Democracy and the military: An epitaph for Frankenstein's monster?

Democratization

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 1-16

  Luckham, Robin ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; DEMOCRATISATION; MILITARY ROLE;

EID: 0029956709     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510349608403464     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. C. Tilly, 'War and the Power of Warmakers in Western Europe and Elsewhere 1600-1980', in P. Wallenstein (ed.), Global Militarization (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985).
2. S.P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil Military Relations (New York: Vintage Books, 1957).
3. S.N. Sangmpam, 'Neither Soft Nor Dead: the African State is Alive and Well', African Studies Review, Vol.36, No.2 (1993).
4. For seminal statements of the 'political order', 'bureaucratic-authoritarian' and 'developmental' state theses respectively, see S.P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), G. O'Donnell, 'Reflections on Patterns of Change in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State', Latin American Research Review, Vol.13, No.1 (1978), pp.3-38, and A.J. Gregor, Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).
5. For seminal statements of the 'political order', 'bureaucratic-authoritarian' and 'developmental' state theses respectively, see S.P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), G. O'Donnell, 'Reflections on Patterns of Change in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State', Latin American Research Review, Vol.13, No.1 (1978), pp.3-38, and A.J. Gregor, Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).
6. For seminal statements of the 'political order', 'bureaucratic-authoritarian' and 'developmental' state theses respectively, see S.P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), G. O'Donnell, 'Reflections on Patterns of Change in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State', Latin American Research Review, Vol.13, No.1 (1978), pp.3-38, and A.J. Gregor, Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).
7. An influential US policy document on these links was Commission on Security and Economic Assistance, A Report to the Secretary of State (Washington, DC, 1983). See also the writer's own critiques of French and US Third World military policies during this period: R. Luckham, 'French Militarism in Africa', Review of African Political Economy, Vol.24 (1982), pp.55-84; and R. Luckham, American Militarism and the Third World: The End of the Cold War?, Working Paper No.94 (Canberra: Peace Research Centre, Australian National University, 1990).
8. An influential US policy document on these links was Commission on Security and Economic Assistance, A Report to the Secretary of State (Washington, DC, 1983). See also the writer's own critiques of French and US Third World military policies during this period: R. Luckham, 'French Militarism in Africa', Review of African Political Economy, Vol.24 (1982), pp.55-84; and R. Luckham, American Militarism and the Third World: The End of the Cold War?, Working Paper No.94 (Canberra: Peace Research Centre, Australian National University, 1990).
9. An influential US policy document on these links was Commission on Security and Economic Assistance, A Report to the Secretary of State (Washington, DC, 1983). See also the writer's own critiques of French and US Third World military policies during this period: R. Luckham, 'French Militarism in Africa', Review of African Political Economy, Vol.24 (1982), pp.55-84; and R. Luckham, American Militarism and the Third World: The End of the Cold War?, Working Paper No.94 (Canberra: Peace Research Centre, Australian National University, 1990).
10. For sceptical views of this thesis, see R.L. Jeffries, 'The State, Structural Adjustment and Good Government in Africa', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol.31, No.1 (1993), pp.20-35 and A Leftwich, 'Governance, Democracy and Development in the Third World', Third World Quarterly, Vol.14, No.3 (1993), pp.605-24.
11. For sceptical views of this thesis, see R.L. Jeffries, 'The State, Structural Adjustment and Good Government in Africa', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol.31, No.1 (1993), pp.20-35 and A Leftwich, 'Governance, Democracy and Development in the Third World', Third World Quarterly, Vol.14, No.3 (1993), pp.605-24.
12. See M. Robinson, 'Economic Reform and Transitions to Democracy', in R. Luckham and G. White (eds.), Democratisation in the South: the Jagged Wave, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996 forthcoming).
13. I prefer the former term, (derived from R. Sklar, 'Developmental Democracy', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.29, No.4 (1987), and to construe 'liberalisation' more narrowly, to refer to increases in constitutionally and legally protected rights and freedoms.
14. G. O'Donnell and P. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1986), p.4.
15. A. Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), Ch.2.
16. This analysis is developed more fully in R. Luckham, 'The Military, Militarization and Democratization in Africa: A Survey of the Literature and Issues', African Studies Review, Vol.37, No.2 (1994), pp.21-2 and 34-9.
17. A. Stepan, 'The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion', in Authoritarian Brazil (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973), Ch.2.
18. See R. Luckham, 'Dilemmas of Military Disengagement and Democratisation in Africa', IDS Bulletin. Vol.26, No.2 (1995), pp.49-61.
19. G. O'Donnell and P. Schmitter, Transitions, is an influential attempt to model Latin American transitions and A. Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) is a more rigorous formalization, based on bargaining models.
20. G. O'Donnell and P. Schmitter, Transitions, is an influential attempt to model Latin American transitions and A. Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) is a more rigorous formalization, based on bargaining models.
21. G. O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol.5, No.1 (1994), pp.55-69, and F.C. Weffort, 'What is a New Democracy?', International Social Science Journal, No.136, May 1993 for instance, make a further distinction between liberal and what they call 'delegative' democracy, where the executive has a plebiscitatory relationship to the mass of citizens, and is insufficiently accountable to other democratic institutions. Delegative democracies, they argue, may in certain respects be more democratic than liberal democracies, but are normally less liberal.
