Alzheimer's disease risk factors as related to cerebral blood flow

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 367-377

  Crawford, J G ^a  

^a Indiana University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0029962193     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0306-9877(96)90189-9     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Heyman A, Wilkinson W E, Stafford J A, Helms M J, Sigmon A H, Weinberg T. Alzheimer's disease: a study of epidemiological aspects. Ann Neurol 1984; 15(4): 335-341.
2. Rocca W A, Amaducci L A, Schoenberg B S. Epidemiology of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1986; 19(5): 415-424.
3. Amaducci L A, Fratiglioni L, Rocca W A et al. Risk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study of an Italian population. Neurology 1986; 36(7): 922-931.
4. Shalat S L, Seltzer B, Pidcock C, Baker E L Jr. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Neurology 1987; 37: 1630-1633.
5. Jorm A F. The epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. London: Chapman and Hall, 1990.
6. Graves A B, White E, Koepsell T et al. A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1990; 28(6): 766-774.
7. Kokmen E, Beard C M, Chandra V, Offord K P, Schoenberg B S, Ballard D J. Clinical risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based case-control study. Neurology 1991; 41(9): 1393-1397.
8. van Duijn CM, Stijnen T, Hofman A. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: overview of the EURODEM collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. EURODEM risk factors research group. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20(suppl. 2): S4-S12.
9. Mendez M F, Underwood K L, Zander B A, Mastri A R, Sung J H, Frey W H. Risk factors in Alzheimer's disease: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology 1992; 42(4): 770-775.
10. Henderson A S, Jorm A F, Korten A E et al. Environmental risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: their relationship to age of onset and to familial or sporadic types. Psychol Med 1992; 22(2): 429-436.
11. Breteler M M, Claus J J, van Duijn C M, Launer L J, Hofman A. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiol Rev 1992; 14: 59-82.
12. Fratiglioni L, Ahlbom A, Viitanen M, Winblad B. Risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease: a population-based case-control study. Ann Neurol 1993; 33(3): 258-266.
13. Haxby J V, Grady C L, Koss E et al. Heterogeneous anteriorposterior metabolic patterns in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Neurology 1988; 38: 1853-1863.
14. Duara R, Grady C, Haxby J et al. Positron emission tomography in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1986; 36(7): 879-887.
15. McGeer P L, Kamo H, Harrop R et al. Positron emission tomography in patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease. Can Med Assoc J 1986; 134(6): 597-607.
16. Jagust W J, Friedland R P, Budinger T F. Positron emission tomography with [18 F] fluorodeoxyglucose differentiates normal pressure hydrocephalus from Alzheimer type dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48(11): 1091-1096.
17. Haxby J V, Duara R, Grady C L, Cutler N R, Rapoport S I. Relations between neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic asymmetries in early Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985; 5(2): 193-200.
18. Hunter R, McLuskie R, Wyper D et al. The pattern of function-related regional cerebral blood flow investigated by single photon emission tomography with 99mTc-HMPAO in patients with presenile Alzheimer's disease and Korsakoffs psychosis. Psychol Med 1989; 19(4): 847-855.
19. Eberling J L, Jagust WJ, Reed B R, Baker M G. Reduced temporal lobe blood flow in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1992; 13(4): 483-491.
20. Jobst K A, Smith A D, Barker C S et al. Association of atrophy of the medial temporal lobe with reduced blood flow in the posterior parietotemporal cortex in patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55(3): 190-194.
21. Mortel K F, Pavol M A, Wood S et al. Prospective studies of cerebral perfusion and cognitive testing among elderly normal volunteers and patients with ischemic vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Angiology 1994; 45(3): 171-180.
22. Alexander G E, Prohovnik I, Stern Y, Mayeux R. WAIS-R subtest profile and cortical perfusion in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Cogn 1994; 24(1): 24-43.
23. Jorm A F, Korten A E, Henderson A S. The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 76(5): 645-679.
24. Bachman D L, Wolf P A, Linn R T et al. Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease in a general population: the Framingham study. Neurology 1993; 43(3 Pt 1): 515-579.
