메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 102-106

Cardiac structure and function in renal disease

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAUSE OF DEATH; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FIBROSIS; HEART DEATH; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; KIDNEY FAILURE; MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE; MICROCIRCULATION; MYOCARDIAL DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UREMIA;

EID: 0029968070     PISSN: 10624821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00041552-199601000-00017     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (38)

References (62)
  • 3
    • 0027469543 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac pathology in patients with end-stage renal disease maintained on haemodialysis
    • Ansari A, Kaupke CJ, Vaziri ND, Miller R, Barbari A: Cardiac pathology in patients with end-stage renal disease maintained on haemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs 1993, 16:31-36.
    • (1993) Int J Artif Organs , vol.16 , pp. 31-36
    • Ansari, A.1    Kaupke, C.J.2    Vaziri, N.D.3    Miller, R.4    Barbari, A.5
  • 4
    • 0028586686 scopus 로고
    • Clinical epidemiology in chronic uraemia
    • Parfrey PS: Clinical epidemiology in chronic uraemia. Clin Invest Med 1994, 17:466-473.
    • (1994) Clin Invest Med , vol.17 , pp. 466-473
    • Parfrey, P.S.1
  • 5
    • 0028248964 scopus 로고
    • Survival on dialysis and blood pressure control
    • Charra B, Laurent G, Calemard E, Terrat JC, Vanel T, Ruffet M, Chazot C: Survival on dialysis and blood pressure control. Contrib Nephrol 1994, 106:179-185. This is an extremely important study which documents that survival in patients on maintenance haemodialysis is higher if predialysis systolic blood pressure levels are in the low-normal range.
    • (1994) Contrib Nephrol , vol.106 , pp. 179-185
    • Charra, B.1    Laurent, G.2    Calemard, E.3    Terrat, J.C.4    Vanel, T.5    Ruffet, M.6    Chazot, C.7
  • 6
    • 0027318183 scopus 로고
    • Morbidity and mortality due to hypertension in patients with renal failure
    • Ritz E, Koch M: Morbidity and mortality due to hypertension in patients with renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1993, 21(suppl 2):113-118.
    • (1993) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.21 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 113-118
    • Ritz, E.1    Koch, M.2
  • 8
    • 0028207606 scopus 로고
    • Atherogenesis and cardiac death: Are they related to dialysis procedure and blocompatibllity?
    • Ritz E, Deppisch R, Stier E, Hänsch G: Atherogenesis and cardiac death: are they related to dialysis procedure and blocompatibllity? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994, 9(suppl 2):165-172.
    • (1994) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.9 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 165-172
    • Ritz, E.1    Deppisch, R.2    Stier, E.3    Hänsch, G.4
  • 9
    • 0029146853 scopus 로고
    • Report on management of renal failure in Europe, XXIV, 1993
    • European Transplantation and Dialysis Association: Report on management of renal failure in Europe, XXIV, 1993. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995, 10(suppl 5):12.
    • (1995) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.10 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 12
  • 12
    • 0003191447 scopus 로고
    • Bethesda, Maryland: The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
    • US Renal Data System: Causes of death. Annual Data Report. Bethesda, Maryland: The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1995, 14:79-90.
    • (1995) Causes of Death. Annual Data Report , vol.14 , pp. 79-90
  • 13
    • 0019408068 scopus 로고
    • Disabling angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries in patients undergoing haemodialysis
    • Roig E, Betriu A, Castaner A, Magrina J, Sanz G, Navarra-Lopez F: Disabling angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Am J Med 1981, 71:437-444.
    • (1981) Am J Med , vol.71 , pp. 437-444
    • Roig, E.1    Betriu, A.2    Castaner, A.3    Magrina, J.4    Sanz, G.5    Navarra-Lopez, F.6
  • 15
    • 0022825988 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of coronary artery disease in patients on maintenance haemodialysis: Implications for management
    • Rostand SG, Kirk KA, Rutsky EA: The epidemiology of coronary artery disease in patients on maintenance haemodialysis: Implications for management. Contrib Nephrol 1986, 52:24-41.
    • (1986) Contrib Nephrol , vol.52 , pp. 24-41
    • Rostand, S.G.1    Kirk, K.A.2    Rutsky, E.A.3
  • 16
    • 0002801305 scopus 로고
    • Ischaemic heart disease in chronic renal failure: Management considerations
    • Rostand SG, Rutsky EA: Ischaemic heart disease in chronic renal failure: management considerations. Semin Dial 1989, 2:98-101.
