The contribution of thrombosis to the clinical expression of coronary atherosclerosis

Thrombosis Research

Volumn 82, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-32

  Davies, Michael J ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

atherosclerosis; myocardial infarction; thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0029965309     PISSN: 00493848     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(96)00035-7     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. WHITE, P.D. Coronary heart disease. In: Heart Disease. MacMillan Co., New York, 1931.
2. DOCK, G. Notes on the coronary arteries. In: George Dock, MD: A Bibliography of His Writings. A. K. Mauer and E. F. Mouer (eds.), Barlow Society for the History of Medicine of the library of the Los Angeles County Medical Association, 1991.
3. DAVIES, M., WOOLF, N. and ROBERTSON, W. Pathology of acute myocardial infarction with particular reference to occlusive coronary thrombi. Br. Heart J. 38, 659-664, 1976.
4. HORIE, T., SEKIGUCHI, M. and HIROSAWA, K. Coronary thrombosis in pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction. Histopathological study of coronary arteries in 108 necropsied cases using serial section. Br. Heart J. 40, 153-161, 1978.
5. FALK, E. Plaque rupture with severe preexisting stenosis precipitating coronary thrombosis. Characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaque underlying fatal occlusive thrombi. Br. Heart J. 50, 127-131, 1983.
6. CHAPMAN, I. The cause-effect relationship between recent coronary artery occlusion and acute myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. 87, 267-27, 1974.
7. DAVIES, M., FULTON, W. and ROBERTSON, W. Relation of coronary thrombosis to ischaemic myocardial necrosis. J. Pathol. 127, 99-110, 1979.
8. DEWOOD, M., SPORES, J., NOTSKE, R., MOUSER, L.T., BURROUGHS, S., GOLDEN, M.S. and LANG, H.T. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 303, 897-902, 1980.
9. VON ROKITANSKY, C.F. A Manual of Pathologic Anatomy (translated to English by G.E. Day) vol. 4, p. 261, Sydenham Society, London, 1952.
10. STARY, H. Evolution and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries of children and young adults. Arteriosclerosis 9, 1-19, 1989.
11. STRONG, J.P. Atherosclerotic lesions. Natural history, risk factors and topography. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 116, 1268-1275, 1992.
12. WISSLER, R.W. USA multicenter study of the pathobiology of atherosclerosis in youth. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 623, 26-39, 1991.
13. PDAY RESEARCH GROUP. Natural history of aortic and coronary atherosclerotic lesions in youth: Findings from the PDAY study. Arterioscler. Thromb. 13, 1291-1298, 1993.
14. FAGGIOTTO, A., ROSS, R. and HARKER, L. Studies of hypercholesterolaemia in the nonhuman primate. I. Changes that lead to fatty streak formation. Arteriosclerosis 4, 323-340, 1984.
15. STEINBERG, D., PARTHASARATHY, S., CAREW, T., KHOO, J. and WITZUM, J. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 915-924, 1989.
16. WITZTUM, J. The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis. Lancet 344, 793-795, 1994.
17. BROWN, M. and GOLDSTEIN, J. Atherosclerosis. Scavenging for receptors. Nature 343, 508-509, 1990.
18. STARY, H.C., CHANDLER, A.B., DINSMORE, R.E. and FUSTER, V. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis: A report from the Committee on vascular lesions of the council on Atherosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 92, 1355-1374, 1995.
19. STARY, H.C., BLANKENHORN, D.H., CHANDLER, A.B. and GLAGOV, S. A definition of the intima of human arteries and of its atherosclerosis-prone regions: A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Associations, Special report. Circulation 85, 391-405, 1992.
20. STARY, H.C., CHANDLER, A.B., GLAGOV, S., GUYTON, J.R., INSULL, W., JR. A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis: A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Special report. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 840-856, 1994.
