Reducing pain during procedures

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 436-441

  Liebelt, Erica L ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; BENZOCAINE; BUPIVACAINE; CETACAINE; CHLOROETHANE; CHLORPROMAZINE; COCAINE; DIAZEPAM; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; EMLA; ETIDOCAINE; FENTANYL; FENTANYL CITRATE; LEVONORGESTREL; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MEPIVACAINE; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; NARCOTIC AGENT; NORADRENALIN; OPIATE DERIVATIVE; PETHIDINE; PRILOCAINE; PROMETHAZINE; PROPOFOL; SEDATIVE AGENT; TETRACAINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANALGESIA; ANXIETY; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CREAM; DENTAL ANESTHESIA; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG MIXTURE; HUMAN; INFANT; INHALATIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRANASAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; NEWBORN; NOCICEPTION; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; REVIEW; SELF REPORT; TOPICAL ANESTHESIA; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 0029969806     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008480-199610000-00003     Document Type: Review

References (22)

1. Birmingham PK: Recent advances in acute pain management [review]. Curr Probl Pediatr 1995, 25:99-112. This paper reviews recent scientific evidence that challenges previous historical misperceptions about pain in children and infants. It also provides a review of new modalities of drug delivery including regional epidural anesthesia, patient-controlled analgesia, the fentanyl Oralet, and ketorolac.
2. Litman RS: Recent trends in the management of pain during medical procedures in children. Pediatr Ann 1995, 24:158-163. This article provides a discussion on pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods for alleviating pain and anxiety in children during medical procedures. It includes a discussion of various analgesics and sedatives for use in the emergency department and subspecialty settings.
3. Phillips P: Neonatal pain management: a call to action. Pediatr Nursing 1995, 21:195-199. This manuscript provides an excellent review of neonatal pain responses, assessment of pain in neonates, and pharmacologic principles regarding the use of various medications to reduce pain during procedures specific to the neonate.
4. Ho K, Spence J, Murphy M: Review of pain-measurement tools. Ann Emerg Med 1996, 27:427-432.
5. McGrath PA: Pain in the pediatric patient: practical aspects of assessment. Pediatr Ann 1995, 24:126-138. This manuscript provides the general pediatrician with an excellent review of the nature of pain in children including the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects that modify a child's perception of pain. It also presents an excellent review of behavioral, physiological, and self-report pain scales that are being developed and used in assessing pediatric pain.
6. Taddio A, Nulman I, Koren BS: A revised measure of acute pain in infants. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995, 10:456-463.
7. Sacchetti A, Schafermeyer R, Gerardi M, Graneto J, Fuerst RS, Cantor R, Santamaria J, Tsai AK, Dieckman RA, Barkin RA: Pediatric analgesia and sedation. Ann Emerg Med 1994, 23:237-250.
8. Pohlgeers AP, Friedland LR, Keegan-Jones L: Combination fentanyl and diazepam for pediatric conscious sedation. Acad Emerg Med 1995, 2:879-883.
9. Swanson ER Seaberg DC, Mathias S: The use of propofol for sedation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 1996, 3:234-238.
10. American Academy of Pediatrics: Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatrics 1992, 89:1110-1115.
11. Brogan GX, Giarrusso E, Hollander JE, Cassara G, Maranga MC, Thode HC: Comparison of plain, warmed, and buffered lidocaine for anesthesia of traumatic wounds. Ann Emerg Med 1995, 26:121-125. This well-designed study compared plain, warmed, and buffered lidocaine for pain on infiltration and during suturing of lacerations. Both buffered and warmed lidocaine had significantly less pain associated with infiltration than did plain lidocaine. Both of these methods are being used in children for injectable anesthesia.
12. Waldbillig DK, Quinn JV, Stiell IG, Wells GA: Randomized double-blind controlled trial comparing room-temperature and heated lidocaine for digital nerve block. Ann Emerg Med 1995, 26:677-681.
13. Ernst AA, Marvez-Valls E, Nick TG, Wahle M: Comparison trial of four injectable anesthetics for laceration repair. Acad Emerg Med 1996, 3:228-233. This well-designed prospective study compared four injectable anesthetics including buffered lidocaine and diphenhydramine. It confirms previous studies in that buffered lidocaine with epinephrine was associated with less pain during suturing. Diphenhydramine was more painful and less effective as an anesthetic, clearly limiting its use to only those rare patients who are allergic to lidocaine.
14. Nelson AL: Neutralizing pH of lidocaine reduces pain during Norplant system insertion procedure. Contraception 1995, 51:299-301.
15. Smith GA, Strausbaugh SD, Harbeck-Weber C, Shields BJ, Powers JD, Hackenburg D: Comparison of topical anesthetics without cocaine to tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine and lidocaine infiltration during repair of lacerations: bupivacaine-norepinephrine is an effective new topical anesthetic agent. Pediatrics 1996, 97:301-307. This well-designed blinded trial compared the effectiveness of four topical anesthetics that do not contain cocaine with TAC and lidocaine. They found that bupivanor (bupivacaine-norepinephrine) was an effective topical anesthetic on the face and scalp and offers another alternative to TAC.
16. Taddio A, Shennan AT, Stevens B, Leeder JS, Koren G: Safety of lidocaine-prilocaine cream in the treatment of preterm neonates. J Pediatr 1995, 127:1002-1005. This article addresses the question of whether EMLA cream is safe to use in preterm infants as a topical anesthetic for a heelstick procedure. Their results demonstrated that clinically significant methemoglobinemia did not develop even up to 12 hours after its application. These results provide further evidence that EMLA cream is safe to use in preterm and full-term neonates as a modality for pain reduction for various procedures.
17. Splinter WM, Bass J, Komocar L: Regional anaesthesia for hemia repair in children: local vs caudal anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 1995, 42:197-200.
18. Reuben SS, Steinberg RB, Kreitzer JM, Duprat KM: Intravenous regional anesthesia using lidocaine and ketorolac. Anesth Analg 1995, 81:110-113.
19. Sutters KA, Levine JD, Dibble S, Savedra M, Miaskowski C: Analgesic efficacy and safety of single-dose intramuscular ketorolac for postoperative pain management in children following tonsillectomy. Pain 1995, 61:145-153.
20. McGrath PJ: Annotation: aspects of pain in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995, 36:717-730. This review outlines recent progress and pertinent problems in children's understanding of pain, pain measurement, the family and pain, and psychologic treatment of pain. There is an excellent discussion on the developmental sequence of children's understanding of pain and nonpharmacologic means of dealing with pain at various cognitive stages.
21. Slifer KJ, Babbitt RL, Cataldo MD: Simulation and counterconditioning as adjuncts to pharmacotherapy for invasive pediatric procedures. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1995, 16:133-141. This study describes the use of a behavioral modification technique called counterconditioning with simulation in helping to reduce pain. This technique was found to be beneficial as an adjunctive intervention in decreasing distress in some children requiring repeated painful procedures.
22. Ashburn MA: Burn pain: the management of procedure-related pain. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995, 16:365-371.