Regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during contractions

Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

Volumn 211, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 218-235

  Lash, Julia M ^a,b  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 DINITROPHENOL; ADENOSINE; ENDOTHELIUM DERIVED RELAXING FACTOR; N(G) NITROARGININE METHYL ESTER; NITRIC OXIDE; OXYGEN; POTASSIUM ION; PROSTAGLANDIN; VASODILATOR AGENT;

EXERCISE; HUMAN; HYPEREMIA; METABOLIC REGULATION; MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE INNERVATION; NONHUMAN; PERFUSION PRESSURE; PRESSOR RESPONSE; SHORT SURVEY; SKELETAL MUSCLE; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; VASODILATATION;

EID: 0029974495     PISSN: 00379727     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3181/00379727-211-43965     Document Type: Short Survey

References (151)

1. Gaskell WH. On the vasomotor nerves of striated muscles. J Anat Physiol 10:720-753, 1876.
2. Gaskell WH. On the changes of the blood-stream in muscles through stimulation of their nerves. J Anat Physiol 10:360-402, 1876.
3. Armstrong RB, Laughlin MH. Rat muscle blood flows during high-speed locomotion. J Appl Physiol 59:1322-1328, 1985.
4. Laughlin MH, Armstrong RB. Muscular blood flow distribution patterns as a function of running speed in rats. Am J Physiol 243:H296-H306, 1982.
5. Hilton SM, Hudlicka O, Marshall JM. Possible mediators of functional hyperaemia in skeletal muscle. J Physiol 282:131-147, 1978.
6. Mackie BG, Terjung RL. Blood flow to different skeletal muscle fiber types during contraction. Am J Physiol 245:H265-H275, 1983.
7. Mohrman DE. Lack of influence of potassium or osmolality on steady-state exercise hyperemia. Am J Physiol 242:H949-H954, 1982.
8. Granger HJ, Goodman AH, Granger DN. Role of resistance and exchange vessels in local microvascular control of skeletal muscle oxygenstion in the dog. Circ Res 38:379-385, 1976.
9. Mohrman DE, Regal RR. Relation of blood flow to VO2, PO2, and PCO2 in dog gastrocnemius muscle. Am J Physiol 255:H1004-H1010, 1988.
10. Rowell LB. Muscle blood flow in humans: How high can it go? Med Sci Sports Exerc 20(5):S97-S103, 1988.
11. Skinner NS, Costin JC. Interactions between oxygen, potassium, and osmolality in regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow. Circ Res 28s:I-73-I-85, 1971.
12. Haddy FJ, Scott JB. Metabolically linked vasoactive chemicals in local regulation of blood flow. Physiol Rev 48(4):688-702, 1968.
13. 2 in local blood flow regulation. Am J Physiol 218:338-345, 1970.
14. Proctor KG, Duling BR. Adenosine and free-flow functional hyperemia in striated muscle. Am J Physiol 242:H688-H697, 1982.
15. Honig CR, Frierson JL, Patterson JL. Comparison of neural controls of resistance and capillary density in resting muscle. Am J Physiol 218:937-942, 1970.
16. 2 uptake in rhythmically contracting human forearm muscles. Am J Physiol 263: H1078-H1083, 1992.
17. Lundvall J, Jarhult J. Beta adrenergic micro-vascular dilatation evoked by sympathetic stimulation. Acta Physiol Scand 92:572-574, 1974.
18. Bolme P, Fuxe K. Adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals in skeletal muscle vessels. Acta Physiol Scand 78:52-59, 1970.
19. Berdina A, Rodionov IM. The content of cyclic nucleotides (3′,5′-cGMP and 3′,5′-cAMP) cat skeletal muscle during sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation. Pflugers Arch 383:245-248, 1980.
20. Bolme P, Novotny J, Uvnas B, Wright PG. Species distribution of sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator nerves in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 78:60-64, 1970.
21. Verhaeghe RH, Lorenz RR, McGrath MA, Shepherd JT, Vanhoutte PM. Metabolic modulation of neurotransmitter release-adenosine, adenine nucleotides, potassium, hyperosmolarity, and hydrogen ion. Fed Proc 37:208-211, 1978.
22. Burcher E, Garlick D. Effects of exercise metabolites on adrenergic vasoconstriction in the gracilis muscle of the dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 192:149-156, 1975.
