Toxic effects on bacterial metabolism of the redox dye 5-cyano-2,3- ditolyl tetrazolium chloride

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 62, Issue 12, 1996, Pages 4587-4593

  Ullrich, S ^a   Karrasch, B ^b   Hoppe, H G ^a   Jeskulke, K ^a   Mehrens, M ^b  

^a GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^b HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH UFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DYE; GLUCOSE; SULFANILAMIDE; TETRAZOLIUM; THYMIDINE;

ARTICLE; AUTORADIOGRAPHY; BACTERIAL COUNT; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; BIOASSAY; CONTROLLED STUDY; LUMINESCENCE; NONHUMAN; TOXICITY;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 0029958586     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.12.4587-4593.1996     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Aristegui, J., and M. F. Montero. 1995. The relationship between community respiration and ETS activity in the ocean. J. Plankton Res. 17:1563-1571.
2. Beckman. 1982. Microtox system operating manual. Beckman Instructions no. 015-555 879. Beckman Instruments, Inc., Microbics Operations, Carlsbad, Calif.
3. Bulich, A. A., M. W. Greene, and D. L. Isenberg. 1981. The reliability of luminescence assay tor the determination of toxicity of pure compounds and complex effluents, p. 338-347. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology. American Society for Testing and Materials publication no. 737. American Society for Testing and Materials, Villanova, Pa.
4. Carman, K. R. 1993. Microauturadiographic detection of microbial activity, p. 397-403. In P. F. Kemp, B. F. Sherr, E. B. Sheer, and J. J. Cole (ed.), Handbook of methods in aquatic microbial ecology. Levis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fla.
5. Coallier, J., M. Prevost, and A. Rompre. 1994. The optimization and application of two direct viable count methods tor bacteria in distributed drinking water. Can J. Microbiol. 40:830-836.
6. Ducklow, H. W., and C. A. Carlson. 1992. Oceanic bacterial production. Adv. Microb. Ecol. 12:113-181.
7. Dufour, P., and M. Colon. 1992. The tetrazolium reduction method for assessing the viability of individual bacterial cells in aquatic environments: improvements, performance and applications. Hydrobiologia 232:211-218.
8. Dutton, R. J., G. Bitton, and B. Koopman. 1983. Malachite green-INT (MINT) for determining active bacteria in sewage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:1263-1267.
9. Epstein, S. S., and J. Rossel. 1995. Methodology of in situ grazing experiments: evaluation of a new vital dye for preparation of fluorescently labeled bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 128:143-150
10. Fuhrmann, J. A., and F. Azam. 1980. Bacterioplankton secondary production for coastal waters of British Columbia, Antarctica, and California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:1085-1095.
11. Gahan, P. B., and M. Kalina. 1968. The use of tetrazolium salts in the histochemical demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase activity in plant tissues. Histochemie 14:81-88.
12. Gasol, J. M., P. A. del Giorgio, R. Massana, and C. M. Duarte. 1995. Active versus inactive bacteria: size-dependence in a coastal marine plankton community. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 128:91-97.
13. Gocke, K. 1977. Comparison of methods for determining the turnover times of dissolved organic compounds. Mar. Biol. 42:131-141.
14. Hobbie, J. E., R. J. Daley, and S. Jasper. 1977. Use of Nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:1225-1228.
15. Hoppe, H.-G. 1976. Determination and properties of actively metabolizing heterotrophic bacteria in the sea, investigated by means of micro-autoradiography. Mar. Biol. 36:291-302.
16. Hoppe, H.-G. 1978. Relations between active bacteria and heterotrophic potential in the sea. Neth. J. Sea Res. 12:78-98.
17. Hurst, C. J., J. C. Blannon, R. L. Hardaway, and W. C. Jackson. 1994. Differential effect of tetrazolium dyes upon bacteriophage plaque assay titers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3462-3465.
18. Kenner, R. A., and S. I. Ahmed. 1975. Measurement of electron transport activities in marine phytoplankton. Mar. Biol. 33:119-127.
19. King, L. K., and B. C. Parker. 1988. A simple, rapid method for enumerating total viable and metabolically active bacteria in groundwater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1630-1631.
20. Kogure, K., U. Simidu, and N. Taga. 1978. A tentative direct microscopic method for counting living marine bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 25:415-420.
21. Lester, R. L., and A. L. Smith. 1961. Studies on the electron transport system. 28. The mode of reduction of tetrazolium salts by beef heart mitochondria: role of coenzyme Q and other lipids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 47:475-496.
22. Maki, J. S., and C. C. Remsen. 1981. Comparison of two direct-count methods for determining metabolizing bacteria in freshwater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:1132-1138.