25. Rocca W A, Hofman A, Brayne C et al. Frequency and distribution of Alzheimer's disease in Europe: a collaborative study of 1980-1990 prevalence findings. The EURODEM-prevalence research group. Ann Neurol 1991; 30(3): 381-390.
26. Meyer J S, Ishihara N, Deshmukh VD et al. Improved method for noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow by 133Xenon inhalation. I. Description of method and normal values obtained in healthy volunteers. Stroke 1978; 9(3): 195-205.
27. Lenzi G L, Frackowiak R S, Jones T et al. CMRO2 and CBF by the oxygen-15 inhalation technique. Results in normal volunteers and cerebrovascular patients. Eur Neurol 1981; 20(3): 285-290.
28. Pantano P, Baron J C, Lebrun-Grandie P, Duquesnoy N, Bousser M G, Comar D. Effects of normal aging on regional CBF and CMRO2 in humans. Monogr Neural Sci 1984; 11: 123-130.
29. Globus M, Cooper G, Melamed E. Reduction in regional cerebral blood flow during normal aging is not limited to elderly subjects. Monogr Neural Sci 1984; 11: 139-143.
30. Obrist W D. Cerebral blood flow and EEG changes associated with aging and dementia. In: Busse E W, Blazer D G, eds. Handbook of Geriatric Psychiatry. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980: 83-101.
31. Roy C S, Sherrington C S. On the regulation of the blood supply of the brain. J Physiol 1890; 11: 85-108.
32. Meier-Ruge W. Neurochemistry of the aging brain. In: Platt D, ed. Geriatrics. I. Cardiology and Vascular System; Central Nervous System. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982: 242-256.
33. Baron J C, Marchai G. Cerebral and cardiovascular aging and brain energy metabolism. Studies with positron-emission tomography in man. Presse Med 1992; 21(26): 1231-1237.
34. Hoyer S, Nitsch R, Oesterreich K. Predominant abnormality in cerebral glucose utilization in late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer type: a cross-sectional comparison against advanced late-onset and incipient early-onset cases. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect 1991; 3(1): 1-14.
35. Hoyer S. Abnormalities of glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991; 640: 53-58.
36. Kitamura S, Terashi A. Measurement of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Rinsho Byori 1990; 38(5): 494-498.
37. Kalaria R N, Hank S I. Reduced glucose transporter at the blood-brain barrier and in cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 1989; 53(4): 1083-1088.
38. Craft S, Zallen G, Baker L D. Glucose and memory in mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1992; 14(2): 253-267.
39. Niino N, Iijima S, Mizoguchi T, Eto F, Orimo H. A case control study of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer type dementia. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1990; 27(6): 693-698.
40. Mungas D, Cooper J K, Weiler P G, Gietzen D, Franzi C, Bernick C. Dietary preference for sweet foods in patients with dementia [see comments]. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38(9): 999-1007.
41. Iijima S. Prevention and treatment of dementia: what should we do today? Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1991; 28(4): 465-469.
42. Fisman M, Gordon B, Feleki V, Helmes E, McDonald T, Dupre J. Metabolic changes in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36(4): 298-300.
43. Craft S, Dagogo-Jack S E, Wiethop B V et al. Effects of hyperglycemia on memory and hormone levels in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a longitudinal study. Behav Neurosci 1993; 107(6): 926-940.
44. Foster N L, Chase T N, Fidio P, Patronas N J, Brooks R A, Dichiro G. Alzheimer's disease: focal cortical changes shown by positron emission tomography. Neurology 1983; 33: 961-965.
45. Goto I, Taniwaki T, Hosokawa S, Otsuka M, Ichiya Y, Ichimiya A. Positron emission tomographic (PET) studies in dementia. J Neurol Sci 1993; 114(1): 1-6.
46. Hoyer S. Abnormalities in brain glucose utilization and its impact on cellular and molecular mechanisms in sporadic dementia of the Alzheimer type. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 695: 77-80.
47. Monnier V M, Cerami A. Nonenzymatic browning in vivo: possible process for aging of long lived proteins. Science 1981; 211: 491-193.
