The psychopharmacology of hallucinogens

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 285-298

  Abraham, Henry David ^a,b   Aldridge, Andrew M ^a   Gogia, Prashant ^a  

^a TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b BUTLER HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Drug abuse; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; LSD, psychopharmacology; Psychosis

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE; 3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; 5 HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN; CHLORPROMAZINE; HARMINE; IBOGAINE; LITHIUM; LYSERGIDE; MESCALINE; N,N DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE; PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE; PSILOCYBINE; PSYCHEDELIC AGENT;

ALCOHOLISM; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; DRUG ABUSE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; PSYCHOSIS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW;

EID: 0029971271     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0893-133X(95)00136-2     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Abraham HD (1980): Psychiatric illness in drug abusers [letter]. New Eng J Med 302:868-869
2. Abraham HD (1982): A chronic impairment of colour vision in users of LSD. Br J Psychiatr 140:518-520
3. Abraham HD (1983a): L-5-hydroxytryptophan for LSD-induced psychosis. Am J Psychiatr 140:456-458
4. Abraham HD (1983b): Visual phenomenology of the LSD flashback. Arch Gen Psychiatr 40:884-889
5. Abraham HD (1984): LSD flashbacks. Arch Gen Psychiatr 41:632-633
6. Abraham HD (in press): The anxious substance abuser and the anxious clinician. In Ellison J (ed), The Integration of Behavioral Treatments and Pharmacotherapy for Anxiety Disorders, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press
7. Abraham HD, Aldridge AM (1993): Adverse consequences of lysergic acid diethylamide [Review]. Addiction 88: 1327-1334
8. Abraham HD, Wolf E (1988): Visual function in past users of LSD: Psychophysical findings. J Abnormal Psychol 97: 443-447
9. Abramson HA, Jarvik M, Kaufman M, Kornetsky C, Levine A, Wagner M (1955): Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): Physiological and perceptual responses. J Physiol 39:3-60
10. Abramson HA, Jarvik ME, Gorin MH, Hirsch MW (1956): Tolerance development and its relation to a theory of psychosis. J Psychol 41:81-105
11. Abruzzi W (1977): Drug-induced psychosis. Int J Addictions 12:183-193
12. Abuzzahab F Sr, Anderson BJ (1971): A review of LSD treatment in alcoholism [Review]. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 6:223-235
13. Aghajanian G (1994): LSD and phenethylamine hallucinogens: Common sites of neuronal action. In Pletscher A, Ladewig D (eds), 50 Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens, New York, Parthenon
14. Anderson WH, O'Malley JE (1972): Trifluoperazine for the "trailing" phenomenon. JAMA 220:1244-1245
15. Annas G (1989): Informed consent. In The Rights of Patients: The Basic ACLU Guide to Patient Rights. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press
16. Baker E (1967): Second international conference on the use of LSD in psychotherapy and alcoholism. In Abramson H (ed), LSD Psychotherapy, Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill
17. Blumenfield M, Glickman L (1967): Ten month's experience with LSD users admitted to county psychiatric receiving hospital. N Y State J Med 67:1849-1853
18. Bowen WT, Soskin RA, Chotlos JW (1970): Lysergic acid diethylamide as a variable in the hospital treatment of alcoholism: A follow-up study. J Nerv Ment Dis 150: 111-118
19. Bowers M Jr (1972a): Acute psychosis induced by psychotomimetic drug abuse. I. Clinical findings. Arch Gen Psychiatr 27:437-440
20. Bowers M Jr (1972b): Acute psychosis induced by psychotomimetic drug abuse. II. Neurochemical findings. Arch Gen Psychiatr 27:440-442
21. Bowers M Jr (1977): Psychoses precipitated by psychotomimetic drugs. A follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatr 34:832-835
22. Bowers M Jr (1987): The role of drugs in the production of schizophreniform psychoses and related disorders. In Meltzer HY (ed), Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress, New York, Raven