23. Meyer-Reil, L.-A. 1978. Autoradiography and epifluorescence microscopy combined for the determination of number and spectrum of actively metabolizing bacteria in natural waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:506-512.
24. Novitski, J. A., and R. Y. Morita. 1977. Survival of a psychrophilic marine vibrio under long-term nutrient starvation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33: 635-641.
25. Packard, T. T. 1971. The measurement of respiratory electron transport activity in marine plankton. J. Mar. Res. 29:235-244.
26. Peele, E. R., and R. R. Colwell. 1981. Application of a direct microscopic method for enumeration of substrate-responsive marine bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 27:1071-1075.
27. Polyscience, Inc. 1993. CTC 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride. Data sheet 486. Polyscience, Inc., Warrington, Pa.
28. Pyle, B. H., S. C. Broadaway, and G. A. McFeters. 1995 A rapid, direct method for enumerating respiring enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2614-2619.
29. Pyle, B. H., S. C. Broadaway, and G. A. McFeters. 1995. Factors affecting the determination of respiratory activity on the basis of cyanoditolyl tetrazolium chloride reduction with membrane filtration. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 4304-4309.
30. Rodriguez, G. G., D. Phipps, K. Ishiguro, and H. F. Ridgway. 1992. Use of a fluorescent redox probe for direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1801-1808.
31. Roslev, P., and G. M. King. 1993. Application of a tetrazolium salt with a water-soluble formazan as an indicator of viability in respiring bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2891-2896.
32. Savenkoff, C., T. T. Packard, M. Rodier, M. Gérino, D. Lefefre, and M. Denis. 1995. Relative contribution of dehydrogenases to overall respiratory ETS activity in some marine organisms. J. Plankton Res. 17:1593-1604.
33. Schaule, G., H.-C. Flemming, and H. F. Ridgway. 1993. Use of 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride for quantifying planktonic and sessile respiring bacteria in drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3850-3857.
34. Severin, E., J. Stellmach, and H. M. Nachtigal. 1985. Fluorimetric assay of redox activity in cells. Anal. Chim. Acta 170:341-346.
35. Smith, J. J., J. P. Howington, and G. A. McFeters. 1994. Survival, physiological response, and recovery of enteric bacteria exposed to a polar marine environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2977-2984.
36. 3H]thymidine incorporation with freshwater bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2213-2219.
37. Stellmach, J. 1984. Fluorescent redox dyes. 1. Production of fluorescent formazan by unstimulated and phorbol ester or digitonin-stimulated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Histochem. J. 80:137-143.
38. Stellmach, J., and E. Severin. 1987. Fluorescent redox dye: influence of several substrates and electron carriers on the tetrazolium salt-formazan of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Histochem. J. 19:21-26.
39. Stevenson, L. H. 1978. A case of bacterial dormancy in aquatic systems. Microb. Ecol. 4:127-133.
40. Tabor, P. S., and R. A. Neihof. 1982. Improved method for determination of respiring individual microorganisms in natural waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1249-1255.
41. Thingstad, T. F. 1987. Analyzing the "microbial loop." Experimental and mathematical model studies of interactions between heterotrophic bacteria and their trophic neighbours in pelagic food webs. Ph.D. Dissertation, part 1. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
42. Thom, S. M., R. W. Horobin, E. Seidler, and M. R. Barer. 1993. Factors affecting the selection and use of tetrazolium salts as cytochemical indicators of microbial viability and activity. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 74:433-443.
43. Winding, A., S. J. Binnerup, and J. Sørensen. 1994. Viability of indigenous soil bacteria assayed by respiratory activity and growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2869-2875.
44. Yu, F. P., and G. A. McFeters. 1994. Physiological responses of bacteria in biofilms to disinfection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2462-2466.
45. Yu, W., W. K. Dodds, M. K. Banks, J. Skalsky, and E. A. Strauss. 1995. Optimal staining and sample storage time for direct microscopic enumeration of total and active bacteria in soil with two fluorescent dyes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3367-3372.
46. Zimmermann, R. 1977. Estimation of bacterial number and biomass by epifluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, p. 103-120. In G. Rheinheimer (ed.), Microbial ecology of a brackish water environment. Ecological studies, vol. 25, Springer Verlag, New York.
47. Zimmermann, R., R. Iturriaga, and J. Becker-Birck. 1978. Simultaneous determination of the total number of aquatic bacteria and the number thereof involved in respiration. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:926-935.
48. ZoBell, E. 1946. Marine microbiology. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Mass.