48. Vitek M P, Bhattacharya K, Glendening J M et al. Advanced glycation end products contribute to amyloidosis in Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91(11): 4766-4770.
49. Smith M A, Taneda S, Richey P L et al. Advanced Maillard reaction end products are associated with Alzheimer disease pathology. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1994; 91(12): 5710-5714.
50. Statistical Yearbook 37th issue 1988/89. Department of Economics and Social Development Statistical Office. New York: United Nations, 1992: 544-549.
51. Osuntokun B O, Ogunniyi A O, Lekwauwa G U, Oyediran A B. Epidemiology of age-related dementia in the Third World and aetiological clues of Alzheimer's disease. Trop Geogr Med 1991; 43(4): 345-351.
52. Razdan S, Kaul R L, Motta A, Kaul S, Bhatt R K. Prevalence and pattern of major neurological disorders in rural Kashmir (India) in 1986. Neuroepidemiology 1994; 13(3): 113-119.
53. Wender M, Mularczyk J, Modestowicz R. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease in the selected region of Wielkopolska (town and commune Steszew). Przegl Epidemiol 1990; 44(3): 215-221.
54. Burt B A. Relative consumption of sucrose and other sugars: has it been a factor in reduced caries experience? Caries Res 1993; 27(Suppl 1): 56-63.
55. Li G, Shen Y C, Chen C H, Zhao Y W, Li S R, Lu M. An epidemiological survey of age-related dementia in an urban area of Beijing. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79(6): 557-563.
56. Yu E S, Liu W T, Levy P et al. Cognitive impairment among elderly adults in Shanghai, China. J Gerontol 1989; 44(3): S97-S106.
57. Zhang M Y, Katzman R, Salmon D et al. The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai, China: impact of age, gender, and education. Ann Neurol 1990; 27(4): 428-437.
58. French L R, Schuman L M, Mortimer J A, Hutton J T, Boatman R A, Christians B. A case-control study of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121(3): 414-421.
59. Jorm A F, van Duijn C M, Chandra V et al. Psychiatric history and relative exposures as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies EURODEM risk factors research group. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20 Suppl. 2: S43-S47.
60. Broe G A, Henderson A S, Creasey H et al. A case control study of Alzheimer's disease in Australia. Neurology 1990; 40(11): 1698-1707.
61. Reding M, Haycox J, Blass J. Depression in patients referred to a dementia clinic: a three-year prospective study. Arch Neurol 1985; 42(9): 894-896.
62. Kanaya T, Yonekawa M. Regional cerebral blood flow in depression. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1990; 44(3): 571-576.
63. Delvenne V, Delecluse F, Hubain P P, Schoutens A, DeMaertelaer V, Mendlewicz J. Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 359-365.
64. Beats B, Levy R. Imaging and affective disorder in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 1992; 8(2): 267-274.
65. Cummings JL. The neuroanatomy of depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54 Suppl: 14-20.
66. Oliver C, Holland AJ. Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Psychol Med 1986; 16(2): 307-322.
67. Melamed E, Mildworf B, Sharav T, Belenky L, Wertman E. Regional cerebral blood flow in Down's syndrome. Ann Neurol 1987; 22(2): 275-278.
68. Deb S, de Silva P N, Gemmell H G, Besson J A Smith F W, Ebmeier K P. Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down's syndrome; the relationship between regional cerebral blood flow equivalents and dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 86(5): 340-345.
69. Kao C H, Wang P Y, Wang S J et al. Regional cerebral blood flow of Alzheimer's disease-like pattern in young patients with Down's syndrome detected by 99Tcm-HMPAO brain SPECT. Nucl Med Commun 1993; 14(1): 47-51.
70. Kawabata K, Tachibana H, Sugita M. Cerebral blood flow and dementia in Parkinson's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4(4): 194-203.
71. Hayashi H, Odano I, Nishihara M, Higuchi S, Sakai K, Ishikawa A. Clinical evaluation of Parkinson's disease using 123I-IMP SPECT. Kaku-Igaku 1989; 26(11): 1405-1415.