23. Brawley P, Duffield JC (1972): The pharmacology of hallucinogens [Review]. Pharmacol Rev 24:31-66
24. Breakey WR, Goodell H, Lorenz PC, McHugh PR (1974): Hallucinogenic drugs as precipitants of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 4:255-261
25. Busch AK, Johnson WC (1950): LSD as an aid to psychotherapy. Dis Nerv Sys 11:241-243
26. Cholden LS, Kurland A, Savage C (1955): Clinical reactions and tolerance to LSD in chronic schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 122:211-221
27. Clark D, McMahon B (1967): A Vocabulary for Preventive Medicine: Preventive Medicine. Boston, Little Brown
28. Cohen S (1960): LSD: Side effects and complications. J Nerv Ment Dis 130:20-10
29. Cohen S, Ditman K (1963): Prolonged adverse reactions to lysergic acid diethylamide. Arch Gen Psychiatr 8:475-480
30. Cooke MC (1860): The Seven Sisters of Sleep. London, James Blackwood
31. Cooper H (1955): Hallucinogenic drugs. Lancet 268:1078-1079
32. Denson R, Sydiaha D (1970): A controlled study of LSD treatment in alcoholism and neurosis. Br J Psychiatr 116: 443-445
33. DeVeze E (1907): Traité de haschich, des substances psychiques et des plantes magiques. Paris, Edition des Curiosités
34. Dewhurst K, Hatrick JA (1972): Differential diagnosis and treatment of lysergic acid diethylamide induced psychosis. Practitioner 209:327-332
35. Dowling GP, McDonough E, Bost RO (1987): "Eve" and "Ecstasy." A report of five deaths associated with the use of MDEA and MDMA. JAMA 257:1615-1617
36. Eisner B, Cohen S (1958): Psychotherapy with lysergic acid diethylamide. J Nerv Ment Dis 127:528-539
37. Elkes C, Elkes J, Mayer-Gross W (1955): Hallucinogenic drugs. Lancet 268:719
38. Favazza AR, Domino EF (1969): Recurrent LSD experience (flashbacks) triggered by marihuana. Univ Mich Med Center J 35:214-216
39. Federal Register (1991): Federal policy for the protection of human subjects; notices and rules, part II
40. Feinstein A (1985): Clinical Epidemiology: The Architecture of Clinical Research. Philadelphia, WB Saunders
41. Fink M, Simeon J, Haque W, Itil T (1966): Prolonged adverse reactions to LSD in psychotic subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 15:450-454
42. Fookes BH (1972): Psychosis after LSD. Lancet 1:1074-1075
43. Freedman DX (1968): On the use and abuse of LSD. Arch Gen Psychiatr 18:330-347
44. Frosch W (1969): Adverse reactions to hallucinogenic drugs. In Meyer RE (ed), NIMH PHS Pub 1910, Bethesda, MD, National Institute of Mental Health
45. Frosch W, Robbins E, Stern M (1965): Untoward reactions to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) resulting in hospitalization. New Eng J Med 273:1235-1239
46. Garratt JC, Alreja M, Aghajanian GK (1993): LSD has high efficacy relative to serotonin in enhancing the cationic current. In: Intracellular studies in rat facial motoneurons. Synapse 13:123-134
47. Geert-Jörgenson E, Hertz M, Knudsen K, Kristensen K (1964): LSD-treatment: Experience gained within a three year period. Acta Psychiatr Scand 40:373-382
48. Glennon RA, Titeler M, McKenney JD (1984): Evidence for 5-HT2 involvement in the mechanism of action of hallucinogenic agents. Life Sci 35:2505-2511
49. Grinspoon L, Bakalar J (1979): Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered. New York, Basic Books
50. Harner M (1973): The role of hallucinogenic plants in European witchcraft. In Harner M (ed), Hallucinogens and Shamanism, New York, Oxford University Press
51. Hatrick JA, Dewhurst K (1970): Delayed psychosis due to LSD. Lancet 2:742-744
52. Heimann H (1994): Experience of time and space in model psychoses. In Pletscher A, Ladewig D (eds), Fifty Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens, New York, Parthenon
53. Hekimian LJ, Gershon S (1968): Characteristics of drug abusers admitted to a psychiatric hospital. JAMA 205:125-130
54. Hermle L, Spitzer M, Gouzoulis E (1994): Arylakamine-induced effects in normal volunteers: On the significance of research in hallucinogenic agents for psychiatry. In Pletscher A, Ladewig D (eds), Fifty Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens, New York, Parthenon
55. Hofmann A (1980): LSD: My Problem Child. New York, McGraw-Hill
56. Hollister LE (1962): Drug induced psychoses and schizophrenic reactions: A critical comparison. Ann N Y Acad Sci 96:80-88
