Colocalization of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits with NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in the rat mesopontine tegmentum

Journal of Comparative Neurology

Volumn 368, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 17-32

  Inglis, Wendy L ^a   Semba, Kazue ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

AMPA kainate; Cholinergic; Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; NMDA; Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus

Indexed keywords

AMPA RECEPTOR; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; KAINIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; RECEPTOR SUBUNIT; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; BRAIN STEM; CHOLINERGIC NERVE CELL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; NERVE CELL EXCITABILITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; TEGMENTUM;

ANIMALS; BRAIN STEM; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MALE; NADPH DEHYDROGENASE; NEURONS; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PONS; RATS; RECEPTORS, AMPA; RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE; RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI;

EID: 0029962377     PISSN: 00219967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960422)368:1<17::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-N     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Armstrong, D.M., C.B. Saper, A.I. Levey, B.H. Wainer, and R.D. Terry (1983) Distribution of cholinergic neurons in the rat brain: Demonstrated by the immunocytochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase. J. Comp. Neurol. 216:53-68.
2. Aston-Jones, G., and F.E. Bloom (1981) Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J. Neurosci. 1:876-886.
3. Baghdoyan, H.A., M.L. Rodrigo-Angulo, R.W. McCarley, and J.A. Hobson (1987) A neuroanatomical gradient in the pontine tegmentum for the cholinoceptive induction of desynchronized sleep signs. Brain Res. 414:245-261.
4. Bechara, A., and D. van der Kooy (1989) The tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus: A brain-stem output of the limbic system critical for the conditioned place preferences produced by morphine and amphetamine. J. Neurosci. 9:3400-3409.
5. Becker, L., H.A. Baghdoyan, and R. Lydie (1994) Acetylcholine release in the medial pontine reticular formation increases during natural rapid eye movement sleep. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:82.
6. Beltz, B.S., and G.D. Burd (1989) Immunocytochemical Techniques: Principals and Practice. Cambridge: Blackwell Scientific.
7. Beninato, M., and R.F. Spencer (1986) A cholinergic projection to the rat superior colliculus demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol. 253:525-538.
8. Bettler, B., J. Boulter, I. Hermans-Borgmeyer, A. O'Shea-Greenfield, E.S. Deneris, C. Moll, U. Borgmeyer, M. Hollman, and S. Heinemann (1990) Cloning of a novel glutamate receptor subunit, GluR5: Expression in the nervous system during development. Neuron 5:583-595.
9. Bettler, B., J. Egebjerg, G. Sharma, G. Pecht, I. Hermans-Borgmeyer, C. Moll, C. Stevens, and S. Heinemann (1992) Cloning of a putative glutamate receptor: A low affinity kainate-binding subunit. Neuron 8:257-255.
10. Blaha, C.D., and P. Winn (1993) Modulation of dopamine efflux in the striatum following cholinergic stimulation of the substantia nigra in intact and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats. J. Neurosci. 13:1035-1044.
11. Blaha, C.D., L.F. Allen, S. Das, W.L. Inglis, M.P. Latimer, S.R. Vincent, and P. Winn (1996) Modulation of dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens following cholinergic stimulation of the ventral tegmental area in intact, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats. J. Neurosci. 16:714-722.
12. Bolton, R.F., J. Cornwall, and O.T. Phillipson (1993) Collateral axons of cholinergic pontine neurones projecting to midline, mediodorsal and parafascicular thalamic nuclei in the rat. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 6:101-114.
13. Bredt, D.S., and S.H. Snyder (1990) Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 57:682-685.
14. Clements, J.R., and S. Grant (1990) Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in neurones of the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine nuclei in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 120:70-73.
15. Cornwall, J., J.D. Cooper, O.T. Phillipson (1990) Afferent and efferent connections of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 25:271-284.
16. Curtis, D.R., D. Lodge, and H. McLennan (1979) The excitation and depression of spinal neurones by ibotenic acid. J. Physiol. 291:19-28.