72. Sawada H, Udaka F, Kameyama M et al. SPECT findings in Parkinson's disease associated with dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55(10): 960-963.
73. Tachibana H, Kawabata K, Tomino Y, Sugita M, Fukuchi M. Brain perfusion imaging in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease demonstrated by three-dimensional surface display with 123 I-iodoamphetamine. Dementia 1993; 4(6): 334-341.
74. Morgan K. Sleep in normal and pathological aging. In: Brocklehurst J C, Tallis R C, Fillit H M, eds. Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992: 122-128.
75. Pollak C P, Perlick D, Linsner J P, Wenston J, Hsieh F. Sleep problems in the community elderly as predictors of death and nursing home placement. J Community Health 1990; 15(2): 123-135.
76. Vitiello M V, Prinz P N. Alzheimer's disease. Sleep and sleep/wake patterns. Clin Geriatr Med 1989; 5(2): 289-299.
77. Bahro M, Riemann D, Stadtmiller G, Berger M, Gattaz W F. REM sleep parameters in the discrimination of probable Alzheimer's disease from old-age depression. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34(7): 482-486.
78. Christos G A. Is Alzheimer's disease related to a deficit or malfunction of rapid eye movement [REM] sleep? Med Hypotheses 1993; 41(5): 435-439.
79. Madsen P L, Schmidt J F, Holm S, Vorstrup S, Lassen N A, Wildschiodtz G. Cerebral oxygen metabolism and cerebral blood flow in man during light sleep (stage 2). Brain Res 1991; 557(1-2): 217-220.
80. Sawaya R, Ingvar D H. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in sleep. Acta Neurol Scand 1989; 80(6): 481-491.
81. Droste D W, Berger W, Schuler E, Krauss J K. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity in healthy persons during wakefulness and sleep: a transcranial Doppler study. Sleep 1993; 16(7): 603-609.
82. Prinz P M. Sleep patterns in the healthy aged: relationship with intellectual function. J Gerontol 1977; 32: 179-186.
83. Fratiglioni L. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease. Issues of etiology and validity. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1993; 145: 1-70.
84. Lotfi J, Meyer J S. Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolic effects of chronic alcoholism. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1989; 1(1): 2-25.
85. Melgaard B, Henriksen L, Ahlgren P, Danielsen UT, Sorensen H, Paulson O B. Regional cerebral blood flow in chronic alcoholics measured by single photon emission computerized tomography. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 82(2): 87-93.
86. Mathew R J, Wilson W H. Substance abuse and cerebral blood flow. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148(3): 292-305.
87. Erbas B, Bekdik C, Erbengi G et al. Regional cerebral blood flow changes in chronic alcoholism using Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT. Comparison with CT parameters. Clin Nucl Med 1992; 17(2): 123-127.
88. Shen Y. A case-control study of risk factors on Alzheimer's disease. Multicenter collaborative study in China. Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1992; 25(5): 284-287, 317.
89. Rogers R L, Meyer J S, Mortel K F. After reaching retirement age physical activity sustains cerebral perfusion and cognition. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38(2): 123-128.
90. van Duijn C M, Hofman A. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: the EURODEM collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. Neuroepidemiology 1992; 11(suppl 1): 106-113.
91. Mortimer J A, van Duijn C M, Chandra V et al. Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative reanalysis of case-control studies. EURODEM risk factors research group. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20(Suppl 2): S28-S35.
92. Mayeux R, Ottman R, Tang M X et al. Genetic susceptibility and head injury as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease among community-dwelling elderly persons and their first-degree relatives. Ann Neurol 1993; 33(5): 494-501.
93. Goldman H, Hodgson V, Morehead M, Hazlett J, Murphy S. Cerebrovascular changes in a rat model of moderate closed-head injury. J Neurotrauma 1991; 8(2): 129-144.
94. Yamakami I, McIntosh T K. Alterations in regional cerebral blood flow following brain injury in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11(4): 655-660.