57. Hollister LE (1968): Chemical Psychoses: LSD and Related Drugs, Springfield, IL, Thomas
58. Hollister LE (1984): Effects of hallucinogens in humans. In Jacobs B (ed), Hallucinogens: Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Clinical Perspectives, New York, Raven
59. Hollister LE, Shelton J, Krieger G (1969): A controlled comparison of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and dextroamphetamine in alcoholics. Am J Psychiatr 125:1352-1357
60. Holsten F (1976): Flashbacks. Clinical and social significance 1 1/2-4 years after the 1st admission [Norwegian]. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 96:875-878
61. Horowitz HA (1975): The use of lithium in the treatment of the drug-induced psychotic reaction. Dis Nerv Sys 36: 159-163
62. Horowitz MJ (1969): Flashbacks: Recurrent intrusive images after the use of LSD. Am J Psychiatr 126:565-569
63. Isbell H (1955): Tolerance to LSD. Federation Proceedings 14:354
64. Isbell H, Wolbach A, Wilker A, Miner E (1961): Cross tolerance between LSD and psilocybin. Psychopharmacology 2:147-159
65. James W (1902): The Varieties of Religious Experience. New York, American Modern Library
66. Jarvik ME (1970): Drugs, Hallucinations and Memory: Origin and Mechanisms of Hallucinations. New York, Plenum
67. Jarvik ME, Abramson HA, Hirsch MW, Ewald AT (1955): Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): VIII. Effect on arithmetic test performance. J Psychol 39:465-473
68. Jensen SE (1962): A treatment program for alcoholics in a mental hospital. Quart J Stud Alcohol 20:577-590
69. Johnson FG (1969): LSD in the treatment of alcoholism. Am J Psychiatr 126:481-487
70. Johnston L, Bachman J, O'Malley P (1990): Monitoring the future. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Institute for Social Research
71. Johnston L, O'Malley P, Bachman J (1994): National Survey Results on Drug Use from Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1993. NIH Pub. No. 94-3809, Bethesda, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse
72. Klee GD, Bertino J, Weintraub W, Callaway E III (1961): The influence of varying dosage on the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide. J Nerv Ment Dis 12:404-409
73. Klock JC, Boerner U, Becker CE (1975): Coma, hyperthermia, and bleeding associated with massive LSD overdose, a report of eight cases. Clin Toxicol 8:191-203
74. Klüver H (1966): Mescal and the Mechanisms of Hallucinations. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
75. Kornblith AB (1981): Multiple drug abuse involving nonopiate, nonalcoholic substances. II. Physical damage, long-term psychological effects and treatment approaches and success [Review]. Int J Addictions 16:527-540
76. Kurland AA, Unger S, Shaffer JW, Savage C (1967): Psychedelic therapy utilizing LSD in the treatment of the alcoholic patient: A preliminary report. Am J Psychiatr 123: 1202-1209
77. Kurland AA, Savage C, Pahnke W, Grof S, Olssen JE (1971): LSD in the treatment of alcoholics. Pharmakopsychiatrie 4:83-94
78. La Barre W (1975): Anthropological perspectives on hallucination and hallucinogens, In Siegel RK, West LJ (eds), Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience and Theory. New York, Wiley
79. Lake CR, Stirba AL, Kinneman R Jr, Carlson B, Holloway HC (1981): Mania associated with LSD ingestion. Am J Psychiatry 138:1508-1509
80. Langs RJ, Barr HL (1968): Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and schizophrenic reactions. A comparative study. J Nerv Ment Dis 147:163-172
81. Leuner H (1967): Present state of psycholytic therapy and its possibilities. In Abramson HA (ed), Second International Conference on the Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism, Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill
82. Leuner H (1994): Hallucinogens as an aid in psychotherapy: Basic principles and results. In Pleischer A, Ladewig D (eds), 50 Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens, New York, Parthenon
83. Lever JR, Dannals RF, Wilson AA, Ravert HT, Scheffel U, Hoffman BJ, Hartig PR, Wong DF, Wagner H Jr (1989): Synthesis and in vivo characterization of D-(+)-(N1-[11C]methyl)-2-Br-LSD: A radioligand for positron emission tomographic studies of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors. Int J Rad Appl Instrument (Part B) 16:697-704
