Pyoderma gangrenosum: Classification and management

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 395-409

  Powell, Frank C ^a   Su, W P Daniel ^b   Perry, Harold O ^b  

^a MATER MISERICORDIAE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

^b MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BENZOYL PEROXIDE; CHLORAMBUCIL; CLOFAZIMINE; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; DILTIAZEM; ERYTHROMYCIN; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERFERON; ISOTRETINOIN; KETOCONAZOLE; MELPHALAN; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MEZLOCILLIN; MINOCYCLINE; PHENYTOIN; PREDNISONE; RIFAMPICIN; TACROLIMUS; TETRACYCLINE; THALIDOMIDE; TRANSFER FACTOR; TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ACUTE FEBRILE NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS; ADULT; ARTHRITIS; CHILD; CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; ENTERITIS; FEMALE; HIRSUTISM; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INTRALESIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MALE; MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA; MYELOMA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM; REVIEW; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN TOXICITY; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 0029958881     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90428-4     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Brunsting LA, Goeckerman WH, O'Leary PA. Pyoderma gangrenosum: clinical and experimental observations in five cases occurring in adults. Arch Dermatol 1930;22: 655-80.
2. Vignon-Pennamen MD, Wallach D. Cutaneous manifestations of neutrophilic disease: a study of seven cases. Dermatologica 1991;183:255-64.
3. Powell FC, Perry HO. Pyoderma gangrenosum in childhood. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:757-61.
4. Powell FC, Schroeter AL, Su WPD, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a review of 86 patients. Q J Med 1985;55:173-86.
5. Glass AT, Bancila E, Milgraum S. Pyoderma gangrenosum in infancy: the youngest reported patient. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1991;25:109-10.
6. Johnson RB, Lazarus GS. Pulse therapy: therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:76-84.
7. Sourreil MP, Beylot C, Boisseau M, et al. Pyodermite phagédénique du siège et des organes génitaux chez un nourrison de un mois et demi hypogammaglobulinemique. Bord Med 1970;3:2462-4.
8. Tay CH. Pyoderma gangrenosum and leukemia. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:580-1.
9. Paller AS, Sahn EE, Garen PD, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Pediatr 1990;117:63-6.
10. Hickman JG, Lazarus GS. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a reappraisal of associated systemic diseases. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:235-7.
11. Haim S, Birnbaum RF. Pyoderma gangrenosum in immunosuppressed patients. Dermatologica 1976;153:44-8.
12. Schwartz BK, Clendenning WE, Blasik LG. Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with HTLV-III antibody. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:508-9.
13. Snyder RA. Pyoderma gangrenosum involving the head and neck. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:295-302.
14. Happle R, Schiffer HP, Kovary PM. Ocular involvement in pyoderma gangrenosum [Letter]. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113:1612.
15. Sanusi ID, Gonzalez E, Venable DD. Pyoderma gangrenosum of penile and scrotal skin. J Urol 1982;127:547.
16. Vestey JP, Gawkrodger DJ. Pyoderma gangrenosum of the scalp. Int J Dermatol 1988;27:654-5.
17. Wernikoff S, Merritt C, Briggaman RA, et al. Malignant pyoderma or pyoderma gangrenosum of the head and neck? Arch Dermatol 1987;123:371-5.
18. Malkinson FD. Pyoderma gangrenosum vs. malignant pyoderma, lumpers vs. splitters. Arch Dermatol 1987;123: 333-6.
19. Perry HO, Winkelmann RK, Muller SA, et al. Malignant pyodermas. Arch Dermatol 1968;98:561-76.
20. Powell FC, Winkelmann RK. Malignant pyoderma. Br J Dermatol 1983;109:597-603.
21. Dicken CH. Malignant pyoderma. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1985;13:1021-5.
22. O'Loughlin S, Perry HO. A diffuse pustular eruption associated with ulcerative colitis. Arch Dermatol 1978;114: 1061-4.
23. Basler MD, Dubin HV. Ulcerative colitis and the skin. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:531-4.
24. Levitt MD, Ritchie JK, Lennard-Jones JE, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum in inflammatory bowel disease. Br J Surg 1991;78:676-8.