17. Dean, P., P. Redgrave, N. Sahibzada, and K. Tsuji (1986) Head and body movements produced by electrical stimulation of superior colliculus in rats: Effects of interruption of a crossed tectoreticulospinal pathway. Neuroscience 19:367-380.
18. Durand, G.M., M.V.L. Bennett, and R.S. Zukin (1993) Splice variants of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1 identify domains involved in regulation by polyamines and protein kinase C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6731-6735.
19. Egebjerg, J., B. Bettler, I. Hermans-Borgmeyer, and S. Heinemann (1991) Cloning of a cDNA for a glutamate receptor activated by kainate but not AMPA. Nature 351:745-748.
20. El Mansari, M., K. Sakai, and M. Jouvet (1989) Unitary characteristics of presumptive cholinergic tegmental neurons during the sleep-waking cycle in freely moving cats. Exp. Brain Res. 76:519-529.
21. Gnadt, J.W., and G.V. Pegram (1986) Cholinergic brainstem mechanisms and REM sleep in the rat. Brain Res. 384:29-41.
22. Groenewegen, H.J., H.W. Berendse, and S.N. Haber (1993) Organization of the output of the ventral striatopallidal system in the rat: Ventral pallidal efferents. Neuroscience 57:113-142.
23. Hallanger, A.E., and B.H. Wainer (1988) Ascending projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the adjacent mesopontine tegmentum in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 274:483-515.
24. Hallanger, A.E., A.I. Levey, H.J. Lee, D.B. Rye, and B.H. Wainer (1987) The origins of cholinergic and other subcortical afferents to the thalamus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 262:105-124.
25. Hammond, C., B. Rouzaire-Dubois, J. Feger, A. Jackson, and A.R. Crossman (1983) Anatomical and electrophysiological studies on the reciprocal projections between the subthalamic nucleus and the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus in the rat. Neuroscience 9:41-52.
26. Heimer, L., D.S. Zahm, L. Churchill, P.W. Kalivas, and C. Wohltmann (1991) Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat. Neuroscience 41:89-125.
27. Henderson, Z. (1987) Overlap in the distribution of cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons in the upper brainstem of the ferret. J. Comp. Neurol. 265:581-592.
28. Highfield, D., and S.J. Grant (1989) Electrophysiological evidence for an excitatory amino acid pathway from medial prefrontal cortex to lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus and rostral locus coeruleus. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15:644.
29. Hobson, J.A., R.W. McCarley, and P.W. Wyzinski (1975) Sleep cycle oscillation: Reciprocal discharge by two brainstem neuronal groups. Science 189:55-58.
30. 2+ permeability of Ka-AMPA-gated glutamate receptor channels depends on subunit composition. Science 252:851-853.
31. Honda, T., and K. Semba (1994) Serotonergic synaptic input to cholinergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum in rat. Brain Res. 647:299-306.
32. Honda, T., and K. Semba (1995) An ultrastructural study of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the rat. Neuroscience 65:837-853.
33. Hume, R.I., R. Dingledine, and S.F. Heinemann (1991) Identification of a site in glutamate receptor subunits that controls calcium permeability. Science 253:1028-1031.
34. Huntley, G.W., S.W. Rogers, T. Moran, W. Janssen, N. Archin, J.C. Vickers, K. Cauley, S.F. Heinemann, and J.H. Morrison (1993) Selective distribution of kainate receptor subunit immunoreactivity in monkey neocortex revealed by a monoclonal antibody that recognizes glutamate receptor subunits GluR5/6/7. J. Neurosci. 13:2965-2981.
35. Inglis, W.L., and K. Semba (1994) Ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit expression by cholinergic neurons in the rat pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmetal nuclei. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:492.
36. Inglis, W.L., and P. Winn (1995) The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: where the striatum meets the reticular formation. Prog. Neurobiol. 47:1-29.
37. Inglis, W.L., J.S. Dunbar, and P. Winn (1993) Barbiturate anaesthesia reduces the neurotoxic effects of quinolinate but not ibotenate in the rat pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 156:78-82.