23. Taylor JA, Hand GA, Johnson DG, Seals DR. Sympathoadrenal-circulatory regulation during sustained isometric exercise in young and older men. Am J Physiol 261:R1061-R1069, 1991.
24. Seals DR, Victor RG. Regulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity during exercise in humans. In: Holloszy JO, Ed. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, Vol 19:pp313-349, 1991.
25. Turner DL. Cardiovascular and respiratory control mechanisms during exercise: An integrated view. J Exp Biol 160:309-340, 1991.
26. Kiowski W. Endothelial function in humans: Studies of forearm resistance vessels. Hypertension 18(Supp II):II84-II89, 1991.
27. Hester RL. Venular-arteriolar diffusion of adenosine in hamster cremaster microcirculation. Am J Physiol 258:H1918-H1924, 1990.
28. Saito Y, Eraslan A, Hester RL. Importance of venular flow in control of arteriolar diameter in hamster cremaster muscle. Am J Physiol 265:H1294-H1300, 1993.
29. Rowell LB, O'Leary DS. Reflex control of the circulation during exercise: Chemoreflexes and mechanoreflexes. J Appl Physiol 69:407-418, 1990.
30. Gorczynski RJ, Klitzman B, Duling BR. Interrelations between contracting striated muscle and precapillary microvessels. Am J Physiol 235:H494-H504, 1978.
31. Mohrman DE, Sparks HV. Myogenic hyperemia following brief tetanus of canine skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 227:531-535, 1974.
32. Bacchus A, Gamble G, Anderson D, Scott J. Role of the myogenic response in exercise hyperemia. Microvasc Res 21:92-102, 1981.
33. Sheriff DD, Rowell LB, Scher AM. Is rapid rise in vascular conductance at onset of dynamic exercise due to muscle pump. Am J Physiol 265:H1227-H1234, 1993.
34. Leyk D, Ebfeld D, Baum K, Stegemann J. Influence of calf muscle contractions on blood flow parameters measured in the arteria femoralis. Int J Sports Med 13:588-593, 1992.
35. Van Leeuwen BE, Barendsen GJ, Lubbers J, de Pater L. Calf blood flow and posture: Doppler ultrasound measurements during and after exercise. J Appl Physiol 72:1675-1680, 1992.
36. Osol G. Myogenic properties of blood vessels in vitro. In: Bevan JA, Halpern W, Mulvany MJ, Eds. The Resistance Vasculature. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp143-158, 1991.
37. Johnson PC. The myogenic response: In vivo studies. In: Bevan JA, Halpern W, Mulvany MJ, Eds. The Resistance Vasculature. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp159-168, 1991.
38. Lash JM. Contribution of arterial feed vessels to skeletal muscle functional hyperemia. J Appl Physiol 76(4):1512-1519, 1994.
39. Segal SS, Duling BR. Flow control among microvessels coordinated by intercellular conduction. Science 234:868-870, 1986.
40. Anrep GV, von Saalfeld E. The blood flow through skeletal muscle in relation to its contraction. J Physiol 85:375-399, 1935.
41. Radawski DP, Hoppe W, Haddy FJ. Role of vasoactive substances in active hyperemia in skeletal muscle. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 148:270-276, 1975.
42. Duling BR. Microvascular responses to alterations in oxygen tension. Circ Res 31:481-189, 1972.
43. Messina EJ, Sun D, Koller A, Wolin MS, Kaley G. Role of endothelium-derived prostaglandins in hypoxia-elicited arteriolar dilation in rat skeletal muscle. Circ Res 71:790-796, 1992.
44. Pries AR, Heide J, Ley K, Klotz K-F, Gaetgens P. Effect of oxygen tension on regulation of arteriolar diameter in skeletal muscle in situ. Microvasc Res 49:289-299, 1995.
45. 2. Am J Physiol 267:H706-H715, 1994.
46. Gellai M, Detar R. Evidence in support of hypoxia but against high potassium and hyperosmolarity as possible mediators of sustained vasodilation in rabbit cardiac and skeletal muscle. Circ Res 35:681-691, 1974.
47. 2, and adenosine or AMP in exercise and reactive hyperemias in canine hindlimb muscles. Tohoku J Exp Med 109:347-363, 1973.
48. Young EW, Sparks HV. Prostaglandins and exercise hyperemia of dog skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 238:H190-H195, 1980.
49. 2 decrease. Blood Vessels 18:58-66, 1981.
50. 2 in contracting rat spinotrapezius muscle. Am J Physiol 252:H1192-H1202, 1987.