21. ROSENFELD, M., TSUKADA, T., GOWN, A. and ROSS, R. Fatty streak initiation in Watanabe heritable hyperlipemic and comparable hypercholesterolemic fat-fed rabbits. Arteriosclerosis 7, 9-23, 1987.
22. SEDDON, A.M., WOOLF, N., LAVILLE, A., PITTILO, R.M., ROWLES, P.M., TURNER, P.R. and LEWIS, B. Hereditary hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis in the rabbit due to overproduction of lipoproteins. Preliminary report of arterial pathology. Arteriosclerosis 7, 113-124, 1987.
23. FAGGIOTTO, A. and ROSS, R. Studies of hypercholesterolaemia in non human primates. II. Fatty streak conversion to fibrous plaque. Arteriosclerosis 4, 341-356, 1984.
24. DAVIES, M., WOOLF, N., ROWLES, P. and PEPPER, J. Morphology of the endothelium over atherosclerotic plaques in human coronary arteries. Br. Heart J. 60, 459-464, 1988.
25. BURRIG, K. The endothelium of advanced atherosclerotic plaques in humans. Arterioscler. Thromb. 11, 1678-1689, 1991.
26. DEUPREE, R., FIELDS, R., MCMAHON, C. and STRONG, J. Atherosclerotic lesions and coronary heart disease. Key relationships in necropsied case. Lab. Invest. 28, 252-262, 1973.
27. ROBERTSON, W. and STRONG J. Atherosclerosis in persons with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Lab. Invest. 18, 538-551, 1968.
28. STRONG, J., SOLBERG, L. and RESTREPO, C. Atherosclerosis in persons with coronary heart disease. Lab. Invest. 18, 538-551, 1968.
29. GUYTON, J. and KEMP, K. The lipid rich core region of human atherosclerotic fibrous plaques: Prevalence of small lipid droplets and vesicles by electron microscopy. Am. J. Pathol. 134, 705-717, 1989.
30. LUNDBERG, B. Chemical composition and physical state of lipid deposits in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 56, 93-110, 1985.
31. ISNER, J.M., KEARNEY, M., BORTMAN, S. and PASSERI, J. Apoptosis in human atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circulation 91, 2703-2711, 1995.
32. GUYTON, J. and KLEMP, K. Transitional features in human atherosclerosis: Intimal thickening, cholesterol clefts and cell loss in human aortic fatty streaks. Am. J. Pathol. 143, 1444-1457, 1993.
33. GUYTON, J. and KLEMP, K. Development of the atherosclerotic core region: Chemical and ultrastructural analysis of microdissected atherosclerotic lesions from human aorta. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 1305-1314, 1994.
34. DAVIES, M.J., GORDON, J.L., GEARING, A.J.H., PIGOTT, R., WOOLF, N., KATZ, D. and KYRIAKOPOULOS, A. The expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, PECAM, and E-selectin in human atherosclerosis. J. Pathol. 171, 223-229, 1993.
35. DAVIES, M.J. A macroscopic and microscopic view of coronary thrombi. Circulation 82, 1138-1146, 1990.
36. VAN DE WAL, A.C., BECKER, A.E., VAN DER LOOS, C.M., DAS, P.K. Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterised by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque histology. Circulation 89, 36-44, 1994.
37. WOOLF, N., BRADLEY, J., CRAWFORD, T. and CARSTAIRS, K. Experimental mural thrombosis in the pig aorta: The early natural history. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 49, 257-264, 1968.
38. FINGERLE, J., JOHNSON, R., CLOWES, A., MAJESKY, M. and REIDY, M. Role of platelets in smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration after vascular injury in rat carotid artery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8412-8416, 1989.
39. DUGUID, J. The Dynamics of Atherosclerosis. p. 48, University Press, Aberdeen, 1976.
40. WOOLF, N. and CRAWFORD, T. Fatty streaks in aortic intima studied by an immunohistochemical technique. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 80, 205-208. 1960.
