Iran's development: Evaluation and challenges

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 123-148

  Amirahmadi, Hooshang ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING; PLANNING;

IRAN;

EID: 0029956692     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599650035815     Document Type: Review

References (33)

1. The Iranian solar calendar year, which starts on March 21, has been converted to the Gregorian calendar by adding 621 to the solar year. Thus, the Iranian year 1369, which corresponds to the period 21 March 1990 through 20 March 1991, is equated with 1990, and so on for other solar years. Another factor to consider is the exchange rate between the Iranian rial and the US dollar. In 1994, the rate was some IR2650 to a dollar. The rate, however, fluctuates, sometimes wildly.
2. For a comprehensive examination of the Iranian economy see Hooshang Amirahmadi, Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990; Amirahmadi, 'Economic destruction and imbalances in post-revolutionary Iran' and 'Iranian economic reconstruction plan and prospects for its success', both in Hooshang Amirahmadi & Nader Entessar (eds), Reconstruction and Regional Diplomacy in the Persian Gulf, London: Routledge, 1992; Amirahmadi, 'Economic reconstruction of Iran: costing the war damage', Third World Quarterly, 12 (1), 1990, pp 26-47; and Jahangir Amuzegar, Iran's Economy Under the Islamic Republic, New York: IB Tauris, 1993. See also Massoud Karshenas & M Hashem Pesaran, 'Economic reform and the reconstruction of the Iranian economy', The Middle East Journal 49 (1), 1995, pp 89-111.
3. For a comprehensive examination of the Iranian economy see Hooshang Amirahmadi, Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990; Amirahmadi, 'Economic destruction and imbalances in post-revolutionary Iran' and 'Iranian economic reconstruction plan and prospects for its success', both in Hooshang Amirahmadi & Nader Entessar (eds), Reconstruction and Regional Diplomacy in the Persian Gulf, London: Routledge, 1992; Amirahmadi, 'Economic reconstruction of Iran: costing the war damage', Third World Quarterly, 12 (1), 1990, pp 26-47; and Jahangir Amuzegar, Iran's Economy Under the Islamic Republic, New York: IB Tauris, 1993. See also Massoud Karshenas & M Hashem Pesaran, 'Economic reform and the reconstruction of the Iranian economy', The Middle East Journal 49 (1), 1995, pp 89-111.
4. For a comprehensive examination of the Iranian economy see Hooshang Amirahmadi, Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990; Amirahmadi, 'Economic destruction and imbalances in post-revolutionary Iran' and 'Iranian economic reconstruction plan and prospects for its success', both in Hooshang Amirahmadi & Nader Entessar (eds), Reconstruction and Regional Diplomacy in the Persian Gulf, London: Routledge, 1992; Amirahmadi, 'Economic reconstruction of Iran: costing the war damage', Third World Quarterly, 12 (1), 1990, pp 26-47; and Jahangir Amuzegar, Iran's Economy Under the Islamic Republic, New York: IB Tauris, 1993. See also Massoud Karshenas & M Hashem Pesaran, 'Economic reform and the reconstruction of the Iranian economy', The Middle East Journal 49 (1), 1995, pp 89-111.
5. For a comprehensive examination of the Iranian economy see Hooshang Amirahmadi, Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990; Amirahmadi, 'Economic destruction and imbalances in post-revolutionary Iran' and 'Iranian economic reconstruction plan and prospects for its success', both in Hooshang Amirahmadi & Nader Entessar (eds), Reconstruction and Regional Diplomacy in the Persian Gulf, London: Routledge, 1992; Amirahmadi, 'Economic reconstruction of Iran: costing the war damage', Third World Quarterly, 12 (1), 1990, pp 26-47; and Jahangir Amuzegar, Iran's Economy Under the Islamic Republic, New York: IB Tauris, 1993. See also Massoud Karshenas & M Hashem Pesaran, 'Economic reform and the reconstruction of the Iranian economy', The Middle East Journal 49 (1), 1995, pp 89-111.
6. For a comprehensive examination of the Iranian economy see Hooshang Amirahmadi, Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990; Amirahmadi, 'Economic destruction and imbalances in post-revolutionary Iran' and 'Iranian economic reconstruction plan and prospects for its success', both in Hooshang Amirahmadi & Nader Entessar (eds), Reconstruction and Regional Diplomacy in the Persian Gulf, London: Routledge, 1992; Amirahmadi, 'Economic reconstruction of Iran: costing the war damage', Third World Quarterly, 12 (1), 1990, pp 26-47; and Jahangir Amuzegar, Iran's Economy Under the Islamic Republic, New York: IB Tauris, 1993. See also Massoud Karshenas & M Hashem Pesaran, 'Economic reform and the reconstruction of the Iranian economy', The Middle East Journal 49 (1), 1995, pp 89-111.
7. 'Gozaresh-e Rais-e Sazman-e Barnameh [va Boudgeh] az Etlaf-e Manabe'a Mali' (The Report of the Director of the Plan [and Budget] Organisation about the wasteful use of Financial Resources), Hamshahri daily, 1 Mordad 1373 (1994), p 4.
8. See the statements by Morteza Nabavi, Tehran's Representative to the Parliament, in Kayhan daily, 11 Mordad 1373 (1994), p 7.