51. Boegehold MA, Bohlen HG. Arteriolar diameter and tissue oxygen tension during muscle contraction in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 12:184-191, 1988.
52. Gorczynski RJ, Duling BR. Role of oxygen in arteriolar functional vasodilation in hamster striated muscle. Am J Physiol 235:H505-H515, 1978.
53. Proctor KG. Reduction of contraction-induced arteriolar vasodilation by adenosine deaminase or theophylline. Am J Physiol 247:H195-H205, 1984.
54. Klabunde RE, Laughlin MH, Armstrong RB. Systemic adenosine deaminase administration does not reduce reactive hyperemia in running rats. J Appl Physiol 64:108-114, 1988.
55. Mohrman DE, Heller LJ. Effect of aminophylline on adenosine and exercise dilation of rat cremaster arterioles. Am J Physiol 246:H592-H600, 1984.
56. Thompson LP, Gorman MW, Sparks HV. Aminophylline and interstitial adenosine during sustained exercise hyperemia. Am J Physiol 251:H1232-H1243, 1986.
57. Kille JM, Klabunde RE. Adenosine as a mediator of postcontraction hyperemia in dog gracilis muscle. Am J Physiol 246:H274-H282, 1984.
58. Phair RD, Sparks HV. Adenosine content of skeletal muscle during active hyperenmia and ischemic contraction. Am J Physiol 237:H1-H9, 1979.
59. Berne RM, Knabb RM, Ely SW, Rubio R. Adenosine in the local regulation of blood flow: A brief overview. Fed Proc 42:3136-3142, 1983.
60. Rubio R, Berne RM, Dobson JG. Sites of adenosine production in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 225:938-953, 1973.
61. Ballard HJ. The influence of lactic acid on adenosine release from skeletal muscle in anesthetized dogs. J Physiol 433:95-108, 1991.
62. 2 from contracting dog gracilis muscle. J Physiol 463:107-121, 1993.
63. Schwartz LM, McKenzie JE. Adenosine and active hyperemia in soleus and gracilis muscle of cats. Am J Physiol 259:H1295-H1304, 1990.
64. Mo FM, Ballard HJ. Adenosine output from dog gracilis muscle during systemic hypercapnia and/or amiloride-SITS infusion. Am J Physiol 267:H1243-H1249, 1994.
65. Dobson JG, Rubio R, Berne RM. Role of adenine nucleotides, adenosine, and inorganic phosphate in the regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow. Circ Res 24:375-384, 1971.
66. Berne RM, Rubio R, Dobson JG Jr., Curnish RR. Adenosine and adenine nucleotides as possible mediators of cardiac and skeletal muscle blood flow regulation. Circ Res 28s:I-115-I-119, 1971.
67. 2 in sustained exercise hyperemia of canine skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 229:28-33, 1975.
68. Wilson JR, Kapoor SC, Krishna GG. Contributions of potassium to exercise-induced vasodilation in humans. J Appl Physiol 77:2552-2557, 1994.
69. Gray SD. Technical report: Effect of hypertonicity on vascular dimensions in skeletal muscle. Microvasc Res 3:117-124, 1971.
70. Wilson JR, Kapoor SC. Contribution of prostaglandins to exercise-induced vasodilation in humans. Am J Physiol 265:H171-H175, 1993.
71. Rotto DM, Massey KD, Burton KP, Kaufman MP. Static contraction increases arachadonic acid levels in gastronemius muscles of cats. J Appl Physiol 66:2721-2724, 1989.
72. Faber JE, Harris PD, Joshua IG. Microvascular response to blockade of prostaglandin synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 243:H51-H60, 1982.
73. Kilbom A, Wennmalm A. Endogenous prostaglandins as local regulators of blood flow in man: Effect of indomethacin on reactive and functional hyperemia. J Physiol 257:109-121, 1976.
74. Koller A, Kaley G. Prostaglandins mediate arteriolar dilation to increased blood flow velocity in skeletal muscle microcirculation. Circ Res 67:529-534, 1990.
75. Koller A, Sun D, Huang A, Kaley G. Corelease of nitric oxide and prostaglandins mediates flow-dependent dilation of rat gracilis muscle arterioles. Am J Physiol 267:H326-H332, 1994.
76. Segal SS. Communication among endothelial and smooth muscle cells coordinates blood flow control during exercise. NIPS 7:152-156, 1992.
