum complicating ulcerative colitis: successful treatment with methylprednisolone pulse therapy and dapsone. Am J Gastroenterol 1986;81:988-9.
67. Resnik BI, Rendon M, Kerdel FA. Successful treatment of aggressive pyoderma gangrenosum with pulse steroids and chlorambucil. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:635-6.
68. Bocanegra TS, Castaneda MD, Espinoza LR, et al. Sudden death after methylprednisolone pulse therapy [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:122.
69. Freedman MD, Schocket AL, Chapel N, et al. Anaphylaxis after intravenous methylprednisolone administration. JAMA 1981;245:607-8.
70. Wollheim FA. Acute and long-term complications of corticosteroid pulse therapy. Scand J Rheumatol 1984; 54(suppl):27-32.
71. Wolff K, Stingl G. Pyoderma gangrenosum. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al, editors. Dermatology in general medicine. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993:1171-82.
72. Kurki P. The effects of ́pulsé corticosteroid therapy on the immune system. Scand J Rheumatol 1984;54(suppl):13-5.
73. Van der Sluis J. Two cases of pyoderma (ecthyma) gangrenosum associated with the presence of an abnormal serum protein (IgA-paraprotein). Dermatologica 1966; 132:409-24.
74. Stolman LP, Rosenthal D, Yawosky R, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum and rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:1020-3.
75. Dantzig RI. Pyoderma gangrenosum. N Engl J Med 1975;292:47-8.
76. Perry HO, Brunsting LA. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a clinical study of 19 cases. Arch Dermatol 1957;75:380-6.
77. Schmutz JL, Bartin RH, Thess F, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: therapeutique par salazosulfapyridine. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1987;114:869-70.
78. Ayres S, Ayres S III. Pyoderma gangrenosum with an unusual syndrome of ulcers, vesicles, and arthritis. Arch Dermatol 1958;77:269-80.
79. Lorincz AL, Pearson RW. Sulfapyridine and sulfone type drugs in dermatology. Arch Dermatol 1962;85:42-54.
80. Powell FC, Perry HO. Pyoderma gangrenosum in childhood. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:757-61.
81. Potter B, Malkinson FD. Atypical dermatitis herpetiformis with arthritis and pyoderma gangrenosum, successfully treated with sulfamethoxypyridazine. Arch Dermatol 1959;80:354-5.
82. Altman J, Mopper C. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with sulfone drugs. Minn Med 1966;49:22-6.
83. Brown RE, Lay L, Graham D. Bilateral pyoderma gangrenosum of the hand: treatment with dapsone. J Hand Surg(Br) 1993;18:119-21.
84. Soto LD. Diaminodiphenylsulfone and steroids in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Int J Dermatol 1970;9:293-300.
85. Fardal RW. Pyoderma gangrenosum. Cutis 1968;4:979-80.
86. Bernstein JE, Lorincz AL. Sulfonomides and sulfones in dermatologie therapy. Int J Dermatol 1981;20:103-7.
87. Uetrecht J. Dapsone and sulfapyridine. Clin Dermatol 1989;7:111-20.
88. Anderson R, Gatner EM, van Rensburg CE, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of dapsone on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in normal individuals and patients with lepromatous leprosy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981;19:495-503.
89. Harvath L, Yancey KB, Katz SI. Selective inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis by sulfones. J Immunol 1986; 137:1305-11.
90. Stendahl O, Molin L, Dahlgren C. The inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte cytotoxicity by dapsone. J Clin Invest 1978;62:214-20.
91. Miyachi Y, Niwa Y. Effects of potassium iodide, colchicine and dapsone on the generation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived oxygen intermediates. Br J Dermatol 1982;107:209-14.
92. Niwa Y, Sakane T, Miyachi Y. Dissociation of the inhibitory effect of dapsone on the generation of oxygen intermediates in comparison with that of colchicine and various scavengers. Biochem Pharmacol 1984;33:2355-60.
93. Barranco VP. Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes by dapsone. Arch Dermatol 1974;110:563-6.
94. Stone CJ. Sulfapyride and sulfones decrease glycosaminoglycans viscosity in dermatitis herpetiformis, ulcerative colitis, and pyoderma gangrenosum. Med Hypotheses 1990;31:99-103.
95. Brandt L, Gärtner I, Nilsson PG, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with regional enteritis: improvement in defective granulocyte function and healing of skin lesions during administration of clofazimine. Acta Med Scand 1977;201:141-4.
96. Beurey J, Weber M, Delrous J-L, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: thérapeutique par clofazimine. Ann Derm Venereol (Paris) 1977;104:631-4.
97. Thomsen K, Rothenborg HW. Clofazimine in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1979; 115:851-2.
98. McDougall AC, Horsfall WR, Hede JE, et al. Splenic infarction and tissue accumulation of crystals associated with the use of clofazimine (Lamprene; B663) in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:227-30.
