Rocky mountain spotted fever

Clinics in Dermatology

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 245-258

  Silber, Jeffrey L ^a,b  

^a Department of Surgery   (United States)

^b Education and Research Building ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; DOXYCYCLINE; RIFAMPICIN; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTERIAL CELL WALL; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTION DISORDER; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEVER; HEADACHE; HEPATOMEGALY; LUNG CIRCULATION; MYOCARDITIS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII; ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; SERODIAGNOSIS; SKIN NECROSIS; TICK BITE;

EID: 0029972984     PISSN: 0738081X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0738-081X(96)00009-0     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Weiss K. The role of rickettsioses in history. In: Walker DH, editor. Biology of rickettsial diseases, vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1988;1-14.
2. Ricketts HT. Classic in infectious diseases: Some aspects of Rocky Mountain spotted fever as shown by recent investigations. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:1227-40. [Reprinted from Med Record 1909;76:843-55.]
3. Ricketts HT. Classic in infectious diseases: Some aspects of Rocky Mountain spotted fever as shown by recent investigations. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:1227-40. [Reprinted from Med Record 1909;76:843-55.]
4. Harrell GT. Classics in medicine: Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Medicine 1992;71:240-55. [Abridged from Medicine 1949;28:333-70.]
5. Harrell GT. Classics in medicine: Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Medicine 1992;71:240-55. [Abridged from Medicine 1949;28:333-70.]
6. Wilson LB, Chowning WM. Classics in infectious diseases: Studies in Pyroplasmosis hominis ("spotted fever" or "tick fever" of the Rocky Mountains). Rev Infect Dis 1979;1:540-8. [Reprinted from J Infect Dis 1904;1:31-57.]
7. Wilson LB, Chowning WM. Classics in infectious diseases: Studies in Pyroplasmosis hominis ("spotted fever" or "tick fever" of the Rocky Mountains). Rev Infect Dis 1979;1:540-8. [Reprinted from J Infect Dis 1904;1:31-57.]
8. Weiss E. History of rickettsiology. In: Walker DH, editor. Biology of rickettsial diseases, vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1988:15-32.
9. Kirk JL, Fine DP, Sexton DJ, Muchmore HG. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A clinical review based on 48 confirmed cases, 1943-1986. Medicine 1990;69:35-45.
10. Harden VA. Koch's postulates and the etiology of rickettsial diseases. J Hist Med Allied Sci 1987;42:277-95.
11. Weber DJ, Walker DH. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1991;5:19-35.
12. Woodward TE. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A present-day perspective. Medicine 1992;71:255-9.
13. Dumler JS. Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Maryland - 1901. JAMA 1991;265:718.
14. Tigertt WD. A 1759 spotted fever epidemic in North Carolina. J Hist Med Allied Sci 1987;42:296-304.
15. Walker DH, Dumler JS, Radulovic S. Spotted fevers and rickettsialpox. In: Hoeprich PD, Jordan MC, Ronald AR, editors. Infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1994:969-78.
16. Walker DH, Raoult D. Rickettsia rickettsii and other spotted fever group rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fevers). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995:1721-7.
17. Schaffner W. The rickettsioses. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Freedberg IM, Austen KF, editors. Dermatology in general medicine. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993:2499-506.
18. Li H, Lenz B, Walker DH. Protective monoclonal antibodies recognize heat-labile epitopes on surface proteins of spotted fever group rickettsiae. Infect Immunol 1988; 56:2587-93.
19. D'Angelo LJ, Bregman DJ, Winkler WG. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States: Use of age-specific incidence to determine public health policy for a vector-borne disease. South Med J 1982;75:3-5.
20. Wilfert CM, MacCormack JN, Kleeman K, et al. Epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever as determined by active surveillance. J Infect Dis 1984;150:469-79.
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1994. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep 1994;43(53):3-80.
22. Dalton MJ, Clarke MJ, Holman RC, et al. National surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1981-1992: Epidemiologic summary and evaluation of risk factors for fatal outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;52:405-13.
23. Hattwick MAW, O'Brien RJ, Hanson BF. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Epidemiology of an increasing problem. Ann Intern Med 1976;84:732-9.
24. Burgdorfer W. Ecological and epidemiological considerations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and scrub typhus. In: Walker DH, editor. Biology of rickettsial diseases, vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1988:33-50.
25. Walker DH. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A disease in need of microbiological concern. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989;2:227-40.
26. Walker DH. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A seasonal alert. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1111-7.
27. Salgo MP, Tezlak EE, Currie B, et al. A focus of Rocky Mountain spotted fever within New York City. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1345-8.
28. Helmick CG, Bernard KW, D'Angelo LJ. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological features of 262 cases. J Infect Dis 1984;150:480-8.