    • (1989) Semin Dial , vol.2 , pp. 98-101
    • Rostand, S.G.1    Rutsky, E.A.2
  • 17
    • 0021180120 scopus 로고
    • Dialysis ischaemic heart disease: Insights from coronary angiography
    • Rostand SG, Kirk KA, Rutsky EA: Dialysis ischaemic heart disease: insights from coronary angiography. Kidney Int 1984, 25:653-659.
    • (1984) Kidney Int , vol.25 , pp. 653-659
    • Rostand, S.G.1    Kirk, K.A.2    Rutsky, E.A.3
  • 18
    • 0028030272 scopus 로고
    • Clinical aspects of cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients
    • Parfrey PS, Hamett JD: Clinical aspects of cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients. Blood Purif 1994, 12:267-276.
    • (1994) Blood Purif , vol.12 , pp. 267-276
    • Parfrey, P.S.1    Hamett, J.D.2
  • 19
    • 0028543734 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for cardiac morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients
    • Foley RN, Parfrey PS: Risk factors for cardiac morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1994, 3:608-614.
    • (1994) Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens , vol.3 , pp. 608-614
    • Foley, R.N.1    Parfrey, P.S.2
  • 20
    • 0027535171 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac and cerebrovascular disease in chronic uraemia
    • Parfrey PS: Cardiac and cerebrovascular disease in chronic uraemia. Am J Kidney Dis 1993, 21:77-80.
    • (1993) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.21 , pp. 77-80
    • Parfrey, P.S.1
  • 21
    • 0028402274 scopus 로고
    • The management of cardiac disease in chronic uraemia
    • Parfrey PS, Harnett JD: The management of cardiac disease in chronic uraemia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1994, 3:145-154.
    • (1994) Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens , vol.3 , pp. 145-154
    • Parfrey, P.S.1    Harnett, J.D.2
  • 22
    • 0028900238 scopus 로고
    • Heart failure and ischaemic heart disease in chronic uraemia
    • Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Foley RN: Heart failure and ischaemic heart disease in chronic uraemia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1995, 4:105-110. This review discusses lucidly the high prevalence and prognostic significance of ischaemic heart disease in dialysed patients.
    • (1995) Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens , vol.4 , pp. 105-110
    • Parfrey, P.S.1    Harnett, J.D.2    Foley, R.N.3
  • 23
    • 0028939185 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and echocardiographic cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease: Prevalence, associations and prognosis
    • Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Martin CJ, Murray DC, Barre PE: Clinical and echocardiographic cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease: prevalence, associations and prognosis. Kidney Int 1995, 47:186-192. This recent paper documents the impact of various patterns of LVH on clinical course and survival of dialysis patients.
    • (1995) Kidney Int , vol.47 , pp. 186-192
    • Foley, R.N.1    Parfrey, P.S.2    Harnett, J.D.3    Kent, G.M.4    Martin, C.J.5    Murray, D.C.6    Barre, P.E.7
  • 24
    • 0028313403 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in a prospectively followed cohort of dialysis patients
    • Harnett JD, Kent KM, Barre PE, Taylor R, Parfrey PS: Risk factors for the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in a prospectively followed cohort of dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994, 4:1486-1490.
    • (1994) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.4 , pp. 1486-1490
    • Harnett, J.D.1    Kent, K.M.2    Barre, P.E.3    Taylor, R.4    Parfrey, P.S.5
  • 26
    • 0022396608 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial hypertrophy in rats with renal insufficiency
    • Rambausek M, Ritz E, Mall G, Mehls O, Katus H: Myocardial hypertrophy in rats with renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 1985, 28:775-787.
    • (1985) Kidney Int , vol.28 , pp. 775-787
    • Rambausek, M.1    Ritz, E.2    Mall, G.3    Mehls, O.4    Katus, H.5
  • 27
    • 0024324631 scopus 로고
    • Impact of left ventricular hypertrophy on survival in end-stage renal disease
    • Silberberg JS, Barre PE, Prichard SS, Sniderman AD: Impact of left ventricular hypertrophy on survival in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 1989, 36:286-290.
    • (1989) Kidney Int , vol.36 , pp. 286-290
    • Silberberg, J.S.1    Barre, P.E.2    Prichard, S.S.3    Sniderman, A.D.4
  • 28
    • 0025280867 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study
    • Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP: Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1561-1566.