22. G. O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol.5, No.1 (1994), pp.55-69, and F.C. Weffort, 'What is a New Democracy?', International Social Science Journal, No.136, May 1993 for instance, make a further distinction between liberal and what they call 'delegative' democracy, where the executive has a plebiscitatory relationship to the mass of citizens, and is insufficiently accountable to other democratic institutions. Delegative democracies, they argue, may in certain respects be more democratic than liberal democracies, but are normally less liberal.
23. See D. Goldsworthy, 'Civilian Control of the Military in Black Africa', African Affairs, Vol.8, No.80 (1981), pp.49-74 and 'Armies and Politics in Civilian Regimes', in S. Baynham (ed.), Military Power and Politics in Black Africa, (London: Croom Helm, 1986); and S. Decalo, 'Modalities of Civilian-Military Stability in Africa', Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.27, No.4 (1989), pp.547-78 and 'Towards Understanding the Sources of Stable Civilian Rule in Black Africa: 1960-1990', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol.10, No.1 (1991), pp.66-83.
24. See D. Goldsworthy, 'Civilian Control of the Military in Black Africa', African Affairs, Vol.8, No.80 (1981), pp.49-74 and 'Armies and Politics in Civilian Regimes', in S. Baynham (ed.), Military Power and Politics in Black Africa, (London: Croom Helm, 1986); and S. Decalo, 'Modalities of Civilian-Military Stability in Africa', Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.27, No.4 (1989), pp.547-78 and 'Towards Understanding the Sources of Stable Civilian Rule in Black Africa: 1960-1990', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol.10, No.1 (1991), pp.66-83.
25. See D. Goldsworthy, 'Civilian Control of the Military in Black Africa', African Affairs, Vol.8, No.80 (1981), pp.49-74 and 'Armies and Politics in Civilian Regimes', in S. Baynham (ed.), Military Power and Politics in Black Africa, (London: Croom Helm, 1986); and S. Decalo, 'Modalities of Civilian-Military Stability in Africa', Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.27, No.4 (1989), pp.547-78 and 'Towards Understanding the Sources of Stable Civilian Rule in Black Africa: 1960-1990', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol.10, No.1 (1991), pp.66-83.
26. See D. Goldsworthy, 'Civilian Control of the Military in Black Africa', African Affairs, Vol.8, No.80 (1981), pp.49-74 and 'Armies and Politics in Civilian Regimes', in S. Baynham (ed.), Military Power and Politics in Black Africa, (London: Croom Helm, 1986); and S. Decalo, 'Modalities of Civilian-Military Stability in Africa', Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.27, No.4 (1989), pp.547-78 and 'Towards Understanding the Sources of Stable Civilian Rule in Black Africa: 1960-1990', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol.10, No.1 (1991), pp.66-83.
27. R. Luckham, 1994, 'The Military, Militarization and Democratization in Africa', pp.26-34.
28. Sierra Leone was the sole exception, where an army revolt from the ranks in 1968 paved the way for an elected government (that of President Siaka Stevens) which then turned itself into a civilian autocracy, only for the country to come under military rule again in 1992.
29. For conceptualisations of these respective forms of democracy, see D. Rueschemeyer and J. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), K.L. Remmer, 'Exclusionary Democracy', Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol.20, No.4 (1985-6), B. Gills, J Rocamora and R. Wilson (eds.), Low Intensity Democracy: Political Power in the New World Order, (London: Pluto Press, 1983) and G. O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol.5, No.1 (1994), pp.55-69.
30. For conceptualisations of these respective forms of democracy, see D. Rueschemeyer and J. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), K.L. Remmer, 'Exclusionary Democracy', Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol.20, No.4 (1985-6), B. Gills, J Rocamora and R. Wilson (eds.), Low Intensity Democracy: Political Power in the New World Order, (London: Pluto Press, 1983) and G. O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol.5, No.1 (1994), pp.55-69.
31. For conceptualisations of these respective forms of democracy, see D. Rueschemeyer and J. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), K.L. Remmer, 'Exclusionary Democracy', Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol.20, No.4 (1985-6), B. Gills, J Rocamora and R. Wilson (eds.), Low Intensity Democracy: Political Power in the New World Order, (London: Pluto Press, 1983) and G. O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol.5, No.1 (1994), pp.55-69.
32. For conceptualisations of these respective forms of democracy, see D. Rueschemeyer and J. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), K.L. Remmer, 'Exclusionary Democracy', Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol.20, No.4 (1985-6), B. Gills, J Rocamora and R. Wilson (eds.), Low Intensity Democracy: Political Power in the New World Order, (London: Pluto Press, 1983) and G. O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol.5, No.1 (1994), pp.55-69.
33. Table 1 is adapted from D. Pion-Berlin, 'Military Autonomy and Emerging Democracies in South American', Comparative Politics, Vol.25, No.1 (1992), pp.83-102; A. Stephen, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), Chs.3 and 7; and Z. Zaverucha, 'The Degree of Military Autonomy During the Spanish, Argentinian and Brazilian Transitions', Journal of Latin American Studies. Vol.25, No.2 (1993), pp.283-300.
34. Table 1 is adapted from D. Pion-Berlin, 'Military Autonomy and Emerging Democracies in South American', Comparative Politics, Vol.25, No.1 (1992), pp.83-102; A. Stephen, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), Chs.3 and 7; and Z. Zaverucha, 'The Degree of Military Autonomy During the Spanish, Argentinian and Brazilian Transitions', Journal of Latin American Studies. Vol.25, No.2 (1993), pp.283-300.
35. Table 1 is adapted from D. Pion-Berlin, 'Military Autonomy and Emerging Democracies in South American', Comparative Politics, Vol.25, No.1 (1992), pp.83-102; A. Stephen, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), Chs.3 and 7; and Z. Zaverucha, 'The Degree of Military Autonomy During the Spanish, Argentinian and Brazilian Transitions', Journal of Latin American Studies. Vol.25, No.2 (1993), pp.283-300.