84. Levine A, Abramson HA, Kaufman MR, Markham S (1955): Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): XVI. The effect on intellectual functioning as measured by the Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scale. J Psychol 40:385-395
85. Levine J, Ludwig A (1964): The LSD controversy. Compr Psychiatr 5:314-321
86. Lewin L (1924): Phantastika: die Betäubenden und erregenden Genussmittle. Berlin, Verlag von Georg Stilke
87. Ludwig A, Levine J, Stark L (1970): LSD and Alcoholism: A Clinical Study of Treatment Efficacy. Springfield, IL, Thomas
88. MacLean RJ, MacDonald DC, Byrne UP, Hubbard AM (1961): The use of LSD-25 in the treatment of alcoholism and other psychiatric problems. Quart J Stud Alcohol 22:34-45
89. Malleson N (1971): Acute adverse reactions to LSD in clinical and experimental use in the United Kingdom. Br J Psychiatr 118:229-230
90. Martin W, Sloan J (1977): Pharmacology and classification of LSD-like hallucinogens. In Martin W (ed), Drug Addiction II, Berlin, Springer-Verlag
91. Mascher E (1967): Psycholytic therapy: Statistics and indications. In Brill H (ed), Neuropsychopharmacology. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica Foundation
92. McFarling DA (1980): LSD Follow-Up Study Report. US Army Health Services Command
93. McLellan AT, Durley KA (1977): Non-random relation between drugs of abuse and psychiatric diagnosis. J Psychiatr Res 13:179-184
94. McLellan AT, Woody GE, O'Brien CP (1979): Development of psychiatric illness in drug abusers. Possible role of drug preference. New Eng J Med 301:1310-1314
95. Metzner R (1969): A note on the treatment of LSD psychosis. Behav Neuropsychiatr 1:29-32
96. Moreau J (1845): Du Haschich et de l'aliénation mentale. Etudes psychologiques. Paris, Masson
97. Moskowitz D (1971): Use of haloperidol to reduce LSD flashbacks. Milit Med 136:754-756
98. Muller DJ (1971): ECT in LSD psychosis. A report of three cases. Am J Psychiatr 128:351-352
99. National Institute of Drug Abuse (1990): National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, Main Findings. Pub. No. 91-1788, Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration
100. O'Brien CP, Jones RT (1994): Methodological issues in the evaluation of a medication for its potential benefits in enhancing psychotherapy. In Pletscher A, Ladewig D (eds), Fifty Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens, New York, Parthenon
101. O'Reilly (1962): Lysergic acid and the alcoholic. Dis Nerv Sys 23:331-334
102. Opitz E (1963): Die klinische therapie seelischer Strungen mit lysergsaure. Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und Medizinische Psychologie 15:366-372
103. Pahnke WN, Kurland AA, Unger S, Savage C, Grof S (1970): The experimental use of psychedelic (LSD) psychotherapy. JAMA 212:1856-1863
104. Public Health Committee, Subcommittee on Narcotics Addiction, Medical Society of the County of New York (1966): New York Medicine 22, pp. 241
105. Reich P, Hepps RB (1972): Homicide during a psychosis induced by LSD. JAMA 219:869-871
106. Rivier L (1994): Ethnopharmacology of LSD and related compounds. In Pletscher A, Ladewig D (eds), Fifty Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens, New York, Parthenon
107. Robbins E, Frosch WA, Stern M (1967): Further observations on untoward reactions to LSD. Am J Psychiatr 124:393-395
108. Rosenthal S (1964): Persistent hallucinosis following repeated administrations of hallucinogenic drugs. Am J Psychiatr 124:238-244
109. Safer DJ (1987): Substance abuse by young adult chronic patients. Hosp Comm Psychiatr 38:511-514
110. Sanborn B, Daniels J (1971): LSD reaction: A family research approach. Int J Addict 6:497-507
111. Sandison RA, Spencer AM, Whitelaw JDA (1954): The therapeutic value of lysergic acid diethylamide in mental illness. J Ment Sci 100:491
112. Sankar D (1975): LSD, a Total Study. Westbury, NY. PJD Publications
113. Savage C, McCabe OL (1973): Residential psychedelic (LSD) therapy for the narcotic addict. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatr 28:808-814
114. Schultes R, Hofmann A (1980): The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens. Springfield, IL, Thomas
115. Schwartz C (1967): Paradoxical responses to chlorpromazine after LSD. Psychosomatics 8:210-211