25. Kang S, Dover JS. Successful treatment of eruptive pyoderma gangrenosum with intravenous vanocmycin and mezlocillin. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:389-93.
26. Callen JP, Woo TY. Vesiculopustular eruption in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:399.
27. Fenske NA, Gern JE, Pierce D, et al. Vesiculopustular eruption of ulcerative colitis. Arch Dermatol 1983;119: 664-9.
28. Barnes L, Lucky AW, Bucuvalas JC, et al. Pustular pyoderma gangrenosum associated with ulcerative colitis in childhood. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1986;15:608-14.
29. Delaporte E, Colombel JF, Nguyen-Mailfer C, et al. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis in a patient with Crohn's disease. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1992;72:301-2.
30. Marsden JR, Millard LG. Pyoderma gangrenosum, subcorneal pustular dermatosis and IgA paraproteinaemia. Br J Dermatol 1986;114:125-9.
31. Kohl PK, Hartschuh W, Tilgen W, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum followed by subcorneal pustular dermatosis in a patient with IgA paraproteinemia. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1991;24:325-8.
32. Dicken CH, Seehafer JR. Bowel bypass syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:837-9.
33. Dicken CH. Bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome: bowel bypass syndrome without bowel bypass. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1986;14:792-6.
34. Delaney TA, Clay CD, Randell PL. The bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome. Australas J Dermatol 1989; 30:23-7.
35. Van Hale H, Rogers RS, Zone JJ. Pyostomatitis vegetans: a reactive mucosal marker for inflammatory disease of the gut. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:94-8.
36. Neville BW, Smith E, Maize JC, et al. Pyostomatitis vegetans. Am J Dermatopathol 1985;7:67-77.
37. Ballo FS, Camisa C, Allen CM. Pyostomatitis vegetans. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1989;21:381-7.
38. Grob JJ, Mege JL, Prax AM, et al. Disseminated pustular dermatosis in polycythemia vera. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1988;18:1212-18.
39. Perry HO, Winkelmann RK. Bullous pyoderma gangrenosum and leukaemia. Arch Dermatol 1972;106: 901-5.
40. Ho KK-L, Otridge B, Vandenberg E, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum, polycythemia rubra vera, and the development of leukemia. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1992;27: 804-8.
41. Sweet RD. An acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Br J Dermatol 1964;76:349-56.
42. Cooper PH, Innes DJ, Greer KE. Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis and myeloproliferative disorders. Cancer 1983;51:1518-26.
43. Greer KE, Pruitt JL, Bishop GF. Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet syndrome). Arch Dermatol 1975; 111:1461-3.
44. Gonzalez-Castro U, Julia A, Pedragosa R, et al. Sweet syndrome in chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Int J Dermatol 1991;30:648-50.
45. Benton EC, Rutherford D, Hunter JA. Sweet's syndrome and pyoderma gangrenosum associated with ulcerative colitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1985;65:77-80.
46. Bechtel MA, Callen JP. Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis: Sweet's syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1981;117: 664-6.
47. Ross HJ, Moy LA, Kaplan R, et al. Bullous pyoderma gangrenosum after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment. Cancer 1991;68:441-3.
48. Von den Driesch P. Sweet's syndrome: pathogenesis and associated conditions [Letter]. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1991;25:577.
49. Callen JP. Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) and the related conditions of "Bowel Bypass" syndrome and bulous pyoderma gangrenosum. Dermatol Clin 1985;3:153-63.
50. Caughman W, Stern R, Haynes H. Neutrophilic dermatosis of myeloproliferative disorders. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1983;9:751-8.
51. Jorizzo JL, Solomon AR, Zanolli MD, et al. Neutrophilic vascular reactions. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1988;19:983-1005.
52. Yiannias JA, El-Azhary RA, Gibson LE. Erythema elevatum diutinum: a clinical and histopathologic study of 13 patients. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1992;26:38-44.
53. Wilkinson S, English JSC, Smith NP, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum: a clinicopathologic study. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:87-93.
54. Roquena L, Sanchez-Yus E, Martin L, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1819-22.
55. Dorsey JK, Penick GD. The association of hairy cell leukaemia with unusual immunologic disorders. Arch Intern Med 1982;142:902-3.