38. Inglis, W.L., L.F. Allen, R.B. Whitelaw, M. Latimer, H.M. Brace, and P. Winn (1994a) An investigation into the role of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the mediation of locomotion and orofacial stereotypy induced by d-amphetamine and apomorphine in the rat. Neuroscience 58:817-833.
39. Inglis, W.L., J.S. Dunbar, and P. Winn (1994b) Outflow from the nucleus accumbens to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: A dissociation between locomotor activity and the acquisition of responding for conditioned reinforcement stimulated by d-amphetamine. Neuroscience 62:51-64.
40. Kamondi, A., J.A. Williams. B. Hutcheon, and P.B. Reiner (1992) Membrane properties of mesopontine cholinergic neurons studied with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique: Implications for behavioral state control. J. Neurophysiol. 88:1359-1372.
41. Keinänen, K., W. Wisden, B. Sommer, P. Werner, A. Herb, T.A. Verdoorn, B. Sakmann, and P.H. Seeburg (1990) A family of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors. Science 249:506-560.
42. Kelland, M.D., and D. Asdourian (1989) Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-induced inhibition of muscle activity in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 34:213-234.
43. Krosaka T., M. Tauchi, and J. Dahl (1988) Cholinergic neurones containing GABA-like and/or glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivities in various brain regions of the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 70:605-617.
44. Kubota, Y., E. Leung, and S.R. Vincent (1992) Ultrastructure of cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of the rat: Interaction with catecholamine fibers. Brain Res. Bull. 29:479-491.
45. Lai, Y.Y., and J.M. Siegel (1990) Muscle tone suppression and stepping produced by stimulation of midbrain and rostral pontine reticular formation. J. Neurosci. 10:2727-2734.
46. Lai, Y.Y., J.R. Clements, and J. M. Siegel (1993) Glutamatergic and cholinergic projections to the pontine inhibitory area identified with horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport and immunohistochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol. 336:321-330.
47. Lavoie, B., and A. Parent (1994) Pedunculopontine nucleus in the squirrel monkey: Distribution of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum with evidence for the presence of glutamate in cholinergic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 344:190-209.
48. Lee, H.J., D.E. Rye, A.E. Hallanger, A.I. Levey, and B.H. Wainer (1988) Cholinergic vs. non-cholinergic efferents from the mesopontine tegmentum to the extrapyramidal motor system nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 275:469-492.
49. Leonard, C.S., and R. Llinás (1994) Serotonergic and cholinergic inhibition of mesopontine cholinergic neurons controlling REM sleep: An in vitro electrophysiological study. Neuroscience 59:309-330.
50. Luebke, J.I., R.W. Greene, K. Semba, A. Kamondi, R.W. McCarley, and P.B. Reiner (1992) Serotonin hyperpolarizes cholinergic low-threshold burst neurons in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 39:743-747.
51. Luebke, J.I., R.W. McCarley, and R.W. Greene (1993) Inhibitory action of muscarinic agonists on neurons in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 70:2128-2135.
52. Lydic, R., and H. Baghdoyan (1993) Pedunculopontine stimulation alters respiration and increases ACh release in the pontine reticular formation. Am. J. Physiol. 264:R544-R554.
53. Lydie, R., R.W. McCarley, and J.A. Hobson (1983) The time-course of dorsal raphe discharge, PGO waves, and muscle tone averaged across multiple sleep cycles. Brain Res. 274:365-370.
54. Marin, P., M. Lafon-Cazal, and J. Bockaert (1992) A nitric oxide synthase activity selectively stimulated by NMDA receptors depends on protein kinase C activation in mouse striatal neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4:425-432.
55. Martin, L.J., C.D. Blackstone, A.I. Levey, R.L. Huganir, and D.L. Price (1993a) AMPA glutamate receptor subunits are differentially distributed in the rat brain. Neuroscience 53:327-358.
