Baker's yeast reduction of β-keto esters in petrol

Tetrahedron Letters

Volumn 37, Issue 10, 1996, Pages 1699-1702

  North, Michael ^a  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ESTER DERIVATIVE; HYDROXYACID;

ARTICLE; REACTION ANALYSIS; REDUCTION; TECHNIQUE; YEAST;

EID: 0029964227     PISSN: 00404039     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)00111-6     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
2. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
3. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
4. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
5. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
6. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
7. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
8. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
9. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
10. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
11. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
12. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
13. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
14. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
15. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
16. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
17. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
18. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
19. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
20. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
21. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
22. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
23. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
24. Seuring, B.; Seebach, D.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 1175; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2825; Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1980, 63, 1383; Meyers, A.I.; Amos, R.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 870; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Tetrahedron, 1981, 37, 3221; Mori, K.; Tanida, K.; Heterocycles, 1981, 15, 1171; Kramer, A.; Pfander, H.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 293; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; Gerhardt, C.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 3903; Georg, G.I.; Gill, H.S.; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1433; Mori, K.; Kisida, H.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5281; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S.; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5539; Mori, K.; Kuwahara, S., Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 5545; Mori, K., Ebata, T. ; Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4421; Imori, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 2149; Cainelli, G.; Panunzio, M., Basile, B. T.; Bongini, A.; Giacomini, D.; Martelli, G.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1987, 2637; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1129; Georg, G.I.; Kant, J.; Gill, H.S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 6904; Mori, K.; Ikunaka, M.; Tetrahedron, 1987, 43, 45; Hatanaka, M.; Nitta, H.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 69; Hatanaka, M.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 83; Tschaen, D.M.; Fuentes, L.M.; Lynch, J.E.; Laswell, W.L.; Volante, R.P.; Shinkai, I., Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2779; Hatanaka, M.; Park, O.S.; Ueda, I.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 7631; Hatanaka, M.; Ueda, I.; Chem. Lett., 1991, 61; Ohta, K.; Miyagawa, O.; Tsutsui, H.; Mitsunobu, O.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 523.
25. Noyori, R.; Ohkuma, T.; Kitamura, M.; Takaya, H.; Sayo, N.; Kumobayashi, H.; Akutagawa, S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 5856; Midland, M.M.; McLoughlin, J.I.; Gabriel, J., J. Org. Chem., 1989, 54, 159; Yatagai, M., Ohnuki, T.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1990, 1826; King, S.A.; Thompson, A.S., King, A.O.; Verhoeven, T.R.; J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6689.
26. Noyori, R.; Ohkuma, T.; Kitamura, M.; Takaya, H.; Sayo, N.; Kumobayashi, H.; Akutagawa, S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 5856; Midland, M.M.; McLoughlin, J.I.; Gabriel, J., J. Org. Chem., 1989, 54, 159; Yatagai, M., Ohnuki, T.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1990, 1826; King, S.A.; Thompson, A.S., King, A.O.; Verhoeven, T.R.; J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6689.
27. Noyori, R.; Ohkuma, T.; Kitamura, M.; Takaya, H.; Sayo, N.; Kumobayashi, H.; Akutagawa, S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 5856; Midland, M.M.; McLoughlin, J.I.; Gabriel, J., J. Org. Chem., 1989, 54, 159; Yatagai, M., Ohnuki, T.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1990, 1826; King, S.A.; Thompson, A.S., King, A.O.; Verhoeven, T.R.; J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6689.
28. Noyori, R.; Ohkuma, T.; Kitamura, M.; Takaya, H.; Sayo, N.; Kumobayashi, H.; Akutagawa, S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 5856; Midland, M.M.; McLoughlin, J.I.; Gabriel, J., J. Org. Chem., 1989, 54, 159; Yatagai, M., Ohnuki, T.; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1990, 1826; King, S.A.; Thompson, A.S., King, A.O.; Verhoeven, T.R.; J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6689.
29. For a comprehensive review of this area see: Davies, H.G., Green, R.H.; Kelly, D.R.; Roberts, S.M.; 'Biotransformations in Preparative Organic Chemistry. The Use of Isolated Enzymes and Whole Cell Systems in Synthesis' Academic Press, London, 1989, Chapter 3.
30. Jayasinghe, L.Y.; Kodituwakku, D.; Smallridge, A.J.; Trewhella, M.A.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1994, 67, 2528.
31. Haag, T.; Arslan, T.; Seebach, D., Chimia, 1989, 43, 351.
32. Seebach, D., Sutter, M.; Weber, R.H.; Zuger, M.F.; Organic Syntheses, 1985, 63, 1.
33. Deol, B.S.; Ridley, D.D.; Simpson, G.W., Aust. J. Chem., 1976, 22, 2459.
34. Lemieux, R.U.; Giguere, J.; Can. J. Chem., 1951, 678.
35. Frater, G.; Helv. Chim. Acta, 1979, 62, 2829.
36. Larcheveque, M.; Henrot, S.; Tetrahedron Lett., 1987, 28, 1781.
37. Frater, G.; Muller, U.; Gunther, W.; Tetrahedron, 1984, 40, 1269.