56. Buahene K, Hudson M, Mowat A, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum: an unusual association with ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:204-6.
57. Walker KD, Badame AJ. Erythema elevatum diutinum in a patient with Crohn's disease. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1990;22:948-52.
58. Planaguma M, Puig L, Alomar A, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum in association with erythema elevatum diutinum: report of two cases. Cutis 1992;49:201-6.
59. Wilson-Jones E, Winkelmann RK. Superficial granulomatous pyoderma: a localized vegetative form of pyoderma gangrenosum. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1988; 18: 511-21.
60. Quimby SR, Gibson LE, Winkelmann RK. Superficial granulomatous pyoderma: clinicopathologic spectrum. Mayo Clin Proc 1989;64:37-43.
61. Lichter MD, Welykyj SE, Gradini R, et al. Superficial granulomatous pyoderma. Int J Dermatol 1991;30:418-21.
62. Su WPD, Duncan SC, Perry HO. Blastomycosis-like pyoderma. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:170-3.
63. Brunsting LA, Underwood LJ. Pyoderma vegetans in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. Arch Dermatol 1949;60:161-72.
64. Welch KJ, Burke WA, Park HM. Pyoderma vegetans: association with diffuse T cell lymphoma (large cell type). J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1989;20:691-3.
65. Hughes BR, Cunliffe WJ. Development of folliculitis and pyoderma gangrenosum in association with abdominal pain in a patient following treatment with isotretinoin. Br J Dermatol 1990;122:683-7.
66. Ley va WH, King LE. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31:588-90.
67. Baskin LS, Dixon C, Stroller ML, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum presenting as Fournier's gangrene. J Urol 1990; 144:984-6.
68. Kemp DR. Inappropriate diagnosis of necrotizing arachnidism. Med J Aust 1990;152:669-71.
69. Massa MC, Doyle JA. Cutaneous cryptococcosis simulating pyoderma gangrenosum. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1981;5:32-6.
70. Spiers EM, Hendrick SJ, Jorizzo JL, et al. Sporotrichosis masquerading as pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:691-4.
71. Leibovitz E, Kaul A, Rigaud M, et al. Chronic varicella zoster in a child infected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report and review of the literature. Cutis 1992;49:27-31.
72. Perry HO, Brunsting LA. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a clinical study of 19 cases. Arch Dermatol 1957;75:380-6.
73. Perry HO. Pyoderma gangrenosum. South Med J 1969; 62:899-908.
74. Johnson ML, Wilson HTH. Skin lesions in ulcerative colitis. Gut 1969;10:255-63.
75. Cox NH, Peebles-Brown DA, MacKie RM. Pyoderma gangrenosum occurring 10 years after proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Br J Hosp Med 1986;36:363.
76. Samitz MH. Cutaneous vasculitis in association with ulcerative colitis. Cutis 1966;2:383-7.
77. Driessen LHHM, Van Saene HKF. A novel treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum by intestinal decontamination [Abstract]. Br J Dermatol 1983;108:108.
78. Palumbo PJ, Ward EL, Sauer WG, et al. Musculoskeletal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative and granulomatous colitis and ulcerative proctitis. Mayo Clin Proc 1973;48:411-6.
79. Stolman LP, Rosenthal D, Yaworsky R, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum and rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:1020-3.
80. Kramer N, Berman EL, Rosenstein ED. Pyoderma gangrenosum complicating Felty's syndrome. J Rheumatol 1990;17:1079-82.
81. Lazarus GS, Goldsmith LA, Rocklin RE, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum, altered delayed hypersensitivity, and polyarthritis. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:46-51.
82. Holt PJA, Davies MG, Saunders KG, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: clinical and laboratory findings in 15 patients with special reference to polyarthritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1980;59:114-33.
83. Su WPD, Liu HN. Diagnostic criteria for Sweet's syndrome. Cutis 1986;37:167-74.
84. Haim S, Friedman-Birnbaum R, Better OS, et al. Skin complications in immunosuppressed patients: follow-up of kidney recepients. Br J Dermatol 1973;89:169-73.