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.322 , pp. 1561-1566
    • Levy, D.1    Garrison, R.J.2    Savage, D.D.3    Kannel, W.B.4    Castelli, W.P.5
  • 29
    • 0028079826 scopus 로고
    • Significance of left ventricular hypertrophy in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
    • Kaplinsky E: Significance of left ventricular hypertrophy in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1994, 8(suppl 3):549-556.
    • (1994) Cardiovasc Drugs Ther , vol.8 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 549-556
    • Kaplinsky, E.1
  • 31
    • 0023820394 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of left ventricular changes associated with chronic haemodialysis
    • Hüting J, Kramer W, Schütterle G, Wizemann V: Analysis of left ventricular changes associated with chronic haemodialysis. Nephron 1988, 49:284-290.
    • (1988) Nephron , vol.49 , pp. 284-290
    • Hüting, J.1    Kramer, W.2    Schütterle, G.3    Wizemann, V.4
  • 33
    • 0024394986 scopus 로고
    • Role of anaemia in the pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy in end-stage renal disease
    • Silberberg JS, Rahal DP, Patton DR, Sniderman AD: Role of anaemia in the pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy in end-stage renal disease. Am J Cardiol 1989, 64:222-224.
    • (1989) Am J Cardiol , vol.64 , pp. 222-224
    • Silberberg, J.S.1    Rahal, D.P.2    Patton, D.R.3    Sniderman, A.D.4
  • 35
    • 0026645065 scopus 로고
    • Increased systolic pressure in chronic uraemia. Role of arterial wave reflection
    • London GM, Pannier B, Marchais Benetos B, Safar M: Increased systolic pressure in chronic uraemia. Role of arterial wave reflection. Hypertension 1992, 20:10-19.
    • (1992) Hypertension , vol.20 , pp. 10-19
    • London, G.M.1    Pannier, B.2    Marchais Benetos, B.3    Safar, M.4
  • 36
    • 4243300787 scopus 로고
    • Increased characteristic impedance causes left ventricular hypertrophy in dogs
    • Morita S, Asou T, Kuboyama I, Tokunaga K, Harasawa Y, Sunagawa K: Increased characteristic impedance causes left ventricular hypertrophy in dogs. Circulation 1989, 80(suppl 11):299.
    • (1989) Circulation , vol.80 , Issue.11 SUPPL. , pp. 299
    • Morita, S.1    Asou, T.2    Kuboyama, I.3    Tokunaga, K.4    Harasawa, Y.5    Sunagawa, K.6
  • 37
    • 0026691041 scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure independent effect of angiotensin inhibition on vascular lesions of chronic renal failure
    • Kakinuma Y, Kawamura T, Bills T, Yoshioka T, Ichikawa I, Fogo A: Blood pressure independent effect of angiotensin inhibition on vascular lesions of chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1992, 42:46-55.
    • (1992) Kidney Int , vol.42 , pp. 46-55
    • Kakinuma, Y.1    Kawamura, T.2    Bills, T.3    Yoshioka, T.4    Ichikawa, I.5    Fogo, A.6
  • 38
    • 0027438838 scopus 로고
    • Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive dialysed uraemic patients on long-term antihypertensive therapy
    • Cannella G, Paoletti E, Delfino E, Pelosos G, Molinari S, Traverso GB: Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive dialysed uraemic patients on long-term antihypertensive therapy. Kidney Int 1993, 44:881-886.
    • (1993) Kidney Int , vol.44 , pp. 881-886
    • Cannella, G.1    Paoletti, E.2    Delfino, E.3    Pelosos, G.4    Molinari, S.5    Traverso, G.B.6
  • 39
    • 0028937006 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of cardiac hypertrophy in experimental chronic renal failure by long-term ACE-inhibitor administration: Potential role of lysosomal proteinases
    • Suzuki H, Schaefer L, Ling H, Schaefer RM, Dämmrich J, Teschner M, Heidland A: Prevention of cardiac hypertrophy in experimental chronic renal failure by long-term ACE-inhibitor administration: potential role of lysosomal proteinases. Am J Nephrol 1995, 15:129-136.