99. Kark EC, Davis BR, Pomeranz JR. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with clofazimine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4:152-9.
100. Lovett GW, Field JP, King LE. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with clofazimine. J Tenn Med Assoc 1981; 74:567-8.
101. Mensing H. Clofazimine in dermatitis ulcerosa (pyoderma gangrenosum): open clinical trial. Dermatologica 1988;177:232-6.
102. Berbis PH, Mege JL, Capo C, et al. Hyperimmunoglobulin E and impaired neutrophil functions in a case of pyoderma gangrenosum: effect of clofazimine [letter]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:574-6.
103. Kaplan B, Trau H, Sofer E, et al. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with clofazimine. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31:591-3.
104. Breathnach SM, Wells GC, Valdimarsson H. Idiopathic pyoderma gangrenosum and impaired lymphocyte function: failure of azathioprine and corticosteroid therapy. Br J Dermatol 1981;104:567-73.
105. Rasmussen I. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with clofazimine: clinical evaluation of 7 cases. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63:552-3.
106. Whittaker SJ, Chu AC. Pyoderma gangrenosum and IgA paraproteinaemia - response to plasma exchange. Br J Dermatol 1988;119(suppl 33):68.
107. Venencie PY, Saurat J-H. Pyoderma gangrenosum chez un enfant: traitment par la thalidomide. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1982;29:67-9.
108. Browne SG. Advances in the treatment of leprosy. Practitioner 1967;199:525-31.
109. Brandt L. Enhancing effect of clofazimine (B663) on the phagocytosis of neutrophilic leucocytes in vitro. Scand J Haematol 1971;8:265-9.
110. Molin L. Clofazimine enhanced phagocytosis in pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1975;55:151-3.
111. Michaëlsson G. Decreased phagocytic capacity of the neutrophil leucocytes in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1973;53:279-82.
112. Cline MJ. Drug potentiation of macrophage function. Infect Immun 1970;2:601-5.
113. McCrae WM, Raeburn JA. Chronic granulomatous disease: an attempt to stimulate phagocytic activity. Lancet 1972;1:1370-1.
114. Brandt L, Svensson B. Stimulation of macrophage phagocytosis by clofazimine. Scand J Haematol 1973;10:261.
115. Jopling WH. Complications of treatment with clofazimine (Lamprene: B663). Leprosy Rev 1976;47:1-3.
116. Lynch WS, Bergfeld WF. Pyoderma gangrenosum responsive to minocycline hydrochloride. Cutis 1978;21: 535-8.
117. Barrière H, Litoux P, Stalder JF, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum au cours d'une hypogammaglobulinémie congénitale. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1979;106:695-6.
118. Davies MG, Piper S. Pyoderma gangrenosum: successful treatment with minocycline. Clin Exp Dermatol 1981; 6:219-23.
119. Bernard P, Amici JM, Catanzano G, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum and vasculitis: pathogenic discussion apropos of three cases. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1987;114:1229-34.
120. Berth-Jones J, Tan SV, Graham-Brown RAC, et al. The successful use of minocycline in pyoderma gangrenosum - a report of seven cases and review of the literature. J Dermatol Treat 1989;1:23-5.
121. Kavanagh GM, Ross JS, Cronin E, et al. Recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum - two cases successfully treated with cyclosporin A. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:49-52.
122. Martin RR, Warr G, Yeager H, et al. Effects of tetracycline on leukotaxis. J Infect Dis 1974;129:110-6.
123. Esterly NB, Furey NL, Flanagan LE. The effect of antimicrobial agents on leukocyte chemotaxis. J Invest Dermatol 1978;70:51-5.
124. Majeski JA, Alexander JW. Evaluation of tetracycline in the neutrophil chemotactic response. J Lab Clin Med 1977;90:259-65.
125. Plewig G, Schopf E. Anti-inflammatory effects of antimicrobial agents: an in vivo study. J Invest Dermatol 1975;65:532-6.
126. Tay CH. Pyoderma gangrenosum and leukemia. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:580-1.
127. Ho VC, Zloty DM. Immunosuppressive agents in dermatology. Dermatol Clin 1993;11:73-85.
128. Rapini RP. Cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of skin disease. Int J Dermatol 1991;30:313-22.
129. Haim S, Friedman-Birnbaum R. Pyoderma gangrenosum in immunosuppressed patients. Dermatologica 1976; 153:44-8.
130. Schöpf E, Schulz HJ, Schulz KH. Azothioprine behandlung der Dermatitis Ulcerosa (Pyoderma Gangrenosum). Hautarzt 1969;90:558-63.
131. Byrne JPH, Hewitt M, Summerly R. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with active chronic hepatitis. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:1297-301.