29. Kirkland KB, Wilkinson WE, Sexton DJ. Therapeutic delay and mortality in cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1118-21.
30. Taylor JP, Istre GR, McChesney TC. The epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, 1981 through 1985. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127:1295-301.
31. Morrison RE, Lancaster L, Lancaster DJ, Land MA. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:205-8.
32. Lange JV, Walker DH, Wester TB. Documented Rocky Mountain spotted fever in wintertime. JAMA 1982;247: 2403-4.
33. Myers SA, Sexton DJ. Dermatologic manifestations of arthropod-borne diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1994; 8:689-712.
34. Walker DH. Role of the composition of rickettsiae in rickettsial immunity: Typhus and spotted fever groups. In: Walker DH, editor. Biology of rickettsial diseases, vol. 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1988:101-9.
35. McDade JE, Newhouse VF. Natural history of Rickettsia rickettsii. Annu Rev Microbiol 1986;40:287-309.
36. Dupont HL, Hornick RB, Dawkins AT, et al. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A comparative study of the active immunity induced by inactivated and viable pathogenic Rickettsia rickettsii. J Infect Dis 1973;128:340-4.
37. Taylor JP, Tanner WB, Rawlings JA, et al. Serological evidence of subclinical Rocky Mountain spotted fever infections in Texas. J Infect Dis 1985;151:367-9.
38. Walker DH. The role of host factors in the severity of spotted fever and typhus group rickettsioses. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;590:10-9.
39. Silverman DJ, Santucci LA. Potential for free radical-induced lipid peroxidation as a cause of endothelial cell injury in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Infect Immun 1988;56:3110-5.
40. McDade JE. Evidence supporting the hypothesis that rickettsial virulence factors determine the severity of spotted fever and typhus group infections. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;590:20-6.
41. Walker TS, Brown JS, Hoover CS, Morgan DA. Endothelial prostaglandin synthesis: Effects of typhus rickettsiae. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1136-44.
42. Walker TS, Dersch MW, White WE. Effects of typhus rickettsiae on peritoneal and alveolar macrophages: Rickettsiae stimulate leukotriene and prostaglandin secretion. J Infect Dis 1991;163:568-73.
43. Walker DH, Cain BG, Olmstead M. Laboratory diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever by immunofluorescent demonstration of Rickettsia rickettsii in cutaneous lesions. Am J Clin Pathol 1978;69:619-23.
44. Walker DH, Lane TW. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Clinical signs, symptoms, and pathophysiology. In: Walker DH, editor. Biology of rickettsial diseases, vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1988:63-78.
45. Kaplowitz LG, Lange JV, Fischer JJ, Walker DH. Correlation of rickettsial titers, circulating endotoxin and clinical features in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Intern Med 1983;143:1149-51.
46. Wells GM, Woodward TE, Fiset P, Hornick RB. Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by blood transfusion. JAMA 1978;239:2763-5.
47. Sexton DJ, Gallis HA, McRae JR, Cate TR. Possible needle-associated Rocky Mountain spotted fever (letter). N Engl J Med 1975;292:645.
48. Segreti J. Rickettsial disease. In: Gleicher N, Gall SA, Sibai BM, Elkayam U, Galbraith RM, Sarto GE, editors. Principles and practice of medical therapy in pregnancy. 2nd ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1991:613-5.
49. Hattwick MAW, Retailliau H, O'Brien RJ, Slutzker M, Fontaine RE, Hanson B. Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever. JAMA 1978;240:1499-503.
50. Vianna NJ, Hinman AR. Rocky Mountain spotted fever on Long Island: Epidemiologic and clinical aspects. Am J Med 1971;51:725-30.
51. Kaplowitz LG, Fischer JJ, Sparling PF. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A clinical dilemma. In: Remington JS, Swartz MN, editors. Current clinical topics in infectious diseases, vol. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981:89-108.
52. Linnemann CC, Janson PJ. The clinical presentations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Comments on recognition and management based on a study of 63 patients. Clin Pediatr 1978;17:673-9.
53. Middleton DB. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Gastrointestinal and laboratory manifestations. South Med J 1978; 71:629-32.
54. Sexton DJ, Corey GR. Rocky Mountain "spotless" and "almost spotless" fever: A wolf in sheep's clothing. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:439-48.
55. Sexton DJ, Banks PM, Weig S, Roe CR. Late appearance of skin rash and abnormal serum enzymes in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Pediatr 1975;87:580-2.
56. Cohen JI, Corson AP, Corey GR. Late appearance of skin rash in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. South Med J 1983; 76:1457-8.
57. Walker DH, Gay RM, Valdes-Dapena M. The occurrence of eschars in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4:571-6.
58. Hughes C. Rocky Mountain "spotless" fever with an erythema migrans-like skin lesion. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21: 1328-9.