85. Marcussen PV. Hypogammaglobulinemia in pyoderma gangrenosum. J Invest Dermatol 1955;24:275-0.
86. Bundino S, Zina AM. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with selective hereditary IgA deficiency. Dermatologica 1984;168:230-2.
87. Barrière H, Litoux P, Stalder J-F, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: Au cours d'une hypogammaglobulinèmie congénitale. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1979;106:695-6.
88. Berbis P, Mège JL, Capo C, et al. Hyperimmunoglobulin E and impaired neutrophil functions in a case of pyoderma gangrenosum: effect of clofazamine [Letter]. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1988;18:574-6.
89. Deescluse J, De Bast CL, Achten G. Pyoderma gangrenosum with altered cellular immunity and dermonecrotic factor. Br J Dermatol 1972;87:529-32.
90. Asghar SS, Bos JD, Kammeijlier A, et al. Immunologic and biochemical studies on a patient with pyoderma gangrenosum. Int J Dermatol 1984;23:112-6.
91. Jacobs JC, Goetzl EJ. "Streaking leucocyte factor", arthritis, and pyoderma gangrenosum. Pediatrics 1975; 56:570-8.
92. Nerella P, Daniela A, Guido M, et al. Leukocyte chemotaxis and pyoderma gangrenosum. Int J Dermatol 1985; 24:45-7.
93. Norris DA, Weston WL, Thorne G, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: abnormal monocyte function corrected in vitro with hydrocortisone. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:906-11.
94. Brandt L, Gärtner I, Nilsson PG, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with regional enteritis: improvement in defective granulocyte function and healing of skin lesions during administration of clofazimine. Acta Med Scand 1977;201:141-4.
95. Dick DC, MacKie RM, Patrick WJA, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum in infancy. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1982;62:348-50.
96. Bentley-Phillips CB, Cooper RC, Hallett AF. Pharmacological modulation of neutrophil phagocytic function in a patient with recurrent sepsis, pyoderma gangrenosum and impaired phagocytosis. Br J Dermatol 1982;106:687-95.
97. Van de Kerkhof PCM, Weemaes CMR. Skin manifestations in congenital deficiency of leukocyte-adherence glycoproteins (CDLG). Br J Dermatol 1990;123:395-401.
98. Van de Kerkhof PCM, Vaan GAM, Holland R. Pyoderma gangrenosum in acute myeloid leukemia during immunosuppression. Eur J Pediatr 1988;148:34-6.
99. Blanc D, Schreiber M, Racadot E, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum in an allogenic bone marrow transplant recipient. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989;14:376-9.
100. Check IJ, Ellington EP, Moreland A, et al. T Helper-suppressor cell imbalance in pyoderma gangrenosum with relapsing polychondritis and corneal keratolysis. Am J Clin Pathol 1983;80:396-9.
101. Long CC, Jessop J, Young M, et al. Minimizing the risk of post-operative pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:45-8.
102. Powell FC, Schroeter AL, Su WPD, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum and monoclonal gammopathy. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:468-72.
103. Schröpl F. Dermatitis ulcerosa (pyoderma gangrenosum) mit IgA paraproteinämie. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 1976; 228:430-7.
104. Möller H, Waldenström JG, Kettervall O. Pyoderma gangrenosum (dermatitis ulcerosa) and monoclonal (IgA) globulin healed after melphalan treatment. Acta Med Scand 1978;203:293-6.
105. Jablonska S, Stachon A, Dabrowska H. Rapports entre la pyodermite gangreneuse et le myélome. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 1967;94:121-32.
106. Sánchez YE, Cabré J. "Pyoderma gangrenosum" (P.G.) con mieloma IgA lambda y defcit de la immunidad celular. Actas Dermosifiligr 1980;71:35-40.
107. Van Epps DE, Williams RC Jr. Suppression of leukocyte chemotaxis by IgA myeloma components. J Exp Med 1976;144:1227-42.
108. Duguid CM, Powell FC. Pyoderma gangrenosum. Clin Dermatol 1993;11:129-33.
109. Gilman AL, Cohen BA, Urbach AH, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum as a manifestation of leukemia in childhood. Paediatrics 1988;81:846-8.
110. Carsuzaa F, Pierre C, Dubegny M. Pyoderma gangrenosum et haemopathie a IgA: association a une gastrite atrophique. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1989;116:707-13.