77. Cowley AJ, Stainer K, Rowley JM, Wilcox RG. Effect of aspirin and indomethacin on exercise-induced changes in blood pressure and limb blood flow in normal volunteers. Cardiovasc Res 19:177-180, 1985.
78. Nowak J, Wennmalm A. A study on the role of endogenous prostaglandins in the development of exercise-induced and post-occlusive hyperemia in human limbs. Acta Physiol Scand 106:365-369, 1979.
79. Beaty O, Donald DE. Contribution of prostaglandins to muscle blood flow in anesthetized dog at rest, during exercise, and following inflow occlusion. Circ Res 44:67-75, 1979.
80. Stebbins CL, Maruoka Y, Longhurst JC. Prostaglandins contribute to cardiovascular reflexes evoked by static muscle contraction. Circ Res 59:645-654, 1986.
81. Rankin RS, Klabunde RE. Indomethacin and meclofenamate potentiation of skeletal muscle active hyperemia. Life Sci 36:161-168, 1985.
82. Einstein R, Goodman AH. Prostaglandins in the control of blood flow in canine skeletal muscle. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 7:129-138, 1980.
83. Gore RW. Wall stress: A determinant of regional differences in response of frog microvessels to norepinephrine. Am J Physiol 222:82-91, 1972.
84. 2. Circ Res 51:711-721, 1982.
85. Rett K, Wicklmayr M, Fink E, Maerker E, Dietze G, Mehnert H. Local generation of kinins in working skeletal muscle tissue in man. J Chem 370:445-449, 1989.
86. Honig CR, Frierson JL. Neurons intrinsic to arterioles initiate postcontraction vasodilation. Am J Physiol 230:493-507, 1976.
87. Marshall JM, Tandon HC. Direct observations of muscle arterioles and venules following contraction of skeletal muscle fibres in the rat. J Physiol 350:447-459, 1984.
88. Donald DE, Rowlands DJ, Ferguson DA. Similarity of blood flow in the normal and the sympathectomized dog hind limb during graded exercise. Circ Res 26:185-199, 1970.
89. Honig CR. Contributions of nerves and metabolites to exercise vasodilation: A unifying hypothesis. Am J Physiol 236: H705-H719, 1979.
90. Myers HA, Schenk EA, Honig CR. Ganglion cells in arterioles of skeletal muscle: Role in sympathetic vasodilation. Am J Physiol 229:126-138, 1975.
91. Remensnyder JP, Mitchell JH, Sarnoff SJ. Functional sympatholysis during muscular activity: Observations on influence of carotid sinus on oxygen uptake. Circ Res 11:370-380, 1962.
92. Edoute Y, Vanhoutte PM, Shepherd JT. Inorganic phosphate inhibits sympathetic neurotransmission in canine saphenous veins. Am J Physiol 252:H131-H134, 1987.
93. 2-adrenergic vasoconstriction during contraction of glycolytic, not oxidative, rat hindlimb muscle. Am J Physiol 266: H920-H929, 1994.
94. Melcher A, Donald DE. Maintained ability of carotid baroreflex to regulate arterial pressure during exercise. Am J Physiol 241:H838-H849, 1981.
95. Papelier Y, Escourrou P, Gauthier JP, Rowell LB. Carotid baroreflex control of blood pressure and heart rate in men during dynamic exercise. J Appl Physiol 77:502-506, 1994.
96. Thompson LP, Mohrman DE. Blood flow and oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle during sympathetic stimulation. Am J Physiol 245:H66-H71, 1983.
97. Dodd LR, Johnson PC. Functional sympatholysis in the microcirculation of the cat sartorius muscle. Proc West Pharmacol 31:121-123, 1988.
98. Joyner MJ, Lennon RL, Wedel DJ, Rose SH, Shepherd JT. Blood flow to contracting human muscles: Influence of increased sympathetic activity. J Appl Physiol 68:1453-1457, 1990.
99. Kagaya A, Saito M, Ogita F, Shinohara M. Exhausting hand-grip exercise reduces the blood flow in the active calf muscle exercising at low intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 68:252-257, 1994.
100. Marshall JM. The influence of the sympathetic nervous system on individual vessels of the microcirculation of skeletal muscle of the rat. J Physiol 332:160-186, 1982.
101. Viveros OH, Garlick DG, Renkin EM. Sympathetic beta adrenergic vasodilation in skeletal muscle of the dog. Am J Physiol 215:1218-1225, 1968.
102. Lundvall J, Jarhult J. Beta adrenergic dilator component of the sympathetic vascular response in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 96:108-192, 1976.