59. Verne GN, Myers BM. Jaundice in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:446-8.
60. Adams JS, Walker DH. The liver in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Clin Pathol 1981;75:156-61.
61. Ramphal R, Kluge R, Cohen V, Feldman R. Rocky Mountain spotted fever and jaundice. Arch Intern Med 1978; 138:260-3.
62. Stoenner HG, Lackman DB, Bell EJ. Factors affecting the growth of rickettsias of the spotted fever group in fertile hens' eggs. J Infect Dis 1962;110:121-8.
63. Haynes RE, Sanders DY, Cramblett HG. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children. J Pediatr 1970;76:685-93.
64. Griffith GL, Luce EA. Massive skin necrosis in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. South Med J 1978;71:1337-40.
65. Kirkland KB, Marcom PK, Sexton DJ, Dumler JS, Walker DH. Rocky Mountain spotted fever complicated by gangrene: Report of six cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:629-34.
66. Hove MGM, Walker DH. Persistence of rickettsiae in the partially viable gangrenous margins of amputated extremities 5 to 7 weeks after onset of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995;119:429-31.
67. Walker DH, Hawkins HK, Hudson P. Fulminant Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Its pathologic characteristics associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1983;107:121-5.
68. Feltes TF, Wilcox WD, Feldman WE, Lipskis DJ, Carter SL, Bugg GW. M-mode echocardiographic abnormalities in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. South Med J 1984;77: 1130-2.
69. Marin-Garcia J. Left ventricular dysfunction in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin Cardiol 1983;6:501-6.
70. Lankford HV, Glauser FL. Cardiopulmonary dynamics in a severe case of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Intern Med 1980;140:1357-9.
71. Donohue JF. Lower respiratory tract involvement in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Intern Med 1980; 140:223-7.
72. Walker DH, Crawford CG, Cain BG. Rickettsial infection of the pulmonary microcirculation: The basis for interstitial pneumonitis in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Hum Pathol 1980;11:263-72.
73. Lees RF, Harrison RB, Williamson BRJ, Shaffer HA. Radiographic findings in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Radiol 1978;129:17-20.
74. Martin G, Choplin RH, Shertzer ME. The chest radiograph in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Radiol 1982;139:889-93.
75. Sacks HS, Lyons RW, Lahiri B. Adult respiratory distress syndrome in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;123:547-9.
76. Walker DH. Gastroenterology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Pract Gastroenterol 1986;10:25-30,39,66.
77. Jiminez J, Byrne WJ, Seibert JJ, Euler AR. Gastrointestinal symptoms in Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Histopathologic finding of ulcerative enteritis with vasculitis. Clin Pediatr 1982;21:581-4.
78. Tenenbaum MJ, Markowitz SM. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Diagnostic dilemma of the atypical presentation. South Med J 1980;73:1527-9.
79. Centers for Disease Control. Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever - Georgia. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep 1977;26(10):84.
80. Walker DH, Lesesne HR, Varma VA, Thacker WC. Rocky Mountain spotted fever mimicking acute cholecystitis. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:2194-6.
81. Jackson MD, Kirkman C, Bradford WD, Walker DH. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Hepatic lesions in childhood cases. Pediatr Pathol 1986;5:379-88.
82. Randall WB, Walker DH. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Gastrointestinal and pancreatic lesions and rickettsial infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984;108:963-7.
83. Walker DH, Mattern WD. Acute renal failure in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Intern Med 1979;139: 443-8.
84. Quigg RJ, Gaines R, Wakely PE, Schoolwerth AC. Acute glomerulonephritis in a patient with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Kidney Dis 1991;17:339-42.
85. Massey EW, Thames T, Coffey CE, Gallis HA. Neurologic complications of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. South Med J 1985;78:1288-90.
86. Krober MS. Skeletal muscle involvement in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. South Med J 1978;71:1575-6.
87. Hall GW, Schwartz RP. White blood cell count and differential in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. N Carolina Med J 1979;40:212-4.
88. Nieburg PI, D'Angelo LJ, Herrmann KL. Measles in patients suspected of having Rocky Mountain spotted fever. JAMA 1980;244:808-9.
89. Hall WJ, Hall CB. Atypical measles in adolescents: Evaluation of clinical and pulmonary function. Ann Intern Med 1979;90:882-6.
90. Milunski MR, Gallis HA, Fulkerson WJ. Staphylococcus aureus septicemia mimicking fulminant Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Med 1987;83:801-3.
91. Turner RC, Chaplinski TJ, Adams HG. Rocky Mountain spotted fever presenting as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med 1986;81:153-7.
92. Silverman DJ. Adherence of platelets to human endothelial cells infected by Rickettsia rickettsii. J Infect Dis 1986; 153:694-700.
93. Rao AK, Schapira M, Clements ML, et al. A prospective study of platelets and plasma proteolytic systems during the early stages of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1021-8.