41. WOOLF, N. The distribution of fibrin within the aortic intima: An immunohistochemical study. Am. J. Pathol. 39, 521-532, 1961.
42. WOOLF, N. and CARSTAIRS, K. Infiltration and thrombosis in atherogenesis study using immunofluorescent techniques. Am. J. Pathol. 51, 373-386, 1967.
43. HUDSON, J. and MCCAUGHEY, W. Mural thrombosis and atherogenesis in coronary arteries and aorta. Atherosclerosis 19, 543-553, 1974.
44. WOOLF, N., SACKS, M.I. and DAVIES, M.J. Aortic plaque morphology in relation to coronary artery disease. Am. J. Pathol. 57, 187-197, 1969.
45. BINI, A., FENOGLIO, J., MESA-TEJADA, R., KUDRYK, B. and KAPLAN, K. Identification and distribution of fibrinogen, fibrin and fibrin(ogen) degradation products in atherosclerosis. Use of monoclonal antibodies. Arteriosclerosis 9, 109-112, 1989.
46. SMITH, E. and ASHALL, C. Fibrinolysis and plasminogen concentration in aortic intima in relation to death following myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 55, 171-186, 1985.
47. STIRK, C.M., KOCHHAR, A., SMITH, E.B. and THOMPSON, W.D. Presence of growth-stimulating fibrin degradation products containing fragment E in human atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis 103, 159-169, 1993.
48. CHEN, L.B. and BUCHANAN, J.M. Mitogenic activity of blood components. I. Thrombin and prothrombin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 131-135, 1975.
49. BARR SHAVIT, R., BENEZRA, M. and ELDOR, A., et al. Thrombin immobilised to extracellular matrix is a potent mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells: Nonenzymatic mode of action. Cell Regul. 1, 453-463, 1990.
50. LARSSON, A. and ASTEDT, B. Immunohistochemical localisation of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase in the vessel wall. J. Clin. Pathol. 38, 140-145, 1985.
51. TIPPING, P.G., DAVENPORT, P., GALLICCHIO, M., FILONZI, E.L., APOSTOLOPOULOS, J. and WERTA, J. Atheromatous plaque macrophages produce plasminogen activator inhibitor type I and stimulate its production by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Pathol. 143, 875-885, 1993.
52. DAVIES, M. and THOMAS, A. Plaque fissuring - The cause of acute myocardial infarction, sudden ischaemic death and crescendo angina. Br. Heart J. 53, 363-373, 1985.
53. CONSTANTINIDES, P. Plaque fissures in human coronary thrombosis. J. Atheroscler. Res. 6, 1-17, 1966.
54. BADIMON, L., BADIMON, J.J., COHEN, M., CHESEBRO, J.H. and FUSTER, V. Vessel wall-related risk factors in acute vascular events. Drugs 42(Suppl. 5), 1-9, 1991.
55. LANDERS, S.C., GUPTA, M. and LEWIS, J.C. Ultrastructural localization of tissue factor on monocyte-derived macrophages and macrophage foam cells associated with atherosclerotic lesions. Virchows Arch. 425, 49-54, 1994.
56. BRAND, K., BANKA, C.L., MACKMAN, N., TERKELTAUB, R.A., FAN, S.T. and CURTISS, L.K. Oxidized LDL enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue factor expression in human adherent monocytes. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 790-797, 1994.
57. LEATHAM, E.W., BATH, P.M., TOOZE, J. and CAMM, A.J. Increased monocyte tissue factor expression in coronary disease. Br. Heart J. 73, 10-13, 1995.
58. WILCOX, J., SMITH, S., SCHWARTZ, S. and GORDON, D. Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and atherosclerotic plaque. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 2839-2843, 1989.
59. ANNEX, B.H., DENNING, S.M., CHANNON, K.M., SKETCH, M.H., JR., STACK, R.S., MORRISSEY, J.H. and PETERS, K.G. Differential expression of tissue factor protein in directional atherectomy specimens from patients with stable and unstable coronary syndromes. Circulation 91, 619-622, 1995.