95. DeWitt D S, Prough D S, Taylor C L, Whitley J M. Reduced cerebral blood flow, oxygen delivery, and electroencephalographic activity after traumatic brain injury and mild hemorrhage in cats. J Neurosurg 1992; 76(5): 812-821.
96. Nagamachi S, Nishikawa T, Ono S et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with closed-head injury using 1231-IMP SPECT and computed tomography. Kaku Igaku 1993; 30(7): 707-716.
97. Sivachenko T P, Romanenko V A, Samsosiuk I Z, Bredikhin A V, Dzhuzha D A, Gubenko V P. Encephaloangioscintigraphy in the diagnosis of posttraumatic cerebral venous circulatory disorders. Med Radiol Mosk 1991; 36(3): 4-7.
98. Tokuda T, Ikeda S, Yanagisawa N. A case progressive dementia developed after repeated head trauma. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1991; 31(4): 468-470.
99. Barclay L L, Kheyfets S, Zemcov A et al. Risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. In: Fisher A, Hanin I, Lachman C, eds. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. New York: Plenum, 1985.
100. Li G, Shen Y C, Li Y T, Chen C H, Zhau Y W, Silverman J M. A case control study of Alzheimer's disease in China. Neurology 1992; 42(8): 1481-1488.
101. Breitner JCS, Gau B A, Welsh K A et al. Inverse association of anti-inflammatory treatments and Alzheimer's disease: initial result of a co-twin control study. Neurology 1994; 44(2): 227-232.
102. Meyer J S, Rogers R L, McClintic K, Mortel K F, Lotfi J. Randomized clinical trial of daily aspirin therapy in multi-infarct dementia. A pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37(6): 549-555.
103. Chemtob S, Beharry K, Barna T, Varma D, Aranda J V. Differences in the effects in the newborn piglet of various nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on cerebral blood flow but not on cerebrovascular prostaglandins. Pediatr Res 1991; 30(1): 106-111.
104. Katzman R. Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993; 43(1): 13-20.
105. Mortimer JA, Graves AB. Education and other socioeconomic determinants of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993; 43(Suppl 4): S39-S44.
106. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK, Tang MX, Wilder D, Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1994; 271(13): 1004-1010.
107. Maximilian V A, Brawanski A. Functional and vascular challenge procedures during noninvasive rCBF measurements. In: Knezevic S, Maximilian V A, Mubrin Z, Prohovnik I, Wade J, eds. Handbook of Regional Cerebral blood Flow. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988: 79-121.
108. Ogawa S, Tank D W, Menon R et al. Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89(13): 5951-5955.
109. Philpot M P, Banerjee S, Needham-Bennett H, Costa D C, Ell P J. 99mTc-HMPAO single photon emission tomography in late life depression: a pilot study of regional cerebral blood flow at rest and during a verbal fluency task. J Affect Disord 1993; 28(4): 233-240.
110. Silvestrini M, Cupini L M, Matteis M, Troisi E, Caltigirone C. Bilateral simultaneous assessment of cerebral flow velocity during mental activity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994; 14(4): 643-648.
111. Clarkson-Smith L, Hartley A A. Relationships between physical exercise and cognitive abilities in older adults. Psychol Aging 1989; 4(2): 183-189.
112. Molloy D W, Beerschoten D A, Borne M J, Crilly R G, Cape R D. Acute effects of exercise on neuropsychological function in elderly subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36(1): 29-33.
113. McEwen B. An evaluation of the need of long stay psychiatric patients for organized exercise. Austral J Physiother 1983; 29(6): 202-208.
114. Namaxzi K H, Gwinnup P B, Zadorozny C A. A low intensity exercise/movement program for patients with Alzheimer's disease: the TEMP-AD protocol. J Aging Phys Act 1994; 2(1): 80-92.
115. Lindenmuth G F, Moose B. Improving cognitive abilities of elderly Alzheimer's patients with intense exercise therapy. Am J Alzheimer's Care Rel Dis Res 1990; 5(1): 31-33.
116. Hollmann W, DeMeirleir. Brain and sports-hemodynamics and biochemical aspects. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 1988; 39: 56-64.