56. Martin, L.J., C.D. Blackstone, A.I. Levey, R.L. Huganir, and D.L. Price (1993b) Cellular localizations of AMPA glutamate receptors within the basal forebrain magnocellular complex of rat and monkey. J. Neurosci. 13:2249-2263.
57. McGinty, D.J., and R.M. Harper (1976) Dorsal raphe neurons: Depression of firing during sleep in cats. Brain Res. 101:569-575.
58. Medina, L., and A. Reiner (1994) Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the pigeon brain. J. Comp Neurol. 342:497-537.
59. Mesulam, M.-M., C. Geula, M.A. Bothwell, and L.B. Hersh (1989) Human reticular formation: Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei and some cytochemical comparisons to forebrain cholinergic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 281:611-833.
60. Mesulam, M.-M., E.J. Mufson, B.H. Wainer, and A.I. Levey (1983) Central cholinergic pathways in the rat: An overview based on an alternative nomenclature (Ch1-Ch6). Neuroscience 10:1185-1201.
61. Monyer, H., P.H. Seeburg, and W. Wisden (1991) Glutamate-operated channels: developmentally early and mature forms arise by alternative splicing. Neuron 6:799-810.
62. Moriizumi, T., and T. Hattori (1992) Separate neuronal projections of the rat globus pallidus projecting to the subthalamic nucleus, auditory cortex and pedunculopontine tegmental area. Neuroscience 46:701-710.
63. Moriyoshi, K., M. Masu, T. Ishii, R. Shigemoto, N. Mizuno, and S. Nakanishi (1991) Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat NMDA receptor. Nature 354:31-37.
64. Nakanishi, N., R. Axel, and N.A. Shneider (1992) Alternative splicing generates functionally distinct N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8552-8556.
65. Olzewski, J., and D. Baxter (1954) Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brain Stem. 2nd ed. Basel: Karger.
66. Onoe, H., and K. Sakai (1995) Kainate receptors: A novel mechanism in paradoxical (REM) sleep generation. NeuroReport 6:353-356.
67. Page, K.J., and B.J. Everitt (1995) The distribution of neurons co-expressing immunoreactivity to AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor subtypes (GluR1-4) and nerve growth factor in the rat basal forebrain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1022-1033.
68. Page, K.J., B.J. Everitt, T.W. Robbins, H.M. Marston, and L.S. Wilkinson (1991) Dissociable effects on spatial maze and passive avoidance acquisition and retention following AMPA- and ibotenic acid-induced excitotoxic lesions of the basal forebrain in rats: Differential dependence on cholinergic neuronal loss. Neuroscience 43:457-472.
69. Page, K.J., A. Saha, and B.J. Everitt (1993) Differential activation and survival of basal forebrain neurons following infusions of excitatory amino acids: Studies with the intermediate early gene c-fos. Exp. Brain Res. 93:412-422.
70. Paxinos, G., and C. Watson (1986) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 2nd ed. New York: Academic.
71. Petralia, R.S., and R.J. Wenthold (1992) Light and electron immunocytochemical localization of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 318:329-354.
72. Petralia, R.S., Y.-X. Wang, and R.J. Wenthold (1994a) Histological and ultrastructural localization of kainate receptor subunits KA2 and GluR6 7, in the rat nervous system using selective antipeptide antibodies. J. Comp. Neurol. 349:85-110.
73. Petralia, R.S., N. Yokotani, and R.J. Wenthold (1994b) Light and electron microscope distribution of the NMDA receptor subunit NMDAR1 in the rat nervous system using a selective anti-peptide antibody. J. Neurosci. 14:667-696.
74. Redgrave, P., L. Marrow, and P. Dean (1992) Topographical organization of the nigrotectal projection in the rat: Evidence for segregated channels. Neuroscience 50:571-595.
75. Rugg, E.L., J.S. Dunbar, M. Latimer, and P. Winn (1992) Excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the rat. I. Comparison of the effects of various excitotoxins, with particular reference to the loss of immunohistochemically identified cholinergic neurons. Brain Res. 589: 181-193.