    • (1995) Am J Nephrol , vol.15 , pp. 129-136
    • Suzuki, H.1    Schaefer, L.2    Ling, H.3    Schaefer, R.M.4    Dämmrich, J.5    Teschner, M.6    Heidland, A.7
  • 40
    • 0028937782 scopus 로고
    • Left ventricular geometry, pathophysiology and prognosis
    • Devereux RB: Left ventricular geometry, pathophysiology and prognosis [Editorial Comment]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:885-887.
    • (1995) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.25 , pp. 885-887
    • Devereux, R.B.1
  • 42
    • 0028031072 scopus 로고
    • Left ventricular diastolic function in patients on maintenance haemodialysis: Comparison with hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
    • Fujimoto S, Kagoshima T, Hashimoto T, Nakajima T, Dohi K: Left ventricular diastolic function in patients on maintenance haemodialysis: comparison with hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Nephrol 1994, 42:109-116.
    • (1994) Clin Nephrol , vol.42 , pp. 109-116
    • Fujimoto, S.1    Kagoshima, T.2    Hashimoto, T.3    Nakajima, T.4    Dohi, K.5
  • 44
    • 0028860273 scopus 로고
    • Influence of left ventricular hypertrophy on left ventricular function during dynamic exercise in the presence or absence of coronary artery disease
    • Sobue T, Yokota M, Iwase M, Ishihara H: Influence of left ventricular hypertrophy on left ventricular function during dynamic exercise in the presence or absence of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:91-98.
    • (1995) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.25 , pp. 91-98
    • Sobue, T.1    Yokota, M.2    Iwase, M.3    Ishihara, H.4
  • 46
    • 0028023866 scopus 로고
    • New developments in the epidemiology of left ventricular hypertrophy
    • Post WS, Levy D: New developments in the epidemiology of left ventricular hypertrophy. Curr Opin Cardiol 1994, 9:534-541.
    • (1994) Curr Opin Cardiol , vol.9 , pp. 534-541
    • Post, W.S.1    Levy, D.2
  • 47
    • 0027960232 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of left ventricular hypertrophy in dialysis patients
    • London GM, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ: Pathophysiology of left ventricular hypertrophy in dialysis patients. Blood Purif 1994, 12:277-283.
    • (1994) Blood Purif , vol.12 , pp. 277-283
    • London, G.M.1    Guerin, A.P.2    Marchais, S.J.3
  • 48
    • 0028310651 scopus 로고
    • Diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle in dialysis patients
    • Wizemann V, Blank S, Kramer W: Diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle in dialysis patients. Contrib Nephrol 1994, 106:106-109.
    • (1994) Contrib Nephrol , vol.106 , pp. 106-109
    • Wizemann, V.1    Blank, S.2    Kramer, W.3
  • 49
    • 85047677451 scopus 로고
    • Hypertrophy causes delayed conduction in human and guinea pig myocardium: Accentuation during ischaemic perfusion
    • Winterton SJ, Turner MA, O'Gorman DJ, Flores NA, Sheridan DJ: Hypertrophy causes delayed conduction in human and guinea pig myocardium: accentuation during ischaemic perfusion. Cardiovasc Res 1994, 28:47-54.
    • (1994) Cardiovasc Res , vol.28 , pp. 47-54
    • Winterton, S.J.1    Turner, M.A.2    O'Gorman, D.J.3    Flores, N.A.4    Sheridan, D.J.5
  • 50
    • 0000613161 scopus 로고
    • On the serious inflammation of the organs
    • Rössle: On the serious inflammation of the organs [in German]. Virchows Arch 1943, 311:252-284.
    • (1943) Virchows Arch , vol.311 , pp. 252-284
    • Rössle1
  • 52
    • 0023947182 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial interstitial fibrosis in experimental uraemia. Implications for cardiac compliance
    • Mall G, Rambausek M, Neumeister A, Kollmar S, Vetterlein F, Ritz E: Myocardial interstitial fibrosis in experimental uraemia. Implications for cardiac compliance. Kidney Int 1988, 33:804-811.
    • (1988) Kidney Int , vol.33 , pp. 804-811
    • Mall, G.1    Rambausek, M.2    Neumeister, A.3    Kollmar, S.4    Vetterlein, F.5    Ritz, E.6
  • 54
    • 0028417569 scopus 로고
    • The role of parathyroid hormone in the genesis of interstitial cell activation in uraemia
    • Amann K, Wiest G, Klaus G, Ritz E, Mall G: The role of parathyroid hormone in the genesis of interstitial cell activation in uraemia. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994, 4:1814-1819. This experimental study documents that cardiac fibrosis of uraemic animals is aborted in the absence of parathyroid hormone.