60. BARSTAD, R.M., HAMERS, M.J., KIERULF, P., WESTVIK, A.B. and SAKARIASSEN, K.S. Procoagulant human monocytes mediate tissue factor/factor VIIa-dependent platelet-thrombus formation when exposed to flowing nonanticoagulated human blood. Arteriolscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15, 11-16, 1995.
61. DAVIES, M., THOMAS, A., KNAPMAN, P. and HANGARTNER R. Intramyocardial platelet aggregation in patients with unstable angina suffering sudden ischaemic cardiac death. Circulation 73, 418-427, 1986.
62. FALK, E. Unstable angina with fatal outcome: Dynamic coronary thrombosis leading to infarction and/or sudden death. Circulation 71, 699-708, 1985.
63. DAVIES, M. Successful and unsuccessful coronary thrombolysis. Br. Heart J. 61, 381-384, 1989.
64. RICHARDSON, S., ALLEN, D., MORTON, P., MURTAGH, J., SCOTT, M. and O'KEEFFE, D. Pathological changes following intravenous streptokinase treatment in 8 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Br. Heart J. 61, 390-395, 1989.
65. BARGER, A., BEEUWKES, I.R., LAINEY, L. and SILVERMAN, K. Hypothesis: Vasa vasorum and neovasculariztion of human coronary arteries. N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 175-177, 1984.
66. RICHARDSON, P., DAVIES, M. and BORN, G. Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Lancet 2, 941-944, 1989.
67. DAVIES, M.J. and THOMAS, A. Thrombosis and acute coronary-artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischemic death. N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 1137-1140, 1984.
68. FRINK, R.J. Chronic ulcerated plaques; New insights into the pathogenesis of acute coronary disease. J. Invasive Cardiol. 6, 173-185, 1994.
69. DAVIES, M.J., BLAND, J.M., HANGARTNER, J.R.W., ANGELINI, A. and THOMAS, A.C. Factors influencing the presence or absence of acute coronary artery thrombi in sudden ischaemic death. Eur. Heart J. 10, 203-208, 1989.
70. FERNANDEZ-ORTIZ, A., BADIMON, J., FALK, E., FUSTER, V., MEYER, B., MAILHAC, A., WENG, D., SHAH, P.K. and BADIMON, L. Characterization of the relative thrombogenicity of atherosclerotic plaque components: Implications for consequences of plaque rupture. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 23, 1562-1569, 1994.
71. VAN ZANTEN, G.H., DE GRAAF, S., SLOOTWEG, P.J., HEIJENEN, H.F.G., CONNOLLY, T.M., DE GROOT, P.G. and SIXMA, J.J. Increased platelet deposition on atherosclerotic coronary arteries. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 615-632, 1994.
72. MULLER, J.E., TOFLER, G.H. and STONE, P.H. Circadian variation and triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease. Circulation 79, 733-743, 1989.
73. MULLWE, J.E., ABELA, G.S., NESTO, R.W. and TOFLER, G.H. Triggers, acute risk factors and vulnerable plaques: The lexicon of a new frontier. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 23, 809-813, 1994.
74. GNECCHI-RUSCONE, T., PICCALUGA, E., GUZZETTI, S., CONTINI, M., MONTANO, N. and NICHOLIS, E. Morning and Monday: Critical periods for the onset of acute myocardial infarction: The GISSI 2 study experience. Eur. Heart J. 15, 882-887, 1994.
75. GOLDBERG, R.J., BRADY, P., MULLER, J.E, CHEN, Z.Y., DE GROOT, M., ZONNEVELD, P. and DALEN, J.E. Time of onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 66, 140-144, 1990.