111. Chevrant-Breton J, Logeais B, Pibouin N. "Pyoderma gangrenosum" (pyodermite phagédénique). Ann Dermatol Venerol 1989;116:577-89.
112. Torroalbo A, Herrero JA, Del-Rio E, et al. Sweet's syndrome associated with multiple myeloma [Letter]. Int J Dermatol 1992;31:297-8.
113. Jacobs P, Palmer S, Gordon-Smith EC. Pyoderma gangrenosum in myelodysplasia and acute leukemia. Postgrad Med J 1985;61:689-94.
114. Transactions of the Michigan Dermatological Society. Pyoderma gangrenosum and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 1974;109:269.
115. Mahood JM, Sneddon IB. Pyoderma gangrenosum complicating non-Hodgkin' s lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 1980; 102:233-5.
116. Kitahama A, Roland PY, Kerstein MD. Pyoderma gangrenosum with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested as lower extremity ulcers: case reports. Angiology 1991;42: 498-503.
117. Lee SS, Biro L, Price E. Pyoderma gangrenosum with carcinoid tumor. Cutis 1976;18:791-4.
118. Cole HGH, Nelson RL, Peters MS. Pyoderma gangrenosum and adrenocortical carcinoma. Cutis 1989;44:205-8.
119. Byrne JPH, Hewitt M, Summerly R. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with chronic active hepatitis: report of two cases. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:1297-301.
120. Burns DA, Sarkany I. Active chronic hepatitis and pyoderma gangrenosum: report of a case. Clin Exp Dermatol 1979;4:465-9.
121. Marshall AW, Slonim JM, Smallwood RA, et al. The association of chronic active hepatitis with pyoderma gangrenosum. Aust N Z J Med 1978;8:656-8.
122. Powell FC, Schroeter AL, Su WPD, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum and sarcoidosis. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:959-60.
123. Philpot JA, Goltz RW, Park RK. Pyoderma gangrenosum, rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:46-51.
124. Olson K. Pyoderma gangrenosum with systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1971;51: 233-4.
125. Hidano A, Watanabe K. Pyoderma gangrenosum and cardiovasculopathies, particularly Takayasu arteritis. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1981;108:13-21.
126. Percival GH. Pyoderma gangrenosum: the histology of the primary lesion. Br J Dermatol 1957;69:130-6.
127. Van der Sluis I. Two cases of pyoderma (erthyma) gangrenosum associated with the presence of an abnormal serum protein-β2A-paraprotein): with a review of the literature. Dermatologica 1966;132:409-24.
128. Samitz MH, Dana AS Jr, Rozenberg P. Cutaneous vasculitis in association with Crohn's disease. Cutis 1970; 6:51.
129. Thompson DM, Main RA, Beck JS, et al. Studies on a patient with leukocytoclastic vasculitis "pyoderma gangrenosum" and paraproteinemia. Br J Dermatol 1973; 88:117-25.
130. Bishopric GA, Bracken JS. Pyoderma gangrenosum as the presenting sign of regional enteritis. South Med J 1964;57:675.
131. Dantzig PI. Pyoderma gangrenosum. N Engl J Med 1975; 292:47-8.
132. Su WPD, Schroeter AL, Perry HO, et al. Histopathologic and immunopathologic study of pyoderma gangrenosum. J Cutan Pathol 1986;13:323-30.
133. Hurwitz RM, Haseman JH. The evolution of pyoderma gangrenosum: a clinicopathologic correlation. Am J Dermatopathol 1993;15:28-33.
134. Powell FC, Schroeter AL, Perry HO, et al. Direct immunofluorescence in pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol 1983;108:287-93.
135. Ullman S, Halberg P, Howitz J. Deposits of complement and immunoglobulins in vessel walls in pyoderma gangrenosum. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1982;62:340-1.
136. Lynch WS, Bergfeld WF. Pyoderma gangrenosum responsive to minocycline hydrochloride. Cutis 1978;21: 535-8.
137. Ayres S, Ayres S. Pyoderma gangrenosum with an unusual syndrome of ulcers, vesicles and arthritis. Arch Dermatol 1958;77:269-78.