117. Moraine J J, Lamotte M, Berre J, Niset G, Leduc A, Naeije R. Relationship of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity to intensity during dynamic exercise in normal subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993; 67(1): 35-38.
118. Madsen P L, Sperling B K, Warming T et al. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity and cerebral blood flow and O2 uptake during dynamic exercise. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74(1): 245-250.
119. Breteler M M, van Duijn C M, Chandra V et al. Medical history and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative reanalysis of case-control studies. EURODEM risk factors research group. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20 Suppl 2: S36-S42.
120. Zeigler D K, Hassanein R S, Couch J R. Characteristics of life headache histories in a non-clinic population. Neurology 1977; 27(3): 265-269.
121. Martins I, Blau J N. Headaches in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Headache 1989; 29(10): 660-663.
122. Dewey M E, Davidson I A, Copeland J R. Risk factors for dementia: evidence from the Liverpool study of continuing health in the community. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1988; 3(4): 245-249.
123. Takeshima T, Taniguchi R, Kitagawa T, Takahashi K. Headaches in dementia. Headache 1990; 30(11): 735-738.
124. Dalessio D J. The pathology of migraine. Clin J Pain 1990; 6(3): 235-239.
125. Olesen J, Friberg L, Olsen T S et al. Timing and topography of cerebral blood flow, aura, and headache during migraine attack. Ann Neurol 1990; 28(6): 791-798.
126. Wallasch T M. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonic features in episodic tension-type headache [see comments]. Cephalalgia 1992; 12(5): 293-296.
127. Bes A, Fabre N. Cerebral blood flow in migraine without aura. Path Biol Paris 1992; 40(4): 325-331.
128. Warburton D M. Nicotine as a cognitive enhancer. Prog Neuropsychoparmacol Biol Psychiatry 1992; 16(2): 181-191.
129. Lee PN. Smoking and Alzheimer's disease: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Neuroepidemiology 1994; 13(4): 131-144.
130. Graves, van Duijn C M, Chandra V et al. Alcohol and tobacco consumption as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. EURODEM risk factors research group. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20(Suppl 2): S48-S57.
131. Miyazaki M. Circulatory effect of cigarette smoking, with special reference to the effect on cerebral hemodynamics. Jap Circ J 1969; 33: 907-912.
132. Hans FJ, Wei L, Bereczki D et al. Nicotine increases microvascular blood flow and flow velocity in three groups of brain areas. Am J Physiol 1993; 265(6 part 2): H2142-H2150.
133. Kodaira K, Fujishiro K, Wada T et al. A study on cerebral nicotine receptor distribution, blood flow, oxygen consumption, and other metabolic activities -a study on the effects of smoking on carotid and cerebral artery blood flow. Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo 1993; 13(3): 157-165.
134. Mathew R J, Wilson W H, Humphreys D F, Lowe J V, Wiethe K E. Regional cerebral blood flow after marijuana smoking. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12(5): 750-758.
135. Mathew R J, Wilson W H. Acute changes in cerebral blood flow after smoking marijuana. Life Sci 1993; 52(8): 757-767.
136. Simonsen L, Johnsen H, Lund S P, Matikainen E, Midtgard U, Wennberg A. Methodological approach to the evaluation of neurotoxicity data and the classification of neurotoxic chemicals. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20(1): 1-12.
137. Erasmus R T, Savory J, Wills M R, Herman M M. Aluminum neurotoxicity in experimental animals. Ther Drug Monit 1993; 15(6): 588-592.
138. Oteiza P I, Keen C L, Han B, Golub M S. Aluminum accumulation and neurotoxicity in Swiss-Webster mice after long-term dietary exposure to aluminum and citrate. Metabolism 1993; 42(10): 1296-1300.
139. Bolla K I, Briefel G, Spector D et al. Neurocognitive effects of aluminum. Arch Neurol 1992; 49(10): 1021-1026.
140. Fillit H, Meyer L, Bona C. Immunology of aging. In: Brocklehurst J C, Tallis R C, Fillit H M, eds. Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992: 71-90.
