The menopause, hormone replacement, and cardiovascular disease: The epidemiologic evidence

Maturitas

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 227-234

  Barrett Connor, Elizabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Estrogen; Hormone replacement; Menopause

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN;

ADULT; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG EFFICACY; FEMALE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; MENOPAUSE; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0029973743     PISSN: 03785122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0378-5122(95)00975-2     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (57)

1. Tracy RE. Sex differences in coronary disease; two opposing views. J Chronic Dis 1966; 19: 1245-1251.
2. Furman RH. Gonadal hormones (estrogens and androgens) of significance in the development of ischemic heart disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1968; 149: 822-833.
3. Barrett-Connor E, Bush TL. Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women. J Am Med Assoc 1991; 265: 1861-1867.
4. Baron JA. Cigarette smoking and age at natural menopause. In: Wald N, Baron J, eds. Smoking and hormone-related disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990; 57-71.
5. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1105-1110.
6. Bush TL. Extraskeletal effects of estrogen and the prevention of atherosclerosis. Osteoporosis Int 1991; 2: 5-11.
7. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary disease: A quantitative assessment of the epidemiological evidence. Prev Med 1991; 20: 47-63.
8. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, Ernster VL, Cummings SL. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1016-1037.
9. Burch JC, Byrd BF Jr, Vaughn WK. The effects of long-term estrogen on hysterectomized women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974; 118: 778-782.
10. Falkeborn M, Persson I, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Easker E, Lithell H, Mohsen R, Naessen T. The risk of myocardial infarction after oestrogen-progestogen replacement. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 821-828.
11. Wilson WC, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP. Postmenopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50. The Framingham Study. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1038-1043.
12. Eaker ED, Castelli WP. Differential risk for coronary heart disease among women in the Framingham Study. In: Eaker E, Packard B, Wenger NK, Clarkson TB, Tyroler HA, eds. Coronary heart disease in women. New York: Haymarket Doyma, 1987; 122-132.
13. LaVecchia C, Franceschi S, Decarli A, Pampallona S, Tognoni G. Risk factors for myocardial infarction in young women. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125: 832-843.
14. Jick H, Dinan B, Rothman KJ. Noncontraceptive estrogens and nonfatal myocardial infarction. J Am Med Assoc 1978; 239: 1407-1409.
15. Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan LD, Criqui MH, Wallace RB, Suchindran CM, Tyroler HA, Rifkind BM. Cardiovascular mortality and non-contraceptive estrogen use in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics' Program Follow-Up Study. Circulation 1987; 75: 1102-1109.
16. Henderson BE, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK. Estrogen replacement therapy and protection from acute myocardial infarction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 312-317.
17. Sullivan JM, Zwaag RV, Lemp GF, Hughes JP, Maddock V, Kroetz FW. Postmenopausal estrogen use and coronary atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 358-363.
18. Gruchow HW, Anderson AJ, Barboriak JJ, Sobocinski KA. Postmenopausal use of estrogen and occlusion of coronary arteries. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 954-963.
19. McFarland KF, Boniface ME, Hormung CA, Earnhardt W, Humphries JO. Risk factors and noncontraceptive estrogen use in women with and without coronary disease. Am Heart J 1989; 117: 1209-1214.
20. Hong MK, Romm PA, Reagan K, Green CE, Rackley CE. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on serum lipid value and angiographically defined coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 176-178.
21. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Shapiro S. A case-control study of myocardial infarction in relation to use of estrogen supplements. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 54-63.
22. Hunt K, Vessey M, McPherson K. Mortality in a cohort of long-term users of hormone replacement therapy: an updated analysis. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97: 1080-1086.
23. Nachtigall LE, Nachtigall RH, Nachtigall RD, Beckman EM. Estrogen replacement therapy II: a prospective study in the relationship to carcinoma and cardiovascular and metabolic problems. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 54: 74-79.
24. Cauley JA, Cummings SR, Black DM, Mascioli SR, Seeley DG. Prevalence and determinants of estrogen replacement therapy in elderly women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 1438-1444.
25. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Walter CW, Manson JE, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease: Ten-year follow-up from the Nurses Health Study. New Engl J Med 1991; 325: 756-762.
