New drugs for the treatment of epilepsy

Clinical Biochemistry

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 97-110

  Fraser, Albert D ^a,b  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b QUEEN ELIZABETH II HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

adverse effects; analysis; anticonvulsants; drug interactions; epilepsy; metabolites; monitoring; pharmacokinetics

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOBAZAM; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID; FELBAMATE; FLUNARIZINE; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; OXCARBAZEPINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PROGABIDE; STIRIPENTOL; TIAGABINE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN; ZONISAMIDE;

ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY; ATAXIA; DIPLOPIA; DROWSINESS; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG SAFETY; EPILEPSY; FATIGUE; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; LETHARGY; NAUSEA; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; VOMITING;

EID: 0029967781     PISSN: 00099120     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0009-9120(95)02027-6     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Rogawski MA, Porter RJ. Antiepileptic drugs: pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy with consideration of promising developmental stage compounds. Pharmacol Rev 1990; 42: 223-86.
2. Wieser H-G, Dreifuss FE, Heinmann U. Zürich consensus conference on new anticonvulsant drugs and annual meeting of the Swiss chapter of the international league against epilepsy. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (Suppl 5): 1-2.
3. Porter RJ, Rogawski MA. Potential antiepileptic drugs. In: Wyllie E, Ed. The treatment of epilepsy: Principles and practice. Pp. 974-85. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1993.
4. Leppik IE, Graves N, Devinsky O. New antiepileptic medications. Neural Clin 1993; 11: 923-950.
5. Porter RJ. Antiepileptic drugs: future development. In: French JA, Dichter MA, Leppik IE, Eds. New antiepileptic drug development: preclinical and clinical aspects. Pp. 69-77. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1993. (Epilepsy Res Suppl 10).
6. Wolf P. New antiepileptic drugs already registered. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (Suppl 5): S22-24.
7. Heinmann U, Draguhn A, Ficker E, Stabel J, Li Zhang C. Strategies for the development of drugs for pharmacoresistant epilepsies. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (Suppl 5): S10-21.
8. Pugh CB, Garnett WR. Current issues in the treatment of epilepsy. Clin Pharm 1991; 10: 335-58.
9. Vajda FJE. New anticonvulsants. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 1992; 5: 519-25.
10. Fisher RS. Emerging antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 1993; 43 (Suppl 5): S12-20.
11. Kälviäinen R, Keränen T, Riekkinen PJ. Place of newer antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of epilepsy. Drugs 1993; 46: 1009-24.
12. Dreifuss FE. New antiepileptic drug development. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (Suppl 5): S6-9.
13. Weiser H-G. Introduction: Goals. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (Suppl 5): S1-5.
14. Sieveking EH. On epilepsy and epileptiform seizures. Pp. 226. London: Churchill, 1858.
15. Sofia RD, Kramer L, Perhac JL, et al. Felbamate. In: Pisani F, Perucca E, Avanzini G, et al. Eds. New antiepileptic drugs. Pp. 103-8. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991. (Epilepsy Res Suppl 3).
16. Sachdeo R, Kramer LD, Rosenberg A, et al. Felbamate monotherapy: Controlled trial in patients with partial onset seizures. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 386-92.
17. Fuerst RH, Graves NM, Leppik JE, Brundage RC, Holmes GB. Felbamate increases phenytoin but decreases carbamazepine concentrations. Epilepsia 1988; 29: 488-91.
18. Ward DL, Wagner ML, Perhach JL, Kramer L, Graves NM. Felbamate steady state pharmacokinetics during coadministration of valproate. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 8.
19. Albani F, Theodore WH, Washington P, Devinsky O, Bromfield E. Effect of felbamate on plasma levels of carbamazepine and it's metabolites. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 130-32.
20. Romanyshyn LA, Wichmann JK, Kucharczyk N, Sofia RD. Simultaneous determination of felbamate and three metabolites in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 1994; 16: 83-89.
21. Romanyshyn LA, Wichmann JK, Kucharczyk N, Schumaker RC, Ward D, Sofia RD. Simultaneous determination of felbamate, primidone, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, two carbamazepine metabolites, phenytoin, and one phenytoin metabolite in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 1994; 16: 90-99.
