Equine arteritis virus subgenomic mRNA synthesis: Analysis of leader-body junctions and replicative-form RNAs

Journal of Virology

Volumn 70, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 4291-4298

  Den Boon, Johan A ^a   Kleijnen, Maurits F ^a   Spaan, Willy J M ^a   Snijder, Eric J ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MESSENGER RNA; SIGNAL PEPTIDE; VIRUS RNA;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; EQUINE VIRAL ARTERITIS VIRUS; HAMSTER; MESSENGER RNA SYNTHESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RNA REPLICATION; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; VIRUS GENE;

EID: 0029974217     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.7.4291-4298.1996     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Baker, S. C., and M. M. C. Lai. 1990. An in vitro system for the leader-primed transcription of coronavirus mRNAs. EMBO J. 9:4173-4179.
2. Chen, Z., K. S. Faaberg, and P. G. W. Plagemann. 1994. Detection of negative-stranded suhgenomic RNAs hut not of free leader in LDV-infected macrophages. Virus Res. 34:167-177.
3. Chen, Z., L. Kuo, R. R. R. Rowland, C. Even, K. S. Faaberg, and P. G. W. Plagemann. 1993. Sequence of 3′-end of genome and 5′-end of ORF la of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) and common junction motifs between 5′ leader and bodies of seven subgenomic mRNAs. J. Gen. Virol. 74:643-660.
4. Conzelmann, K. K., N. Visser, P. V. Woensel, and H. J. Thiel. 1993. Molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, a member of the arterivirus group. Virology 193:329-339.
5. 4a.den Boon, J. A. Unpublished results.
6. den Boon, J. A., K. S. Faaberg, J. J. M. Meulenberg, A. L. M. Wassenaar, P. G. W. Plagemann, A. E. Gorbalenya, and E. J. Snijder. 1995. Processing and evolution of the N-terminal region of the arterivirus replicase ORF1a protein: identification of two papainlike cysteinc proteases. J. Virol. 69: 4500-4505.
7. den Boon, J. A., E. J. Snijder, E. D. Chirnside, A. A. F. de Vries, M. C. Horzinek, and W. J. M. Spaan. 1991. Equine arteritis virus is not a togavirus but belongs to the coronaviruslike superfamily. J. Virol. 65:2910-2920.
8. den Boon, J. A., W. J. M. Spaan, and E. J. Snijder. 1995. Equine arteritis virus (EAV) subgenomic RNA transcription: UV inactivation and translation inhibition studies. Virology 213:364-372.
9. de Vries, A. A. F., E. D. Chirnside, P. J. Bredenbeek, L. A. Gravestein, M. C. Horzinek, and W. J. M. Spaan. 1990. All suhgenomic mRNAs of equine arteritis virus contain a common leader sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 3241-3247.
10. de Vries, A. A. F., E. D. Chirnside, M. C. Horzinek, and P. J. M. Rottier. 1992. Structural proteins of equine arteritis virus. J. Virol. 66:6294-6303.
11. Godeny, E. K., L. Chen, S. N. Kumar, S. L. Methven, E. V. Koonin, and M. A. Brinton. 1993. Complete gcnomic sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the lactate dchydrogenasc-clevating virus. Virology 194:585-596.
12. Godeny, E. K., L. Zeng, S. L. Smith, and M. A. Brinton. 1995. Molecular characterization of the 3′ terminus of the simian hemorrhagic fever virus genome. J. Virol. 69:2679-2683.
13. Jeong, V. S., and S. Makino. 1992. Mechanism of coronavirus transcription: duration of primary transcription initiation activity and effects of suhgenomic RNA transcription on RNA replication. J. Virol. 66:3339-3346.
14. Lai, M. M. C. 1990. Coronavirus-organization, replication and expression ol genome. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 44:303-333.
15. Makino, S., L. H. Soe, C. K. Shieh, and M. M. C. Lai. 1988. Discontinuous transcription generates heterogeneity at the leader fusion sites of coronavirus mRNAs. J. Virol. 62:3870-3873.
16. Meinkoth, J., and G. Wahl. 1984. Hybridization of nucleic acids immobilized on solid supports. Anal. Biochem. 138:267-284.
17. Meulenberg, J. J. M., E. J. de Meijer, and R. J. M. Moormann. 1993. Subgenomic RNAs of Lelystad virus contain a conserved leader-body junction sequence. J. Gen. Virol. 74:1697-1701.