138. Jorizzo JL, Apisarnthanarax P, Subit P, et al. Bowel-bypass syndrome without bowel bypass: bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143:457-61.
139. Duguid CM, Otridge B, Powell FC. Herpetiform Sweet's syndrome and leukemia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol 1995;5:279-84.
140. Philips TJ, Bigby M, Bercovith L. Cultured allografts as an adjunct to the medical treatment of problematic leg ulcers. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:799-801.
141. Gardner LW, Acker DW. Triamcinolone and pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1972;106:559-60.
142. De Cock KM, Thorne MG. The treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with sodium cromoglycate. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:231-3.
143. Cave DR, Burakoff R. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with ulcerative colitis: treatment with disodium cromoglycate. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82:802-4.
144. Smith KC, Su WPD, Leiferman KM. Cromolyn sodium in 2% aqueous solution under an occlusive hydrocolloid dressing may be effective adjunctive treatment in management of pyoderma gangrenosum [Letter]. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1987;17:509-11.
145. Nguyen LQ, Weiner J. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with benzoyl peroxide. Cutis 1977;19:842-4.
146. Wyrick WJ, Mader JT, Butler ME, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1232-3.
147. Wasserten V, Bruce S, Sessoms SL, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Int J Dermatol 1992;31:594-6.
148. Davis JC, Landeen JM, Levine RA. Pyoderma gangrenosum: skin grafting after preparation with hyperbaric oxygen. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987;79:200-6.
149. August PJ, Wells GC. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with azatnioprine and prednisolone. Br J Dermatol 1974; 91(suppl 10):80-2.
150. Pinto GM, Cabeças MA, Riscado M, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: response to pulse steroid therapy. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1991;24:818-21.
151. Altman J, Mopper C. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with sulfone drugs. Minn Med 1966;49:22-6.
152. Lovett GW, Field JP, King LE. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with clofazimine. J Term Med Assoc 1981; 74:567-8.
153. Kark EC, Davis BR. Clofazamine treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum [Letter]. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1981; 5: 346-8.
154. Kaplan B, Trau H, Sofer E, et al. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with clofazimine. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31:591-3.
155. Reynolds NJ, Peachy RD. Response of atypical bullous pyoderma gangrenosum to oral minocycline hydrochloride and topical steroids. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1990;70:538-9.
156. Breathnach SM, Wells GC, Valdimarsson H. Idiopathic pyoderma gangrenosum and impaired lymphocyte function: failure of azathioprine and corticosteroid therapy. Br J Dermatol 1981;104:567-73.
157. Callen JP, Case JD, Sager D. Chlorambucil - an effective corticosteroid-sparing therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1989;21:515-9.
158. Newell LM, Malkinson FD. Pyoderma gangrenosum: response to cyclophosphamide therapy. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:495-7.
159. Curley RK, MacFarlane AW, Vickers CFH. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with cyclosporin A. Br J Dermatol 1985;113:601-4.
160. O'Donnell B, Powell FC. Cyclosporine treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1991;24: 141-3.
161. Elgart G, Stover P, Larson K, et al. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporine: results in seven patients. J AM ACAD DERMATOL 1991;24:83-6.
162. Matis WL, Ellis CN, Griffiths CEM, et al. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporine. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1060-4.
163. Mrowietz U, Christophers E. Clearing of pyoderma gangrenosum by intralesional cyclosporin A. Dermatology 1992;184:499.
164. Abu-Elmagd K, Jerasothy BV, Ackerman CD, et al. Efficacy of FK 506 in the treatment of recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum. Transplant Proc 1991;23:3328-9.
165. Beurey J, Canton PH, Weber M, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum cervical: traitment par échanges plasmatiques. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1982;109:455-9.
166. Venencie PY, Saurat J-H. Pyoderma gangrenosum chez un enfant. Ann Pediatr 1982;29:67-9.
167. Horton JJ, Trounce JR, MacDonald DM. Bullous pyoderma gangrenosum and multiple myeloma. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:227-30.
168. Talawsky AL, Meyer S, Greenstein AJ. Does intestinal resection heal the pyoderma gangrenosum of inflammatory bowel disease? J Clin Gastroenterol 1983;5:207-10.