22. Annesley TM, Clayton LT. Determination of felbamate in human serum by high performance liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 1994; 16: 419-24.
23. Shibabi ZK, Oles KS. Felbamate measured in serum by two methods: HPLC and capillary electrophoresis. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 1904-8.
24. Rifai N, Fuller D, Law T, Mikati M. Measurement of felbamate by wide bore capillary chromatography and flame ionization detection. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 745-8.
25. Felbamate linked to aplastic anemia; warning issued on drugs use. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994; 52: 2324.
26. Ney GC, Schaul N, Loughlin J, Rai K, Chandra V. Thrombocytopenia in association with adjunctive felbamate use. Neurology 1994; 44: 980-1.
27. Nightingale SL. From the food and drug administration. Recommendation to immediately withdraw patients from treatment with Felbamate. JAMA 1994; 272: 995.
28. Canadian clobazam cooperative group. Clobazam in treatment of refractory epilepsy: the Canadian experience. A retrospective study. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 407-16.
29. Remy C. Clobazam in the treatment of epilepsy: A review of the literature. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (Suppl. 5): S88-91.
30. Kilpatrick C, Bury R, Fullinfaw R, Moulds R. Clobazam in the treatment of epilepsy. Clin Exp Neurol 1987; 23: 139-44.
31. Bun H, Monjane-Mouterde S, Noel F, Durand A, Cano JP. Effects of age and antiepileptic drugs on plasma levels and kinetics of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam. Pharmacol Toxicol 1990; 67: 136-40.
32. Guberman A, Coiture M, Blaschuk K, Sherwin A. Add-on Trial of clobazam in intractable adult epilepsy with plasma level correlations. Can J Neurol Sci 1990; 17: 311-6.
33. Stewart JT, Honiberg JL, Tsai AY, Hadju P. Fluorometric determination of clobazam, a 1,5-benzodiazepine in human plasma. J Pharm Sci 1979; 68: 494-5.
34. Brachet-Liermain A, Jarry CH, Faure O, Guyot M, Loiseau P. Liquid chromatography determination of clobazam and its major metabolite N-desmethylclobazam in human plasma. Ther Drug Monit 1982; 4: 301-5.
35. Ratnaraj N, Goldberg V, Lascelles PT. Determination of clobazam and desmethylclobazam in serum using high performance liquid chromatography. Analyst 1984; 109: 813-5.
36. Dusci LJ, Hackett LP. Simultaneous determination of clobazam, N-desmethylclobazam and clonazepam in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 1987; 9: 113-6.
37. Streete JM, Berry DJ, Newbery JE. The analysis of clobazam and its metabolite desmethylclobazam by high performance liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 1991; 13: 339-44.
38. Badcock NR, Zoanetti GD. Micro-determination of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam in plasma or serum by electron capture gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 1987; 421: 147-54.
39. Bun H, Dechamp C, Coassolo P, Cano JP. Determination by means of capillary gas chromatography of the benzodiazepines clobazam, clonazepam, diazepam and nitrazepam and their principal metabolites, currently used in the treatment of epilepsy. Anal Lett 1989; 22: 897-913.
40. LeGatt DF, McIntosh DP. Clobazam and norclobazam quantitation in serum by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Clin Biochem 1993; 26: 159-63.
41. Wauquier A, Ashton D, Clincke G, et al. Anticonvulsant profile of flunarizine. Drug Develop Res 1986; 7: 49-60.
42. Heykants J, De Cree J, Horig C. Steady state pharmacokinetics of flunarizine in chronically treated patients. Arzneim Forsh/Drug Res 1979; 29: 1168-71.
43. Binnie CD. Potential antiepileptic drugs: Flunarizine and other calcium channel blockers. In Levy R, Mattson R, Meldrum B, et al. Eds. Antiepileptic Drugs, 3rd ed. Pp. 971-82. New York: Raven Press, 1989.
44. Overweg J, Binnie CD, Meijer JWA, et al. Double blind placebo controlled trial of flunarizine as add on therapy in epilepsy. Epilepsia 1984; 25: 217-22.