76. Ryan, T.A. (1959) Multiple comparisons in psychological research. Psychol. Bull 56:26-47.
77. Rye, D.B., C.B. Saper, H.J. Lee, and B.H. Wainer (1987) Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the rat: Cytoarchitecture, cytochemistry, and some extrapyramidal connections of the mesopontine tegmentum. J. Comp. Neurol. 259:483-528.
78. Eye, D.B., H.J. Lee, C.B. Saper, and B.H. Wainer (1988) Medullary and spinal efferents of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and adjacent mesopontine regmentum in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 263:315-341.
79. Rye D.B., J. Perez, and A.I. Levey (1994) Neurochemical markers of the primate pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and surround. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:334.
80. Sakai, K. (1991) Physiological properties and afferent connections of the locus coeruleus and adjacent tegmental neurons involved in the generation of paradoxical sleep in the cat. In C.D. Barnes and O. Pompeiano (eds): Progress in Brain Research, vol. 88. New York: Elsevier, pp. 31-45.
81. Sanchez, R., and C.S. Leonard (1994) NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic input to nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons of the guinea pig mesopontine tegmentum in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 179:141-144.
82. Sato, K., H. Kiyama, and M. Toyama (1993) The differential expression patterns of messenger RNAs encoding non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1-4) in the rat brain. Neuroscience 52:515-539.
83. Satoh, K., and H.C. Fibiger (1986) Cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus: Efferent and afferent connections. J. Comp. Neurol. 253:277-302.
84. Satoh, K., D.M. Armstrong, and H.C. Fibiger (1983) A comparison of the distribution of central cholinergic neurons as demonstrated by acetylcholinesterase pharmacohistochemistry and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. Brain Res. Bull. 11:693-720.
85. Seeburg, P.H. (1993) The molecular biology of mammalian glutamate receptor channels. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 74:297-303.
86. Semba, K. (1993) Aminergic and cholinergic afferents to REM sleep induction regions of the pontine reticular formation in the rat. J. Comp. Neural. 330:543-556.
87. Semba, K., and H.C. Fibiger (1992) Afferent connections of the laterodorsal and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the rat: A retro- and antero-grade transport and immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 323:387-410.
88. Semba, K., P.B. Reiner, and H.C. Fibiger (1990) Single cholinergic mesopontine tegmental neurons project to both the pontine reticular formation and the thalamus in the rat. Neuroscience 38:643-654.
89. Siegel, S.J., N. Brose, W.G. Janssen, G.P. Gasic, R. Jahn, and S.F. Heinemann (1994) Regional, cellular, and ultrastructural distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 in monkey hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:564-568.
90. Skinner, R.D., N. Kinjo, V. Henderson, and E. Garcia-Rill (1990) Locomotor projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus to the spinal cord. NeuroReport 1:183-186.
91. Sommer, B., M. Köhler, R. Sprengel, and P.H. Seeburg (1991) RNA editing in brain controls a determinant of ion flow in glutamate-gated channels. Cell 67:11-19.
92. Standaert, D.G., C.M. Testa, A.B. Young, and J.B. Penney (1994) Organization of N-methyl-D-apartate glutamate receptor gene expression in the basal ganglia of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 343:1-16.
93. Sleckler, T., W. Inglis, P. Winn, and A. Sahgal (1994) The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: a role in cognitive processes? Brain Res. Rev. 29:298-318.
94. Steininger, T.L., D.E. Rye, and B.H. Wainer (1992) Afferent projections to the cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and adjacent midbrain extrapyramidal area in the albino rat. I. Retrograde tracing studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 321:515-543.
95. Steriade, M., S. Datta, D. Pare, G Oakson, and R. Curro Dossi (1990) Neuronal activities in brainstem cholinergic nuclei related to tonic activation processes in thalamocortical systems. J. Neurosci. 10:2541-2559.
96. Stone, T.W., and J.K. Connick (1985) Quinolinic acid and other kynurenines in the central nervous system. Neuroscience 15:597-617.