76. TOFLER, G.H., BREZINSKI, D., SCHAFER, A.I., CZEISLER, C.A., RUTHERFORD, J.D., WILLICH, S.N., GLEASON, R.E., WILLIAMS, G. and MULLER, J.E. Concurrent morning increase in platelet aggregability and the risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 1514-1518, 1987.
77. ANDREOTTI, F., DAVIES, G.J., HACKETT, D.R., KHAN, M.I., DEBART, A.C.W., ABER, V.R., MASERI, A. and KLUFT, C. Major circadian fluctuations in fibrinolytic factors and possible relevance to time of onset of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and stroke. Am. J. Cardiol. 62, 635-637, 1989.
78. ANGLETON, P., CHANDLER, W.L., SCHMER, G. Diurrnal variation of tissue-type plasminogen activator and its rapid inhibitor (PAI-1). Circulation 79, 101-106, 1989.
79. BRIDGES, A.B., MCLAREN, M., SCOTT, N.A., PRINGLE, T.H., MCNEILL, G.P. and BELCH, J.J. Circadian variation of tissue plasminogen activator and its inhibitor, von Willebrand factor antigen, and prostacyclin stimulating factor in men with ischaemic heart disease. Br. Heart J. 69, 121-124, 1993.
80. MULLER, J.E., TOFLER, G.H. and VERRIER, R.L. Sympathetic activity as the cause of the morning increase in cardiac events: A likely culprit but the evidence remains circumstantial. Circulation 91, 2508-2510, 1995.
81. WILLICH, S.N., LINDERER, T., WEGSCHEIDER, K., LEIZOROVICZ, A., ALAMERCERY, I., SCHRODER, R. and THE ISAM STUDY GROUP. Increased morning incidence of myocardial infarction in the ISAM Study: Absence with prior β-adrenergic blockade. Circulation 80, 853-858, 1989.
82. MERINO, A., COHEN, M., BADIMON, J.J., FUSTER, V. and BADIMON, L. Synergistic action of severe wall injury and shear forces on thrombus formation in arterial stenosis: Definition of a thrombotic shear rate threshold. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 24, 1091-1094, 1994.
83. RUGGERI, Z.M. Mechanisms of shear-induced platelet adhesion and aggregation. Thromb. Haemost. 70, 119-123, 1993.
84. TRACY, R., DEVANEY, K. and KISSLING, G. Characteristics of the plaque under a coronary thrombus. Virchows Arch. (A) 405, 411-427, 1985.
85. DAVIES, M.J., RICHARDSON, P.D., WOOLF, N., KATZ, D.R. and MANN, J. Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques: Role of extracellular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content. Br. Heart J. 69, 377-381, 1993.
86. MAUTNER, S.L., LIN, F. and ROBERTS, W.C. Composition of atherosclerotic plaques in the epicardial coronary arteries in juvenile (type I) diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol. 70, 1264-1268, 1992.
87. LOREE, H.M., TOBIAS, B.J., GIBSON, L.J., KAMM, R.D., SMALL, D.M. and LEE, R.T. Mechanical properties of model atherosclerotic lesion lipid pools. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 230-234, 1994.
88. CHENG, G.C., LOREE, H.M., KAMM, R.D., FISHBEIN, M.C. and LEE, R.T. Distribution of circumferential stress in ruptured and stable atherosclerotic lesions: A structural analysis with histopathological correlation. Circulation 87, 1179-1187, 1993.
89. LOREE, H.M., KAMM, R.D., STRINGFELLOW, R.G. and LEE, R.T. Effects of fibrous cap thickness on peak circumferential stress in model atherosclerotic vessels. Circ. Res. 71, 850-858, 1992.
90. BURLEIGH, M.C., BRIGGS, A.D., LENDON, C.L., DAVIES, L.M.J., BORN, G.V. and RICHARDSON, P.D. Collagen types I and III, collagen content, GAGs and mechanical strength of human atherosclerotic plaque caps span-wise variations. Atherosclerosis 96, 71-81, 1992.