103. Mauskopf JM, Gray SD, Renkin EM. Transient and persistent components of sympathetic cholinergic vasodilation. Am J Physiol 216:92-97, 1969.
104. Sanders JS, Mark AL, Fergason DW. Evidence for cholinergically mediated vasodilation at the beginning of isometric exercise in humans. Circulation 79:815-824, 1989.
105. Armstrong RB, Laughlin MH. Atropine: No effect on exercise muscle hyperemia in conscious rats. J Appl Physiol 61:679-682, 1986.
106. Neild TO, Brayden JE. Neural control of resistance arteries. In: Bevan JA, Halpern W, Mulvany MJ, Eds. The Resistance Vasculature. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp217-240, 1991.
107. Stone HL, Dormer KJ, Foreman RD, Thies R, Blair RW. Neural regulation of the cardiovascular system during exercise. Fed Proc 44:2271-2278, 1985.
108. Sinoway L, Prophet S. Skeletal muscle metaboreceptor stimulation opposes peak metabolic vasodilation in humans. Circ Res 66:1576-1584, 1990.
109. Shimizu K, Wang Z-Q, Way DJ, Palmos J, McGath BP. Effects of enalaprilat on sympathetic activity and metabolism of exercising muscles in rabbit. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 20:369-372, 1993.
110. Sheriff DD, Wyss CR, Rowell LB, Scher AM. Does inadequate oxygen delivery trigger pressor response to muscle hypoperfusion during exercise. Am J Physiol 253:H1199-H1207, 1987.
111. Sinoway L, Prophet S, Gorman I, Mosher T, Shenberger J, Dolecki M, Briggs R, Zelis R. Muscle acidosis during static exercise is associated with calf vasoconstriction. J Appl Physiol 66:429-436, 1989.
112. Victor RG, Bertocci LA, Pryor SL, Nunnally RL. Sympathetic nerve discharge is coupled to muscle cell pH during exercise in humans. J Clin Invest 82:1301-1305, 1988.
113. Rybicki KJ, Waldrop TG, Kaufman MP. Increasing gracilis muscle interstitial potassium concentrations stimulate group III and IV afferents. J Appl Physiol 58:936-941, 1985.
114. + activity in cat hindlimb muscle. J Appl Physiol 67:256-263, 1989.
115. Stebbins CL, Longhurst JC. Bradykinin in reflex cardiovascular responses to static muscular contraction. J Appl Physiol 61:271-279, 1986.
116. Sinoway LI, Rea RF, Mosher TJ, Smith MB, Mark AL. Hydrogen ion concentration is not the sole determinant of muscle metaboreceptor responses in humans. J Clin Invest 89:1875-1884, 1992.
117. Gray SD, Staub NC. Resistance to blood flow in leg muscles of dog during tetanic isometric contraction. Am J Physiol 213:677-682, 1967.
118. Gray SD, Carlsson E, Staub NC. Site of increased vascular resistance during isometric muscle contraction. Am J Physiol 213:683-689, 1967.
119. Borgstrom P, Grande P-O, Mellander S. An evaluation of the metabolic interaction with myogenic vascular reactivity during blood flow autoregulation. Acta Physiol Scand 122:275-284, 1984.
120. Meininger GA, Mack CA, Fehr KL, Bohlen HG. Myogenic vasoregulation overrides local metabolic control in resting rat skeletal muscle. Circ Res 60:861-870, 1987.
121. Lash JM, Shoukas AA. Pressure-dependence of baroreceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in rat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 70(6):2551-2558, 1991.
122. Nakao M, Segal SS. Muscle length alters geometry of arterioles and venules in hamster retractor. Am J Physiol 268: H336-H344, 1995.
123. Folkow B, Gaskell P, Waaler BA. Blood flow through limb muscles during heavy rhythmic exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 80:61-72, 1970.
124. Laughlin MH. Skeletal muscle blood flow capacity: Role of muscle pump in exercise hyperemia. Am J Physiol 253: H993-H1004, 1987.
125. Musch TI, Haidet GC, Ordway GA, Longhurst JC, Mitchell JH. Training effects on regional blood flow response to maximal exercise in foxhounds. J Appl Physiol 62:1724-1732, 1987.
126. Segal SS, Duling BR. Communication between feed arteries and microvessels in hamster striated muscle: Segmental vascular responses are functionally coordinated. Circ Res 59:283-290, 1986.