45. Andrews J, Chadwick D, Bates D, et al. Gabapentin in partial epilepsy. Lancet 1990; 335: 1114-7.
46. Chadwick D, Gabapentin. Lancet 1994; 343: 89-91.
47. Goa KL, Sorkin EM. Gabapentin: A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in epilepsy. Drugs 1993; 46: 409-27.
48. Crawford P, Ghadiali E, Lane R, Blumhardt L, Chadwick D. Gabapentin as an antiepileptic drug in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 682-6.
49. UK gabapentin study group: Gabapentin in partial epilepsy. Lancet 1990; 335: 1114-7.
50. Sivenius J, Kalvainen R, Ylinen A, Riekkinen P. Double blind study of gabapentin in the treatment of partial seizures. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 539-42.
51. Hengy H, Kolle EU. Determination of gabapentin in plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography and pre-column labelling for ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr 1985; 341: 473-8.
52. Fraser AD, MacNeil W. HPLC analysis of gabapentin: A new anticonvulsant drug. In: Sunshine I, Ed. Recent developments in therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical toxicology. Pp. 313-20. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992.
53. Hooper WD, Kavanagh MC, Dickinson RG. Determination of gabapentin in plasma and urine by capillary column gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 1990; 529: 167-74.
54. Lamb RJ, Leach MJ, Miller AA, et al. Anticonvulsant profile in mice of lamotrigine, a novel anticonvulsant. Br J Pharmacol 1985; 85: 366.
55. Warner T, Patsalos PN, Elyas AA, Duncan JS. Lamotrigine induced carbamazepine toxicity: an interaction with carbamazepine-10, 11 epoxide. Epilepsy Res 1992; 11: 147-150.
56. Yuen AWC, Lamotrigine: A review of clinical efficacy. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (Suppl 5): S33-6.
57. Cohen AF, Ashby L, Crowley D, Land G, Peck AW. Lamotrigine (BW430C), a new anticonvulsant: effects on the central nervous system in comparison with phenytoin and diazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 20: 619-29.
58. Juergens U. Alkylamine/phosphoric acid as a universal buffer system for basic and acidic mobile phases in HPLC. J Liq Chromatogr 1988; 11: 1925-40.
59. Cociglio M, Alvie R, Bouvier O. Performance analysis of a reversed phase liquid chromatographic assay of lamotrigine in plasma using solvent de-mixing extraction. J Chromatogr 1991; 572: 269-76.
60. Sinz M, Remmel RP. Analysis of lamotrigine and lamotrigine 2-N-glucuronide in guinea pig blood and urine by reversed phase ion pairing liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1991; 571: 217-30.
61. Ramachandran S, Underhill S, Jones SR. Measurement of lamotrigine under conditions measuring phenobarbitone, phenytoin, and carbamazepine using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography at dual wavelengths. Ther Drug Monit 1994; 16: 75-82.
62. Fraser AD, MacNeil W, Isner AF, Camfield PR. Lamotrigine analysis in serum by high performance liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 1995; 17: 174-8.
63. Faigle JW, Menge GP, et al. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic features of oxcarbazepine and their clinical significance: comparison with carbamazepine. Int J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 5 (Suppl): 73-82.
64. Bialer M. Comparative pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993; 24: 441-52.
65. Dam M, Ekberg R, Loyning Y, et al. (The Scandinavian oxcarbazepine study group). A double blind study comparing oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1989; 3: 70-6.
66. Jensen PK, Gram L, Schmutz M. Oxcarbazepine. In: Pisani F, Perucca E, Avanzini G, et al. Eds. New antiepileptic drugs. Pp. 135-40. New York: Elsevier, 1991. (Epilepsy Res Suppl 3).
67. Porter RJ, Rogawski MA. New antiepileptic drugs: from serendipity to rational discovery. In: Skinner J, Ed. Issues in epilepsy: An agenda for the 21st century. New York: Raven Press, 1992.
68. Dichter MA. Old and new mechanisms of antiepileptic drug actions. In: French JA, Dichter MA, Leppik IE, Eds. New antiepileptic drug development: Preclinical and clinical aspects. Pp. 9-17. New York: Elsevier, 1993. (Epilepsy Res Suppl. 10).