94. Spach DH, Liles WC, Campbell GL, Quick RE, Anderson DE, Fritsche TR. Tick-borne diseases in the United States. N Engl J Med 1993;329:936-47.
95. Kaplowitz LG, Robertson GL. Hyponatremia in Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Role of antidiuretic hormone. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:334-5.
96. Sexton DJ, Clapp J. Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: Occurrence in a patient with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Intern Med 1977;137:362-3.
97. Johnson JE, Kadull PJ. Rocky Mountain spotted fever acquired in a laboratory. N Engl J Med 1967;277:842-7.
98. Oster CN, Burke DS, Kenyon RH, Ascher MS, Harber P, Pedersen CE. Laboratory-acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever: The hazard of aerosol transmission. N Engl J Med 1977;297:859-63.
99. Hechemy KE, Stevens RW, Sasowski S, Michaelson EE, Casper EA, Philip RN. Discrepancies in Weil-Felix and microimmunofluorescence test results for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Clin Microbiol 1979;9:292-3.
100. Walker DH, Peacock MG. Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsial diseases. In: Walker DH, editor. Biology of rickettsial diseases, vol. 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1988:135-55.
101. Walker DH. Diagnosis of rickettsial diseases. Pathol Annu 1988;23(Pt 2):69-96.
102. Kaplan JE, Schonberger LB, The sensitivity of various serologic tests in the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986;35:840-4.
103. Radulovic S, Speed R, Feng H-M, Taylor C, Walker DH. EIA with species-specific monoclonal antibodies: A novel seroepidemiologic tool for determination of the etiologic agent of spotted fever rickettsiosis. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1292-5.
104. Tzianabos T, Anderson BE, McDade JE. Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii DNA in clinical specimens by using polymerase chain reaction technology. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:2866-8.
105. Sexton DJ, Kanj SS, Wilson K, et al. The use of a polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic test for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994;50: 59-63.
106. Woodward TE, Pedersen CE, Oster CN, Bagley LR, Romberger J, Snyder MJ. Prompt confirmation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Identification of rickettsiae in skin tissues. J Infect Dis 1976;134:297-301.
107. Walker DH, Burday MS, Folds JD. Laboratory diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. South Med J 1980;73: 1443-6.
108. Dumler SJ, Gage WR, Pettis GL, Azad AF, Kuhadja FP. Rapid immunoperoxidase demonstration of Rickettsia rickettsii in fixed cutaneous specimens from patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Clin Pathol 1990; 93:410-4.
109. White WL, Patrick JD, Miller LR. Evaluation of peroxidase techniques to detect Rickettsia rickettsii in fixed tissue sections. Am J Clin Pathol 1994;101:747-52.
110. Raoult D, Drancourt M. Antimicrobial therapy of rickettsial diseases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35: 2457-62.
111. Wisseman CL, Waddell A. In vitro sensitivity of Rickettsia rickettsii to doxycycline. J Infect Dis 1982;145:584.
112. Wisseman CL Jr, Ordonez SV. Actions of antibiotics on Rickettsia rickettsii. J Infect Dis 1986;153:626-8.
113. Woodward TE. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Epidemiological and early clinical signs are keys to treatment and reduced mortality. J Infect Dis 1984;150:465-8.
114. Abramson JS, Givner LB. Should tetracyclines be contra-indicated for therapy of presumed Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children less than 9 years of age? (editorial). Pediatrics 1990;86:123-4.
115. Fishbein DB, Frontini MG, Giles R, Vernon LL. Fatal cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1981-1988. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;590:246-7.
116. Archibald LK, Sexton DJ. Long-term sequelae of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1122-5.
117. Sacks JJ, Pinner TA, Parker RL. Tick testing as a method of controlling Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Public Health 1983;73:903-6.
118. Burgdorfer W, Adkins TR, Priester LE. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (tick-borne typhus) in South Carolina: An educational program and tick/rickettsial survey in 1973 and 1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1975;24:866-72.
119. Dumler JS, Wisseman CL, Fiset P, Clements ML. Cell-mediated immune responses of adults to vaccination, challenge with Rickettsia rickettsii, or both. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992;46:105-15.
120. Walker DH, Montenegro MR, Hegarty BC, Tringali GR. Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine: A regional need. South Med J 1984;77:447-9.
121. Schaffner W, McLeod AC, Koenig MG. Thrombocytopenic Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Intern Med 1965;116:857-65.
122. Bradford WD. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A family affair. Clin Pediatr 1979;18:634-5.
123. Bradshaw v. Daniel, 854 SW2d 865 (Tenn 1993).
124. Gelfand MS, Daniel CB, Killebrew L. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Legal duty to warn for noncontagious disease (letter). JAMA 1995;274:1586-7.