127. Segal SS, Duling BR. Propagation of vasodilation in resistance vessels of the hamster: Development and review of a working hypothesis. Circ Res 61s:II-20-II-25, 1987.
128. Bjornberg J, Maspers M, Mellander S. Metabolic control of large-bore arterial resistance vessels, arterioles, and veins in cat skeletal muscle during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 135:83-94, 1989.
129. Saito Y, Eraslan A, Hester RL. Role of EDRFs in the control of arteriolar diameter during increased metabolism of striated muscle. Am J Physiol 267:H195-H200, 1994.
130. Williams DA, Segal SS. Feed artery role in blood flow control to rat hindlimb skeletal muscles. J Physiol 463:631-646, 1993.
131. Segal SS, Damon DN, Duling BR. Propagation of vasomotor responses coordinates arteriolar resistances. Am J Physiol 256:H832-H837, 1989.
132. Segal SS, Duling BR. Conduction of vasomotor responses in arterioles: A role for cell-to-cell coupling? Am J Physiol 256:H838-H845, 1989.
133. Segal SS, Beny J-L. Intracellular recording and dye transfer in arterioles during blood flow control. Am J Physiol 263:H1-H7, 1992.
134. Segal SS. Cell-to-cell communication coordinates blood flow control. Hypertension 23(Pt 2):1113-1120, 1994.
135. Kaley G, Koller A, Rodenburg JM, Messina EJ, Wolin MS. Regulation of arteriolar tone and responses via L-arginine pathway in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 262:H987-H992, 1992.
136. Sagach VF, Kindybalyuk AM, Kovalenko TN. Functional hyperemia of skeletal muscle: Role of endothelium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 20(Suppl 12):S170-S175, 1992.
137. Hester RL, Eraslan A, Saito Y. Differences in EDNO contribution to arteriolar diameters at rest and during functional dilation in striated muscle. Am J Physiol 265:H146-H151, 1993.
138. Hirai T, Visneski MD, Kearns KJ, Zelis R, Musch TI. Effects of NO synthase inhibition on the muscular blood flow response to treadmill exercise in rats. J Appl Physiol 77:1288-1293, 1994.
139. Shen W, Lundborg M, Wang J, Stewart JM, Xu X, Ochoa M, Hintze TH. Role of EDRF in the regulation of regional blood flow and vascular resistance at rest and during exercise in conscious dogs. J Appl Physiol 77:165-172, 1994.
140. Patil RD, DiCarlo SE, Collins HL. Acute exercise enhances nitric oxide modulation of vascular responses to phenylephrine. Am J Physiol 265:H1184-H1188, 1993.
141. Falcone JC, Bohlen HG. EDRF from rat intestine and skeletal muscle venules causes dilation of arterioles. Am J Physiol 258:H1515-H1523, 1990.
142. Saito Y, Eraslan A, Lockard V, Hester RL. Role of venular endothelium in control of arteriolar diameter during functional hyperemia. Am J Physiol 267:H1227-H1231, 1994.
143. Lash JM, Bohlen HG. Excess oxygen delivery during muscle contractions in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Appl Physiol 78:101-111, 1995.
144. Petrofsky JS, Phillips CA, Sawka MN, Hanpeter D, Stafford D. Blood flow and metabolism during isometric contractions in cat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 50:493-502, 1981.
145. Mackie BG, Terjung RL. Influence of training on blood flow to different skeletal muscle fiber types. J Appl Physiol 55:1072-1078, 1983.
146. Armstrong RB, Laughlin MH. Exercise blood flow patterns within and among rat muscles after training. Am J Physiol 246:H59-H68, 1984.
147. Snell PG, Martin WH, Buckey JC, Bloomqvist CG. Maximal vascular leg conductance in trained and untrained men. J Appl Physiol 62:606-610, 1987.
148. Lash JM, Bohlen HG. Functional adaptations of rat skeletal muscle arterioles to aerobic exercise training. J Appl Physiol 72(6):2052-2062, 1992.
149. Lash JM. Arterial and arteriolar contributions to skeletal muscle functional hyperemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Appl Physiol 78:93-100, 1995.
150. Rafi JA, Boegehold MA. Microvascular responses to oxygen and muscle contraction in hypertensive Dahl rats. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 13:83-97, 1993.
151. McDonald KS, Delp MD, Fitts RH. Effect of hindlimb unweighing on tissue blood flow in the rat. J Appl Physiol 72:2210-2218, 1992.