91. LENDON, C.L., DAVIES, M.J., BORN, G.V.R. and RICHARDSON, P.D. Atherosclerotic plaque caps are locally weakened when macrophagbe density is increased. Atherosclerosis 87, 87-90, 1991.
92. LIBBY, P. Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 91, 2844-2850, 1995.
93. DOLLERY, C.M., MCEWAN, J.Z.R. and HENNEY, A.M. Matrix metalloproteinases and cardiovascular disease. Circ. Res. 77, 863-868, 1995.
94. GALIS, Z.S., SUKHOVA, G.K., LARK, M.W. and LIBBY, P. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 2493-2503, 1994.
95. BROWN, D.L., HIBBS, M.S., KEARNEY, M., LOUSHIN, C. and ISNER, J.M. Identification of 92-kD gelatinase in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions. Association of active enzyme synthesis with unstable angina. Circulation 91, 2125-2131, 1995.
96. HENNEY, A.M., WAKELEY, P.R., DAVIES, M.J., FOSTER, K., HEMBRY, P., MURPHY, G. and HUMPHRIES, S. Localization of stromelysin gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques by in situ hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8154-8158, 1991.
97. KOVANEN, P.T., KAARTINEN, M. and PAAVONEN, T. Infiltrates of activated mast cells at the site of coronary atheromatous erosion or rupture in myocardial infarction. Circulation 92, 1084-1088, 1995.
98. KAARTINEN, M., PENTTILA, A. and KOVANEN, P.T. Accumulation of activated mast cells in the shoulder region of human coronary atheroma, the predilection site of atheromatous rupture. Circulation 90, 1669-1678, 1994.
99. FALK, E., SHAH, P.K. and FUSTER, V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 92, 657-671, 1995.
100. DEWOOD, M., SPORES, J., NOTSKE, R., MOUSER, L.T., BURROUGHS, R., GOLDEN, M.S. and LANG, H.T. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 303, 897-902, 1980.
101. STADIUS, M., MAYNARD, C. and FRITZ, J. Coronary anatomy and left ventricular function in the first 12 hours of acute myocardial infarction: The Western Washington randomized intracoronary streptokinase trial. Circulation 72, 292-301, 1985.
102. AMBROSE, J., WINTERS, S. and ARORA, R. Angiographic evolution of coronary artery morphology in unstable angina. JACC 7, 472-478, 1986.
103. AMBROSE, J., TANNENBAUM, M., ALEXPOOULOS, D., HJEMDAHL, C.F., BORRICO, S., GORLIN, R. and FUSTER, V. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. JACC 12, 56-62, 1988.
104. LEVIN, D. and FALLON, J. Significance of the angiographic morphology of localized coronary stenosis: Histopathologic correlations. Circulation 66, 316-320, 1982.
105. ROSENSCHEIN, U., ELLIS, S.G., HAUDENSCHILD, C.C., YAKUBOV, S.J., MULLER, D.W., DICK, R.J. and TOPOL, E.J. Comparison of histopathologic coronary lesions obtained from directional atherectomy in stable angina vs. acute coronary syndromes. Am. J. Cardiol. 73, 508-510, 1994.
106. ESCANED, J., VAN SUYLEN, R.J., MACLEOD, D.C., UMANS, V.A., DE JONG, M., BOSMAN, F.T., DE FEYTER, P.J. and SERRUYS, P.W. Histological characteristics of tissue excised during directional coronary atherectomy in stable and unstable angina pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol. 71, 1442-1447, 1993.
107. SIMONS, M., LECLERC, G., SAFIAN, R.D., ISNER, J.M., WEIR, L. and BAIN, D.S. Relation between activated smooth-muscle cells in coronary artery lesions and restenosis after atherectomy. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 608-613, 1993.
108. HOFLING, B., WELSCH, U., HEIMER, J., GONSCHIOR, P. and BAURIEDEL, G. Analysis of atherectomy specimens. Am. J. Cardiol. 72, 96E-107E, 1993.