18. Meulenberg, J. J. M., M. M. Hulst, E. J. de Meijer, P. L. J. M. Moonen, A. den Besten, E. P. de Kluyver, G. Wensvoort, and R. J. M. Moormann. 1993. Lelystad virus, the causative agent of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS), is related to LDV and EAV. Virology 192:62-72.
19. Novak, J. E., and K. Kirkegaard. 1991. Improved method for detecting poliovirus negative strands used to demonstrate specificity of positive-strand encapsidation and the ratio of positive to negative strands in infected cells. J. Virol. 65:3384-3387.
20. Plagemann, P. G. W., and V. Moennig. 1992. Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, equine arteritis virus and simian haemorrhagic fever virus, a new group of positive strand RNA viruses. Adv. Virus Res. 41:99-192.
21. Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
22. Sawicki, D. L., and S. G. Sawicki. 1987. Alphavirus plus and minus strand RNA synthesis, p. 251-259. In M. Brinton and R. Ruckert (ed.), Positivestrand RNA viruses. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
23. Sawicki, S. G., and D. L. Sawicki. 1990. Coronavirus transcription: subgenomic mouse hepatitis virus replicative intermediates function in RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 64:1050-1056.
24. Schaad, M. C., and R. S. Baric. 1994. Genetics of mouse hepatitis virus transcription: evidence that subgenomic negative strands are functional templates. J. Virol. 68:8169-8179.
25. Sethna, P. B., N. A. Hofmann, and D. A. Brian. 1991. Minus-strand copies of replicating coronavirus mRNAs contain antilcaders. J. Virol. 65:320-325.
26. Sethna, P. B., S. L. Hung, and D. A. Brian. 1989. Coronavirus subgenomic minus-strand RNAs and the potential for mRNA replicons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5626-5630.
27. Shieh, C. K., L. H. Soe, S. Makino, M. F. Chang, S. A. Stohlman, and M. M. C. Lai. 1987. The 5′ end sequence of the murine coronavirus genome: implications for multiple fusion sites in leader-primed transcription. Virology 156:321-330.
28. Simnions, D. T., and J. H. Strauss. 1972. Replication of Sindhis virus II. Multiple forms of double-stranded RNA isolated from infected cells. J. Mol. Biol. 71:615-631.
29. Snijder, E. J., and W. J. M. Spaan. 1995. The coronaviruslike superfamily, p. 239-255. In S. G. Siddell (ed.). The Coronaviridae. Plenum Press, New York.
30. Snijder, E. J., A. L. M. Wassenaar, and W. J. M. Spaan. 1994. Proteolytic processing of the replicase ORF1a protein of equine arteritis virus. J. Virol. 68:5755-5764.
31. Snijder, E. J., A. L. M. Wassenaar, W. J. M. Spaan, and A. E. Gorbalenya. 1995. The arterivirus nsp2 protease: an unusual cystcine protease with primary structure similarities to both papain-like and chymotrypsin-like proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16671-16676.
32. Spaan, W. J. M., D. Cavanagh, and M. C. Horzinek. 1988. Coronaviruses: structure and genome expression. J. Gen. Virol. 69:2939-2952.
33. Spaan, W. J. M., P. J. M. Rottier, M. C. Horzinek, and B. A. M. van der Zeijst. 1981. Isolation and identification of virus-specific mRNAs infected with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59). Virology 108:424-434.
34. Strauss, E. G., C. M. Rice, and J. H. Strauss. 1984. Complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of Sindbis virus. Virology 133:92-110.
35. Strauss, J. H., and E. G. Strauss. 1994. The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. Microbiol. Rev. 58:491-562.
36. Van Berlo, M. F., M. C. Horzinek, and B. A. M. van der Zeijst. 1982. Equine arteritis virus-infected cells contain six polyadenylated virus-specific RNAs. Virology 118:345-352.
37. van der Most, R. G., R. J. de Groot, and W. J. M. Spaan. 1994. Subgenomic RNA synthesis directed by a synthetic defective interfering RNA of mouse hepatitis virus: a study of coronavirus transcription initiation. J. Virol. 68: 3656-3666.
38. van der Most, R. G., and W. J. M. Spaan. 1995. Coronavirus replication, transcription, and RNA recombination, p 11-31. In S. G. Siddell (ed.). The Coronaviridae. Plenum Press, New York.
39. Zeng, L., E. K. Godeny, S. L. Methven, and M. A. Brinton. 1995 Analysis of simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) suhgenomic RNAs, junction sequences, and 5′ leader. Virology 207:543-548.