97. Sugaya, K., and M. McKinney (1994) Nitric oxide synthase gene expression in cholinergic neurons in the rat brain examined by combined immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Mol. Brain Res. 23:111-125.
98. Sugihara, H., K. Moriyoshi, T. Ishii, M. Masu, and S. Nakanishi (1992) Structures and properties of seven isoforms of the NMDA receptor generated by alternative splicing. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185:826-832.
99. Swanson, L.W. (1992) Brain Maps: The Structure of the Brain. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
100. Swanson, L.W., G.J. Mogenson, C.R. Gerfen, and P. Robinson (1984) Evidence for a projection from the lateral preoptic area and substantia innominata to the "mesencephalic locomotor region" in the rat. Brain Res. 295:161-178.
101. Tachibana, M., R.J. Wenthold, H. Morioka, and R.S. Petralia (1994) Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors in the rat spinal cord. J. Camp. Neurol. 344:431-454.
102. Verdoorn, T .A., N. Burnashev, H. Monyer, P.H. Seeburg, and B. Sakmann (1991) Structural determinants of ion flow through recombinant glutamate receptor channels. Science 252:1715-1718.
103. Vincent, S.R., and H. Kimura (1992) Histochemical mapping of nitric oxide synthase in the rat brain. Neuroscience 46:755-784.
104. Vincent, S.R., and P.B. Reiner (1987) The immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase in the cat brain. Brain Res. Bull. 15:371-415.
105. Vincent, S.R., K. Satoh, D.M. Armstrong, and H.C. Fibiger (1983) NADPH-diaphorase: A selective histological marker for the cholinergic neurons of the pontine reticular formation. Neurosci- Lett. 45:31-36.
106. Vincent, S.R., K. Satoh, D.M. Armstrong, P. Panula, W. Vale, and H.C. Fibiger (1986) Neuropeptides and NADPH-diaphorase activity in the ascending cholinergic reticular system of the rat. Neuroscience 17:167-182.
107. Watanabe, M., Y. Inoue, K. Sakimura, and M. Mishina (1993) Distinct distributions of five NMDA receptor subunit mRNAs in the forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 338:377-390.
108. Watanabe, M., M. Mishina, and Y. Inoue (1994) Distinct distributions of five NMDA receptor channel subunit mRNAs in the brainstem. J. Comp. Neurol. 343:520-531.
109. Werner, P., M. Voigt, K. Keinanen, W. Wisden, and P.H. Seeburg (1991 Cloning of a putative high-affinity kainate receptor expressed predominantly in hippocampal CA3 cells. Nature 361:742-744.
110. Williams, J.A., and P.B. Reiner (1993) Noradrenaline hyperpolarizes identified rat mesopontine cholinergic neurons in vitro. J. Neurosci. 23:3878-3883.
111. Winn, P., J.M. Clark, A.J.M. Clark, and G.C. Parker (1992) NMDA lesions of lateral hypothalamus enhance the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia. Physiol. Behav. 52:1069-1075.
112. Woolf, N.J., and L.L. Butcher (1986) Cholinergic systems in the rat brain. III. projections from the pontomesencephalic tegmentum to the thalamus, tectum, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain. Brain Res. Bull. 16:603-637.
113. Woolf, N.J., and L.L. Butcher (1989) Cholinergic systems in the rat brain. IV. Descending projections of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum. Brain Res. Bull. 25:519-540.
114. Yamamoto, K., A.N. Mamelak, J.J. Quattrochi, and J-A. Hobson (1990) A cholinoceptive desynchronized sleep induction zone in the anterodorsal pontine tegmentum: Locus of the sensitive region. Neuroscience 39:279-293.
115. Yasui, Y., D.F. Cechetto, and C.B. Saper (1990) Evidence for a cholinergic projection from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus to the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the rat. Brain Res. 517:19-24.
116. Young, A.B., and G.E. Fagg (1990) Excitatory amino acid receptors in the brain: Membrane binding and receptor autoradiographic approaches. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11:126-133.