109. WALLER, B.F., JOHNSON, D.E., SCHNITT, S.J., PINKERTON, C.A., SIMPSON, J.B. and BAIM, D.S. Histologic analysis of directional coronary atherectomy samples. Am. J. Cardiol. 72, 80E-87E, 1993.
110. MANN, J.M., KASKI, J.C., ARIE, S., PEREIRA, W.I., PILEGGI, F. and DAVIES, M.J. Plaque constituents in patients with stable and unstable angina: An atherectomy study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 240 A, Abs., 1995.
111. O'BRIEN, E.R., URIELI-SHOVAL, S., GARVIN, M.R., BENDITT, E.P., STEWART, D.K., HINOHARA, T., SIMPSON, J.B. and SCHWARTZ, S.M. Evaluation of proliferation in human atherectomy specimens using in situ hybridization for histone H3. J Am Coll Cardiol 34A, Abs., 1995.
112. MORENO, P., FALK, E., PALACIOS, I., NEWELL, J., FUSTER, V. and FALLON, J. Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: Implications for plaque rupture. Circulation 90, 775-778, 1994.
113. ZEIHE, A.M., GOEBEL, H., SCHACHINGER, V. and IHLING, C. Tissue endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in the active coronary atherosclerotic plaque. A clue to the mechanism of increased vasoreactivity of the culprit lesion in unstable angina. Circulation 91, 941-947, 1995.
114. BRUSCHKE, A.V.G., KRAMER, J.R., BAL, E.T., HAQUE, I.U., DETRANO, R.C. and GOORMASTIC, M. The dynamics of progression of coronary atherosclerosis studied in 168 medically treated patients who underwent coronary arteriography three times. Am. Heart J. 117, 29-305, 1989.
115. RAFFLENBEUL, W., SMITH, L., ROGERS, W., MANTLE, J., RACKLEY, C. and RUSSELL, R. Quantitative coronary arteriography: Coronary anatomy of patients with unstable angina pectoris reexamined 1 year after optional medical therapy. Am. J. Cardiol. 43, 699-707, 1979.
116. CHEN, L., CHESTER, M.R., REDWOOD, S., HUANG, J., LEATHAM, E., and KASKI, J.C. Angiographic stenosis progression and coronary events in patients with "stabilised" unstable angina. Circulation 91, 2295-98, 1995.
117. ST. GOAR, F., PINTO, F., ALDERMAN, E., FITZGERALD, P.J., STINSON, E.B., BILLINGHAM, M.E. and POPP, R.L. Detection of coronary atherosclerosis in young adult hearts with intravascular ultrasound. Circulation 86, 756-763, 1992.
118. GLAGOV, S., WEISENBERD, E., ZARINS, C.K., STANKUNAVICIUS, R. and KOLETTIS, G.J. Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 1371-1375, 1987.
119. HODGSON, J., REDDY, K.G., SUNEYA, R., NAIR, R.N., LESWNEFSKY, E.J., and SHEEHAN, H.M. Intracoronary ultrasound imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 21, 35-44, 1993.
120. POTKIN, B.N. and ROBERTS, W.C. Effects of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty on atherosclerotic plaques and relation of plaque composition and arterial size to outcome. Am. J. Cardiol. 62, 41-50, 1988.
121. WALLER, B.F. Morphological correlates of coronary angiographic patterns at the site of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Clin. Cardiol. 11, 817-822, 1988.
122. POTKIN, B.N. and ROBERTS, W.C. Effects of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty on atherosclerotic plaques and relation of plaque composition and arterial size to outcome. Am. J. Cardiol. 62, 41-50, 1988.
123. ESSED, C.E., VAN DER BRAND, M. and BECKER, A.E. Transluminal coronary angioplasty and early restenosis -Fibrocellular proliferation after wall laceration. Br. Heart J. 49, 393-396, 1983.