132. Corley C, Lesoner HE, Larsen WE. Azathioprine therapy of autoimmune disease. Am J Med 1966;41:404-12.
133. August PJ, Wells GC. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with azathioprine and prednisolone. Br J Dermatol 1974; 91(suppl 10):80-2.
134. Happle R, Schiffer H-P, Kovary PM. Ocular involvement in pyoderma gangrenosum [letter]. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113:1612.
135. Burns DA, Sarkany I. Active chronic hepatitis and pyoderma gangrenosum: report of a case. Clin Exp Dermatol 1979;4:465-9.
136. Olson K. Pyoderma gangrenosum with systemic L.E. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1979;51:233-4.
137. Lamberty GBH. Pyoderma gangrenosum: report of an unusual case and review of the literature. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1981;7:32-5.
138. Penmetcha M, Navaratnam AE. Pyoderma gangrenosum: response to cyclosporin A. Int J Dermatol 1988;27:253.
139. Magid ML, Gold MH. Treatment of recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:293-4.
140. Soria C, Allegue F, Martin M, et al. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporin A. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:392-4.
141. Parks AG, Morson BC, Pegum JS. Crohn's disease with cutaneous involvement. Proc R Soc Med 1965;58:241.
142. Maldonado N, Torres VM, Méndez-Cashion D, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with 6-mercaptopurine and followed by acute leukemia. J Pediatr 1968;72:409-14.
143. Crawford SE, Sherman R, Favara B. Pyoderma gangrenosum with response to cyclophosphamide therapy. J Pediatr 1967;71:255-8.
144. English JSC, Fenton DA, Barth J, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum and leukocytoclastic vasculitis in association with rheumatoid arthritis: a report of two cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984;9:270-6.
145. Zonana-Nacach A, Jiménez-Balderas FJ, Martínez-Osuna P, et al. Intravenous cyclophosphamide pulses in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with rheumatoid arthritis: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1352-6.
146. Fullerton SH, Abel EA, Getz K, et al. Cyclosporine treatment of severe recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with Takayasu's arteritis. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127:1731-2.
147. Möller H, Waldenström JG, Zettervall O. Pyoderma gangraenosum (dermatitis ulcerosa) and monoclonal (IgA) globulin healed after melphalan treatment: case report and review of the literature. Acta Med Scand 1978;203:293-6.
148. Jones RR, Black AK, Donaghy M, et al. Defective monocyte function in pyoderma gangrenosum with IgG kappa paraproteinemia. Clin Exp Immunol 1983;52:685-92.
149. Lewis SJ, Poh-Fitzpatrick MB, Walther RR. Atypical pyoderma gangrenosum with leukemia. JAMA 1978; 239:935-8.
150. Shelley ED, Shelley WB. Cyclosporine therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum associated with sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 18:1084-8.
151. Gupta AK, Ellis CN, Nickoloff BJ, et al. Oral cyclosporine in the treatment of inflammatory and noninflammatory dermatoses: a clinical and immunopathologic analysis. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:339-50.
152. Bijlmer-Iest JC, Rompelman-Schiere SIM, Van Ginkel CJW. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporin. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:283.
153. O'Donnell B, Powell FC. Cyclosporine treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24: 141-3.
154. Peter RU, Ruzicka T. Cyclosporine in der Therapie entzündlicher Dermatoseu. Hautarzt 1992;43:687-94.
155. Planaguma M, Puig L, Alomar A. Pyoderma gangrenosum in association with erythema elevatum diutinum: report of two cases. Cutis 1992;49:201-6.
156. Schmitt EC, Pigatto PD, Boneschi V, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with low-dose cyclosporin. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:230-1.
157. Goldberg NS, Ottuso P, Petro J. Cyclosporine for pyoderma gangrenosum. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993;91: 91-3.
158. Fedi MC, Quercetani R, Lotti T. Recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum responsive to cyclosporine. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:119.
159. de Hijas CM, del-Rio E, Gorospe MA, et al. Large peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum successfully treated with cyclosporine and corticosteroids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:1034-5.
160. Hughes JR, Smith E, Higgins EM, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis responding to treatment with cyclosporin A. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:680-1.
161. Fradin MS, Ellis CN, Voorhees JJ. Management of patients and side effects during cyclosporine therapy for cutaneous disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:1265-75.
162. Johansson A, Moller E. Evidence that the immunosuppressive effects of FK506 and cyclosporine are identical. Transplantation 1990;50:1001-7.
163. Kino T, Hatanaka H, Miyata S, et al. FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. II. Immunosuppressive effect of FK-506 in vitro. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1987;40:1256-65.
164. Thomson AW. FK506: profile of an important new immunosuppressant. Transplant Rev 1990;4:1-13.
165. Abu-Elmagd K, Jegasothy BV, Ackerman CD, et al. Efficacy of FK 506 in the treatment of recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum. Transplant Proc 1991;23:3328-9.