141. Lewis P D. The neuropathology of old age. In: Brocklehurst J C, Tallis R C, Fillit H M, eds. Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992: 258-279.
142. Landin K, Blennow K, Wallin A, Gottfries C G. Low blood pressure and blood glucose levels in Alzheimer's disease. Evidence for a hypometabolic disorder? J Intern Med 1993; 233(4): 357-363.
143. Nee L E, Eldridge R, Sunderland T et al. Dementia of the Alzheimer's type: clinical and family study of 22 twin pairs. Neurology 1987; 37(3): 359-363.
144. Creasey H, Jorm A, Longley W, Broe G A, Henderson A S. Monozygotic twins discordant for Alzheimer's disease: an approach to etiology and prevention. Neurology 1989; 39(11): 1474-1476.
145. Breitner J C, Murphy E A, Folstein M F, Magruder-Habib K. Twin studies of Alzheimer's disease: an approach to etiology and prevention. Neurobiol Aging 1990; 11(6): 641-648.
146. Breitner J C, Gatz M, Bergem A M et al. The use of twin cohorts for research in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993; 43(2): 261-267.
147. Martyn C N, Barker D J, Osmond C, Harris E C, Edwardson J A, Lacey R F. Geographical relation between Alzheimer's disease and aluminum in drinking water. Lancet 1989; 1(8629): 59-62.
148. Martyn C N. The epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease in relation to aluminum. Ciba Found Symp 1992; 169: 69-79; discussion 79-86.
149. Mc Lachlan D R, Fraser P E, Dalton A J. Aluminum and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: a summary of evidence. Ciba Found Symp 1992; 169: 87-98; discussion 99-108.
150. Perl D P, Good P F. Aluminum, Alzheimer's disease, and the olfactory system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 640: 8-13.
151. Shigematsu K, McGeer P L. Accumulation of amyloid precursor protein in damaged neuronal processes and microglia following intracerebral administration of aluminum salts. Brain Res 1992; 593(1): 117-123.
152. Bjorkstein J, Yaeger L L, Wallace T. Control of Aluminum ingestion and its relation to longevity. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1988; 58(4): 462-465.
153. Mantyh P W, Ghilardi J R, Rogers S et al. Aluminum, iron, and zinc ions promote aggregation of physiological concentrations of beta amyloid peptide. J Neurochem 1993; 61(3): 1171-1174.
154. Domingo J L, Gomez M, Sanchez D J, Llobet J M, Corbella J. Effect of various dietary constituents on gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum from drinking water and diet. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1993; 79(3): 377-380.
155. Duggan J M, Dickeson J E, Tynan P F, Houghton A, Flynn J E. Aluminum beverage cans as a dietary source of aluminum. Med J Aust 1992; 156(9): 604-605.
156. Basun H, Forssell L G, Wetterberg L, Winblad B. Metals and trace elements in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect 1991; 3(4): 231-258.
157. Corrigan F M, Van Rhijn A G, Ijomah G et al. Tin and fatty acids in dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1991; 43(4): 229-238.
158. Evans P H, Klinowski J, Yano E. Cephaloconiosis: a free radical perspective on the proposed particulate-induced etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's dementia and related disorders. Med Hypotheses 1991; 34(3): 209-219.
159. Aronson M K, Ooi W L, Morgenstern H et al. Women, myocardial infarction, and dementia in the very old [see comments]. Neurology 1990; 40(7): 1102-1106.
160. Oldrige N B. Adherence to adult exercise fitness programs. In: Matarazzo J D, Weiss S M, Herd J A, Miller N E, Weiss S M, eds. Behavioral Health: a Handbook of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention. New York: Wiley, 1984.
161. Ostrow A C. Physical activity as it relates to the health of the aged. In: Datan N, Lohmann N, eds. Transitions of Aging. New York: Academic Press, 1980.
162. La Rue A, Jarvik L F. Cognitive function and prediction of dementia in old age. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1987; 25: 79-89.
163. Evans D A, Funkenstein H H, Albert M S et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported [see comments]. JAMA 1989; 262(18): 2551-2556.