    • (1994) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.4 , pp. 1814-1819
    • Amann, K.1    Wiest, G.2    Klaus, G.3    Ritz, E.4    Mall, G.5
  • 55
    • 0028340562 scopus 로고
    • Collagen network of the myocardium: Function, structural remodeling and regulatory mechanisms
    • Weber KT, Sun Y, Tyagi SC, Cleutjens JP: Collagen network of the myocardium: function, structural remodeling and regulatory mechanisms. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1994, 26:279-292. This extensive study details the structural changes of the cardiac interstitium associated with LVH.
    • (1994) J Mol Cell Cardiol , vol.26 , pp. 279-292
    • Weber, K.T.1    Sun, Y.2    Tyagi, S.C.3    Cleutjens, J.P.4
  • 57
    • 0026799396 scopus 로고
    • Reduced capillary density in the myocardium of uraemic rats. A stereological study
    • Amann K, Wiest G, Zimmer G, Gretz N, Ritz E, Mall G: Reduced capillary density in the myocardium of uraemic rats. A stereological study. Kidney Int 1992, 42:1111-1117.
    • (1992) Kidney Int , vol.42 , pp. 1111-1117
    • Amann, K.1    Wiest, G.2    Zimmer, G.3    Gretz, N.4    Ritz, E.5    Mall, G.6
  • 58
    • 0342354991 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of antihypertensive treatment on abnormal cardiac structure in uraemia
    • Törnig J, Amann K, Nichols C, Schwarz U, Zeier M, Mall G, Ritz E: Differential effects of antihypertensive treatment on abnormal cardiac structure in uraemia [Abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994, 5:796.
    • (1994) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.5 , pp. 796
    • Törnig, J.1    Amann, K.2    Nichols, C.3    Schwarz, U.4    Zeier, M.5    Mall, G.6    Ritz, E.7
  • 59
    • 0021362064 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of coronary reserve: A mechanism for angina pectoris in patients with arterial hypertension and normal coronary arteries
    • Opherk D, Mall G, Zebe H, Schwarz F, Weihe E, Manthey J, Kübler W: Reduction of coronary reserve: a mechanism for angina pectoris in patients with arterial hypertension and normal coronary arteries. Circulation 1984, 69:1-7.
    • (1984) Circulation , vol.69 , pp. 1-7
    • Opherk, D.1    Mall, G.2    Zebe, H.3    Schwarz, F.4    Weihe, E.5    Manthey, J.6    Kübler, W.7
  • 60
    • 0027164546 scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional alterations of the intramyocardial coronary arterioles in patients with arterial hypertension
    • Schwarzkopff B, Motz W, Frenzel H, Vogt M, Knauer S, Strauer BE: Structural and functional alterations of the intramyocardial coronary arterioles in patients with arterial hypertension. Circulation 1993, 88:993-1003.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , pp. 993-1003
    • Schwarzkopff, B.1    Motz, W.2    Frenzel, H.3    Vogt, M.4    Knauer, S.5    Strauer, B.E.6
  • 61
    • 0028951824 scopus 로고
    • Vascular hypertrophy in uraemia is independent of hypertension
    • Amann K, Wiest G, Neusüβ R, Irzyniec T, Ritz E, Mall G: Vascular hypertrophy in uraemia is independent of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1995, 8:409-417. This experimental study documents that, despite antihypertensive treatment, uraemic rats developed increased medial thickness pointing to non-mechanical factors in its genesis.
    • (1995) Am J Hypertens , vol.8 , pp. 409-417
    • Amann, K.1    Wiest, G.2    Neusüß, R.3    Irzyniec, T.4    Ritz, E.5    Mall, G.6
  • 62
    • 0028895219 scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure independent wall thickening of intramyocardial arterioles in experimental renal failure - Evidence for a permissive action of PTH
    • Amann K, Törnig J, Flechtenmacher C, Nabokov A, Mall G, Ritz E: Blood pressure independent wall thickening of intramyocardial arterioles in experimental renal failure - evidence for a permissive action of PTH. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995, 10:2043-2048.
    • (1995) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.10 , pp. 2043-2048
    • Amann, K.1    Törnig, J.2    Flechtenmacher, C.3    Nabokov, A.4    Mall, G.5    Ritz, E.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.