116. Schwartz RH, Comerci GD, Meeks JE (1987): LSD: Patterns of use by chemically dependent adolescents. J Ped 111:936-938
117. Schick J, Smith D (1970): Analysis of the LSD flashback. J Psychedelic Drugs 3:13-19
118. Shulgin A, Shulgin A (1991): Pihkal, a Chemical Love Story. Berkeley, Transform Press
119. Siegel R (1979): Natural animal addictions: An Ethological perspective. In Keehn JD (ed), Psychopathology in Animals, New York, Academic
120. Siegel R (1984): The natural history of hallucinogens. In Jacobs BL (ed), Hallucinogens: Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Clinical Perspectives, New York, Raven
121. Silverstein AB, Klee GD (1958): Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) on intellectual functions. A. M. A. Arch Neurol Psychiatr 80:477-480
122. Slater P, Morimoto K, Hyde R (1960): The effect of group administration upon symptom formation with LSD. J Nerv Ment Dis 125:312-315
123. Smart RG, Bateman K (1967): Unfavourable reactions to LSD: A review and analysis of the available case reports [Review]. Can Med Assoc J 97:1214-1221
124. Smart RG, Jones D (1970): Illicit LSD users: Their personality characteristics and psychopathology. J Abnormal Psychol 75:286-292
125. Smart RG, Storm T, Baker EF, Solursh L (1966): A controlled study of lysergide in the treatment of alcoholism. 1. The effects on drinking behavior. Quart J Stud Alcohol 27:469-482
126. Smith CM (1958): A new adjunct to the treatment of alcoholism. Quart J Stud Alcohol 19:406-417
127. Stoll W (1947): LSD-Ein Phantasticum aus der Mutterkorngruppe (LSD - a phantasticum of the ergot group). Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 60: 279-323
128. Strassman RJ (1984): Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature [Review]. J Nerv Ment Dis 172:577-595
129. Strassman RJ, Quails CR (1994): Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltiyptamine in humans. I. Neuroendocrine, autonomic, and cardiovascular effects. Arch Gen Psychiatr 51:85-97
130. Strassman RJ, Qualls CR, Uhlenhuth EH, Kellner R (1994): Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale. Arch Gen Psychiatr 51:98-108
131. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (1994): National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1993, Pub. No. (SMA) 94-3017, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
132. Tietz W (1967): Complications following ingestion of LSD in a lower class population. Calif Med 107:396-398
133. Tomsovic M, Edwards RV (1970): Lysergide treatment of schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic alcoholics: A controlled evaluation. Quart J Stud Alcohol 31:932-949
134. Tsuang MT, Simpson JC, Kronfol Z (1982): Subtypes of drug abuse with psychosis. Demographic characteristics, clinical features, and family history. Arch Gen Psychiatr 39:141-147
135. Tucker GJ, Quinlan D, Harrow M (1972): Chronic hallucinogenic drug use and thought disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:443-447
136. Ungerleider JT, Fisher DD, Fuller M (1966): The dangers of LSD. Analysis of seven months' experience in a university hospital's psychiatric service. JAMA 197:389-392
137. Van Dusen W, Wilson W, Miners W, Hook H (1967): Treatment of alcoholism with lysergide. Quart J Stud Alcohol 28:295-304
138. Vardy MM, Kay SR (1983): LSD psychosis or LSD-induced schizophrenia? A multimethod inquiry. Arch Gen Psychiatr 40:877-883
139. Vollenweider F (1994): Evidence for a cortical-subcortical imbalance of sensory information processing during altered states of consciousness using positron emission tomography and [18F]flurodeoxyglucoose. In Pletscher A, Ladewig D (eds), Fifty Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens, New York, Parthenon
140. von Bibra EF (1855): Die narcotische Genussmittel und der Mensch. Nurnberg, Verlag von Wilhelm Schmit
141. Wasson R, Ruck C, Hofmann A (1978): The Road to Eleusis. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
142. West L, Pierce C, Thomas W (1962): Lysergic acid diethylamide: Its effects on a male Asiatic elephant. Science 138:1100-1102
143. Wolbach A, Isbell H, Miner E (1962): Cross tolerance between mescaline and LSD-25, with a comparison of the mescaline and LSD reaction. Psychopharmacologia 3:1-14