69. Elyas AA, Goldberg VD. Simple and rapid microanalytical high performance liquid chromatographic technique for the assay of oxcarbazepine and its primary active metabolite 10-hydroxycarbazepine. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1990; 528: 473-9.
70. Hartley R, Lucock MD, Ryan S, Forsythe WI. Solid phase extraction of oxcarbazepine and its metabolites from plasma for analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 1992; 5: 212-5.
71. Rouan MC, Decherf M, LeChanche V, Lecaillon JB, Godbillon J. Automated microanalysis of oxcarbazepine and its monohydroxy and transdiol metabolites in plasma by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1994; 658: 167-72.
72. Von Unruth GE, Paar WD. Gas chromatographic assay for oxcarbazepine and its main metabolites inplasma. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1985; 345: 67-76.
73. Sillanpää M, Pihlaja T, Oxcarbazine (GP 47 680) in the treatment of intractable seizures. Acta Paediat Hungar 1989; 29: 359-61.
74. Friis ML, Kristensen O, Boas J, Dalby M, Deth SH, et al. Therapeutic experiences with 947 epileptic outpatients in oxcarbazepine treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 87: 224-7.
75. Leppik IE, Sources of variability in clinical trials of new drugs for epilepsy. In: French JA, Dichter MA, Leppik IE, Eds. New antiepileptic drug development: Preclinical and clinical aspects. Pp. 157-66. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1993. (Epilepsy Res Suppl 10).
76. Kuntzer T. New drug treatments in epilepsy. Eur Neurol 1994; 34: 4-10.
77. Grant SM, Faulds D. Oxcarbazine: A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia and affective disorders. Drugs 1992; 43: 873-88.
78. Morselli PL, Barthoini G, Lloyd KG. Progabide. In: Mattson R, Porter RJ, Eds. New anticonvulsant drugs. Pp. 887-904. London: John Libby Eurotext, 1986.
79. Poisson M. A new type of anticonvulsant, stiripentol: pharmacological profile and neurochemical study. Arzneim Forsch Drug Res 1984; 34: 199-204.
80. Lin H, Levy RH. Pharmacokinetic profile of a new anticonvulsant, stiripentol, in the Rhesus monkey. Epilepsia 1983; 24: 692-702.
81. Levy RH, Loiscau P, Guyot M, Bichaut H, Tor J. Stiripentol kinetics in epilepsy: nonlinearity and interactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 36: 661-9.
82. 450 inhibition by stiripentol. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 267-74.
83. Mengel H, Tiagabine. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (Suppl. 5): S81-4.
84. Gustavson LE, Mengel HB, Pharmacokinetics of Tiagabine, a γ-aminobutyric acid-uptake inhibitor, in healthy subjects after single and multiple doses. Epilepsia 1995; 36: 605-11.
85. Gustavson LE, Chu SY. A high performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of tiagabine concentrations in human plasma using electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1992; 574: 313-8.
86. Richens A, Chadwick D, Duncan J, et al. Tiagabine: safety and efficacy as adjunctive treatment for complex partial seizures. Seizure 1992; 1A: S37-41.
87. Richens A. Potential antiepileptic drugs: Vigabatrin. In: Levy R, Mattson R, Meldrum B, et al. Eds. Antiepileptic drugs, 3rd ed. Pp. 937-46. New York: Raven Press, 1989.
88. Rimmer EM, Richens A. Double blind study of gamma vinyl GABA in patients with refractory epilepsy. Lancet 1984; 1: 189-90.
89. Browne TR, Mattson RH, Penry JK, et al. Vigatrin for refractory complex partial seizures: Multicentre single blind study with long term follow-up. Neurology 1993; 37: 184-9.
90. Grant SM, Heel RC. Vigatrin: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in epilepsy and disorders of motor control. Drugs 1991; 41: 889-929.
91. Gibson JP, Yarrington JT, Loudy DE, Gerbig CG, Hurst GH, et al. Chronic toxicity studies with vigabatrin, a GABA-transaminase inhibitor. Toxicol Pathol 1990; 18: 225-38.