26. Sullivan JM, Zwaag RV, Hughes JP, Maddock V, Kroetz FW, Ramanathan KB, Mirvis DM. Estrogen replacement and coronary artery disease. Effect on survival in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 2557-2562.
27. Nabulsi AA, Folsom AR, White A, Patsch W, Heiss G, Wu KK, Szklo M. Association of hormone-replacement therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1069-1075.
28. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 273: 199-208.
29. Henderson BE, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK. Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy. Arch Int Med 1991; 151: 75-78.
30. Oldenhave A, Netelenbos C. Pathogenesis of climacteric compliants: ready for the change? Lancet 1994; 343: 649-653.
31. MacMahon B. Cardiovascular disease and noncontraceptive oestrogen therapy. In: Oliver MF, ed. Coronary heart disease in young women. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone Publisher, 1978; 197-207.
32. Meade TW, Berra A. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease. Brit Med Bull 1992; 48: 276-308.
33. Armitage P. Clinical trials in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke. Thromb Haemost 1980; 43: 90-94.
34. Barrett-Connor E. Postmenopausal estrogen and prevention bias. Ann Int Med 1991; 115: 455-456.
35. Hahn RG. Compliance considerations with estrogen replacement: withdrawal bleeding and other factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 1854-1858.
36. Ravnikar VA. Compliance with hormone therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 1332-1334.
37. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Influence of adherence to treatment and response of cholesterol on mortality in the Coronary Drug Project. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1038-1041.
38. Gallagher EJ, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. The relationship of treatment adherence to the risk of death after myocardial infarction in women. J Am Med Assoc 1993; 270: 742-744.
39. Pearson TA. Coronary arteriography in the study of the epidemiology of coronary artery disease. Epidemiol Rev 1984; 6: 140-166.
40. Barrett-Connor E, Wilcosky T, Wallace RB, Heiss G. Resting and exercise electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with sex hormone use in women: The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 123: 81-88.
41. Morise Ap, Dalal JN, Duval RD. Frequency of oral estrogen replacement therapy in women with normal and abnormal exercise electrocardiograms and normal coronary arteries by angiogram. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 1197-1199.
42. Lafferty FW, Helmuth DO. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement: the prevention of osteoporosis and systemic effects. Maturitas 1985; 7: 147-159.
43. Hammond CB, Jelovsek FR, Lee KL, Creasman WT, Parker RT. Effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 133: 525-536.
44. Talbott E, Kuller LH, Detre K, Perper J. Biologic and psychosocial risk factors of sudden death from coronary disease in white women. Am J Cardiol 1977; 39: 858-864.
45. Beard CM, Kottke TE, Annegers JF, Ballard DJ. The Rochester Coronary Heart Disease Project: effect of cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes and steroidal estrogen use on coronary heart disease among 40-59-year-old women, 1960 through 1982. Mayo Clin Proc 1989; 64: 1471-1480.
46. Petitti DB, Perlman JA, Sidney S. Noncontraceptive estrogens and mortality: long-term follow-up of women in the Walnut Creek study. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 289-293.
47. Wolf PH, Madans JH, Finucane FF, Higgins M, Kleinman JC. Reduction of cardiovascular disease-related mortality among postmenopausal women who use hormones: evidence from a national cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 489-494.
48. Criqui MH, Suarez L, Barrett-Connor E, McPhillips JB, Wingard DL, Garland C. Postmenopausal estrogen use and mortality. Results from a prospective study in a defined, homogenous community. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128: 606-614.
49. Avila MH, Walker AM, Jick H. Use of replacement estrogens and the risk of myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 1990; 1: 128-135.
50. Adam S, Williams V, Vessey MP. Cardiovascular disease and hormone replacement therapy: a pilot case-control study. Br Med J 1981; 282: 1277-1278.
51. Croft P, Hannaford PC. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in women: evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioner's oral contraception study. Br Med J 1989; 298: 165-168.
52. Szklo M, Tonascia J, Gordis L, Bloom I. Estrogen use and myocardial infarction risk: a case-control study. Prev Med 1984; 13: 510-516.
53. Pfeffer RI, Whipple GH, Kurosaki TT, Chapman JM. Coronary risk and estrogen use in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 107: 479-487.
54. Rosenberg L, Armstrong B, Jick H. Myocardial infarction and estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 1256-1259.
55. Rosenberg L, Slone D, Shapiro S. A case-control study of myocardial infarction in young women. J Am Med Assoc 1980; 244: 339-342.
56. Thompson SG, Meade TW, Greenberg G. The use of hormonal replacement therapy and the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction in women. J Epidemiol Community Health 1989; 3: 173-178.
57. Hunt K, Vessey M, McPherson K, Coleman M. Longterm surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 94: 620-635.