166. Ackerman C, Abu-Elmagd K, Venkataramanan K, et al. Recalcitrant psoriasis and pyoderma gangrenosum treated with FK506 [Abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96:536.
167. Abu-Elmagd K, Van Thiel DH, Jegasothy BV, et al. Resolution of severe pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with streaking leukocyte factor disease after treatment with tacrolimus (FK 506). Ann Intern Med 1993;119:595-8.
168. Jacobs JC, Goetzl EJ. Streaking leukocyte factor, arthritis, and pyoderma gangrenosum. Pediatrics 1975; 56:570-8.
169. Fung JJ, Alessiani M, Abu-Elmagd K, et al. Adverse effects associated with the use of FK 506. Transplant Proc 1991;23:3105-8.
170. Council on Scientific Affairs. Current status of therapeutic plasmapheresis and related techniques. JAMA 1985; 253:819-25.
171. Bonomini V, Vangelista A, Frasca GM, et al. Effect of plasmapheresis on cellular immunity abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Nephrol 1984;22:121-6.
172. Guillot B, Donadio D, Laure H, et al. Cellular immunity in bullous pemphigoid before and after plasma exchange. Life Support System 1986;4(suppl 2):338-40.
173. Clayton R, Feiwel M, Valdimarsson H. Pyoderma gangrenosum with cellular immunity defect and red cell aplasia. Proc R Soc Med 1977;70:571-2.
174. Gérard A, Schooneman F, Roche G, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: treatment by plasma exchange. Plasma Ther Transfus Technol 1983;4:31-6.
175. Gérard A, Schooneman F, Voiriot P. Pyoderma gangrenosum: traitement par échanges plasmatiques (4 cas). Ann Med Interne 1988;139(suppl):29-31.
176. Shumak KH, Rock GA. Therapeutic plasma exchange. N Engl J Med 1984;310:762-71.
177. Marcussen PV. Hypogammaglobulinemia in pyoderma gangrenosum. J Invest Dermatol 1955;24:275-80.
178. Bloom D, Fisher D, Dannenberg M. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. Arch Dermatol 1958;77:412-21.
179. Becke RFA, Rose TG. PG controlled by cortisone: report of a case. Med J Aust 1959;1:633-6.
180. Boshkov LK, Kelton JG. Use of intravenous gammaglobulin as an immune replacement and an immune suppressant. Transfus Med Rev 1989;111:82-120.
181. Wordell CJ. Use of intravenous immune globulin therapy: an overview. Ann Pharmacother 1991;25:805-17.
182. Barr PO, Enfors W, Eriksson G. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 1972;86:631-5.
183. Heng MCY. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum. Aust N Z J Med 1984;14:618-21.
184. Thomas CY, Crouch JA, Guastello J. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1974;110:445-6.
185. Fuhrman DL. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy [letter]. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:657.
186. Wyrick WJ, Mader JT, Butler ME, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1232-3.
187. Cardwell RJ, Taha AM, Venu P. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in pyoderma gangrenosum. J Hyper Med 1988; 3:73-8.
188. Wasserteil V, Bruce S, Sessoms SL, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Int J Dermatol 1992;31:594-6.
189. Barnhill RL, McDougall AC. Thalidomide: use and possible mode of action in reactional lepromatous leprosy and in various other conditions. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7:317-23.
190. Grosshans E, Illy G. Thalidomide therapy for inflammatory dermatoses. Int J Dermatol 1984;23:598-602.
191. Munro CS, Cox NH. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Behçet's syndrome - response to thalidomide. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988;13:408-10.
192. Rustin MHA, Gilkes JJH, Robinson TWE. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Behçet's disease: treatment with thalidomide. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:941-4.
193. Sanburg AL, Benzie JL. An unusual use for an old drug: potassium iodide in pyoderma gangrenosum. Aust J Hosp Pharm 1987;17:187-8.
194. Richardson JB, Callen JP. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated successfully with potassium iodide. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:1005-7.
195. Goldgraber MB, Kirsner JB. Gangrenous skin lesion associated with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1960; 39:94-103.
196. Rattazzi L, Haimov M, Glabman S, et al. Role of the platelet in the obliterative vascular transplant rejection phenomenon. Surg Forum 1970;21:241-2.
197. Gelernt IM, Kreel I. Pyoderma gangrenosum in ulcerative colitis: prevention of the gangrenous component. Mt Sinai J Med 1976;43:467-70.
198. Kanekura T, Usuki K, Kanzaki T. Nicotine for pyoderma gangrenosum [letter]. Lancet 1995;345:1058.
199. Romano J, Safai B. Pyoderma gangrenosum and myeloproliferative disorders: report of a case and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1979;139:932-4.