124. SMITH, E.B. Intimal lipids and associated changes in intimal composition In: Pathobiology of the Human Atherosclerotic Plaque. S. Glagov, W.P. Newmann, S.A. Schaffer (eds.), pp. 145-153, Springer Verlag, New York, 1990.
125. WILHELMSEN, L., SVÄRDSUDD, K., KORSAN-BENGTSEN, K., LARSSON, B., WELIN, L. and TIBBLIN, G. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 311, 501-505, 1984.
126. MEADE, T., BROZOVIC, M. and CHAKRABARTI, P. Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: Principal results of the Northwick Park Study. Lancet 2, 533-537, 1986.
127. HAMSTEN, A., DE FAIRE, U., WALLDIUS, G., DAHLEN, G., SZAMOS, A., LONDOU, C., BLOMBACK, M. and WIMAN, B. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: Risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet 2, 3-9, 1987.
128. RHOADS, G.G., DAHLEN, G., BERG, K., MORTON, N.E. and DANNENBERG, A.L. Lp(a) lipoprotein as a risk factor for myocardial infarction. JAMA 256, 2540-2544, 1986.
129. DOUGLAS, J.T., LOWE, G.D.O., FORBES, C.D., and PRENTICE, C.R.M. Plasma fibrinopeptide A and beta-thromboglobulin in patients with chest pain. Thromb. Haemostas 50, 541-542, 1983.
130. VAN HULSTEIJN, H., KOIFF, J., BRIET, E., VAN DER LAARSE, A. and BERTINA, R. Fibrinopeptide A and beta-thromboglobulin in patients with angina pectoris and actue myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. 107, 39-45, 1984.
131. EISENBERG, P.R., SHERMAN, L.A., SCHECTMAN, K., PEREZ, J., SOBEL, B.E. and JAFFE, AS. Fibrinopeptide A: A marker of acute coronary thrombosis. Circulation 71, 912-918, 1985.
132. NERI SERNERI, G.G., GENSINI, G.F., CARNOVALI, M., PRISCO, D., ROGASI, P.G., CASOLO, G.C., FAZI, A. and ABBATE, R. Association between time of increased fibrinopeptide A levels in plasma and episodes of spontaneous angina: A controlled prospective study. Am. Heart J. 113, 672-678, 1987.
133. MERLINI, P., BAUER, K., OLTRONA, L., ARDISSINO, D., CATTANEO, M., BELLI, C., MANUCCI, P.M. and ROSENBERG, R.D. Persistent activation of coagulation mechanism in unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Circulation 90, 61-68, 1994.
134. HOFFMEISTER, H.M., JUR, M., WENDEL, P., HELLER, W. and SEIPEL, L. Alterations of coagulation and fibrinolytic and Kallikrein-Kinin systems in the acute and postacute phase in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Circulation 91, 2520-2527, 1995.
135. NERI SERNERI, G.G., ABBATE, R., GORI, A., ATTANASIO, M., MARTINI, F., GIUSTI, B., DABIZZI, P., POGGESI, L., MODESTI, P.A., TROLLA, F., RIOSTAGNO, C., BODDI, M. and GENSINI, G.F. Transient intermittent leukocyte activation is responsible for instability of unstable angina. Circulation 86, 790-797, 1992.
136. JUDE, B., AGRAOU, B., MCFADDEN, E.P., SUSEN, S., BAUTERS, C., LEPELLEY, P., VANHAESBROUCKE, C., DEVOS, P., COSSON, A. and ASSEMAN, P. Evidence for time-dependent activation of monocytes in the systemic circulation in unstable angina but not in acute myocardial infarction or in stable angina. Circulation 90, 1662-1668, 1994.
137. HERREN, T., STRICKER, H., HAEBERLI, A., DO DAI-DO, STRAUB, P.W. Fibrin formation and degradation in patients with arteriosclerotic disease. Circulation 90, 2679-2686, 1994.