92. Cannon DJ, Weller RO, Mumford JP. No vigabatrin induced microvacuolation in human brains. Further neuropathological investigations. Epilepsia 1991; 32 (Suppl 1): 12.
93. Meldrum B, Hotron R. Blockade of epileptic responses in the photosensitive baboon by two irreversible inhibitors of GABA transaminase, gamma acetylenic GABA and GABA vinyl GABA. Psychopharmacology 1978; 59: 47-50.
94. Haegle KD, Huebert ND, Ebel M, Tell GP, Schechter PJ. Pharmacokinetics of vigabatrin: implications of creatinine clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44: 558-65.
95. Grove J, Alken RG, Schechter PJ. Assay of γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid (4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid) in plasma and urine by automated amino acid analysis. J Chromatogr 1984; 306: 383-7.
96. Schramm TM, McKinnon GE, Eadie MJ. Gas chromatographic assay of vigabatrin enantiomers in plasma. J Chromatogr 1993; 616: 39-44.
97. Peters DH, Sorkin EM. Zonisamide: A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy. Drugs 1993; 45: 760-87.
98. Seino M, Miyazaki H, Ito T. Zonisamide. In: Pisani F, Avanzini G, et al., Eds. New antiepileptic drugs. Pp. 169-74. New York: Elsevier, 1991. (Epilepsy Res Suppl 3).
99. Berry DJ. Determination of zonisamide (3-sulphamoylmethyl-1, 2-benzisoxazole) in plasma at therapeutic concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1990; 534: 173-81.
100. Kalbe K, Nishimura S, Ishii H, Sunahara N, Naruto S, Kurooka S. Competitive binding enzyme immunoassay for zonisamide, a new antiepileptic drug, with selected paired enzyme labeled antigen and antibody. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 24-7.
101. Furono K, Oishi R, Gomita Y, Eto K. Simple and sensitive assay of zonisamide in human serum by high performance liquid chromatography using a solid phase extraction technique. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1994; 656: 456-9.
102. Ojemann LM, Shastri RA, Wilensky AJ, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of zonisamide (CI-912) in epileptic patients on carbamazepine or phenytoin monotherapy. Ther Drug Monit 1986; 8: 293-6.
103. Schentag JJ, Gengo FM, Wilton JH. Sedman AJ, Grasela TH, et al. Influence of phenobarbital, cimetidine, and renal disease on zonisamide kinetics. Pharm Res 1987; 4 (Suppl): S79.
104. Leppik IE, Willmore LJ, Homan RW, Fromm G, Dommen KJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of zonisamide: Results of a multicenter study. Epilepsy Res 1993; 14: 165-73.
105. Henry TR, Sackellares JC. Zonisamide. In: Resor JR et al. Eds. The medical treatment of epilepsy. Pp. 423-7. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1992.
106. Brodie M. Lamotrigine versus other antiepileptic drugs: A star rating system is born. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (Suppl. 5): S41-6.
107. Callaghan N, Garret A, Goggin T. Withdrawal of anticonvulsant drugs in patients free of seizures for two years: a prospective study. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 942-6.
108. Arts WF, Visser LH, Loonen MC et al. Follow-up of 146 children with epilepsy after withdrawal of antiepileptic therapy. Epilepsia 1988; 29: 244-50.
109. Bouma Pa, Peters AC, Arts RJ, Stijnen T, Van Rossum J. Discontinuation of antiepileptic therapy: a prospective study in children. J Neruol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 579-83.
110. Tennison M, Greenwood R, Lewis D, Thorn M. Discontinuing antiepileptic drug therapy in children with epilepsy. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1407-10.
111. Berg AT, Shinnar S. The risk of recurrence following a first unprovoked seizure: A quantitative review. Neurology 1991; 41: 965-72.
112. Caplan LR, Should single epileptic seizures be treated? Eur Neurol 1994; 34: 186-92.
113. Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Dooley JM, et al. Epilepsy after a first unprovoked seizure in childhood. Neurology 1985; 35: 1657-60.
114. Shinnar S, Berg D, Moshe SL, et al. The risk of seizure recurrence following a first unprovoked seizure in childhood: a prospective study. Pediatrics 1990; 85: 1076-85.