9. For example, see Sa'id Lailaz, 'Saderat-e Ghair-e Nafti dar Negahi Digar' [non-oil exports in a different perspective], Ettela'at-e Siasi va Eqtesadi, 53-54, Bahman and Esfand 1370 (1991), pp 80-82.
10. See Alinaqi Mashayekhi, 'Barnameh-e Avval-e Touse'ah: Dastavardha va Kastiha' [The First Development Plan: achievements and shortcomings], Hamshahri daily, 30 Shahrivar 1372 (1993), p 10.
11. See 'Ta'mmoli dar Bare-he Seminar-e Jam'iyat va Touse'ah' [A retrospective view of the seminar on population and development], Ettela'at daily, 6 Mordad 1372 (1993), p 2.
12. See Gozaresh-e Eqtesadi-ye Sal-e 1371 [The Economic Report of the Year 1992], Plan and Budget Organisation, 1373 (1994).
13. On the government's population policy in the years preceding the First Plan, see Hooshang Amirahmadi and Fereydoun Nikpour, 'Roshd-e Jam'iyat va Touse'ah-e Eqtesadi va Ejtema'i [Population growth and economic and social development], Ettela'at-e Siasi va Eqtesadi, 40, day 1369 (1990), pp 47-57.
14. See Mohammad Hosain Adeli, former Governor of the Central Bank, 'Gozaresh-e Seey-o Chaharomin Ejlas-e Salaneh-e Bank-e Markazi-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran' [The Report of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran], Kayhan daily, 23 Mordad 1373 (1994) p 2.
15. See Mashayekhi, 'Barnameh-e Avval-e Touse'ah'.
16. Mohammad Mehdi Rezaii, Tahavoulat-e Arz az Didgah-e Kalan-e Eqtesadi' [Changes in foreign exchange from a macroeconomic perspective], Rouznameh-e Ettela'at, Vizeh-e Kharej az Keshvar, 6 Mordad 1373 (1994), p 7.
17. This figure for inflation is based on the author's research in Iran. Various sources give different figures for inflation. For example, in its June 1994 issue (p 3), Iran Business Monitor (quoting an official of the Central Bank), puts the average annual inflation rate for the First Plan period (1989-1993) at 40% to 60% percent; and The Economist Intelligence Unit 1994-95 (p 21), reports the average annual inflation rate for the 1993-94 period at 30% to 70%, depending on specific economic sectors.
18. Gozaresh-e Eqtesadi-ye Sal-e 1370 [The Economic Report of the Year 1991], Tehran: Plan and Budget Organisation, 1372 (1993), p 81.
19. Various sources have reported different figures for Iranians living below the poverty line. In three sources where the subject has received some careful treatment, the figure 60% has been confirmed. These sources are: Hooshang Amirahmadi, Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience, Albany, NY: The State University of New York Press, 1990; Hosain Azimi, 'Boudgeh va Touse'ah-e Eqtesadi dar Iran [Budget and economic development in Iran], Ettela'at-e Siasi va Eqtesadi, 5, Bahman 1366 (1987), p 32; and interview with Gholamhosain Naadi, a deputy of the Parliament, in Resalat daily, 14 Esfand 1366 (1987). For more recent statistics on the subject, see Iran Times, 24, (48) 10 February 1995, pp 5, 12.
20. Various sources have reported different figures for Iranians living below the poverty line. In three sources where the subject has received some careful treatment, the figure 60% has been confirmed. These sources are: Hooshang Amirahmadi, Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience, Albany, NY: The State University of New York Press, 1990; Hosain Azimi, 'Boudgeh va Touse'ah-e Eqtesadi dar Iran [Budget and economic development in Iran], Ettela'at-e Siasi va Eqtesadi, 5, Bahman 1366 (1987), p 32; and interview with Gholamhosain Naadi, a deputy of the Parliament, in Resalat daily, 14 Esfand 1366 (1987). For more recent statistics on the subject, see Iran Times, 24, (48) 10 February 1995, pp 5, 12.
21. Various sources have reported different figures for Iranians living below the poverty line. In three sources where the subject has received some careful treatment, the figure 60% has been confirmed. These sources are: Hooshang Amirahmadi, Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience, Albany, NY: The State University of New York Press, 1990; Hosain Azimi, 'Boudgeh va Touse'ah-e Eqtesadi dar Iran [Budget and economic development in Iran], Ettela'at-e Siasi va Eqtesadi, 5, Bahman 1366 (1987), p 32; and interview with Gholamhosain Naadi, a deputy of the Parliament, in Resalat daily, 14 Esfand 1366 (1987). For more recent statistics on the subject, see Iran Times, 24, (48) 10 February 1995, pp 5, 12.
22. Various sources have reported different figures for Iranians living below the poverty line. In three sources where the subject has received some careful treatment, the figure 60% has been confirmed. These sources are: Hooshang Amirahmadi, Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience, Albany, NY: The State University of New York Press, 1990; Hosain Azimi, 'Boudgeh va Touse'ah-e Eqtesadi dar Iran [Budget and economic development in Iran], Ettela'at-e Siasi va Eqtesadi, 5, Bahman 1366 (1987), p 32; and interview with Gholamhosain Naadi, a deputy of the Parliament, in Resalat daily, 14 Esfand 1366 (1987). For more recent statistics on the subject, see Iran Times, 24, (48) 10 February 1995, pp 5, 12.
23. The First Plan Bill did not outline a time schedule for the government to receive foreign loans.
24. Gozaresh-e Eqtesadi-ye Sal-e 1371.
25. See Iran Business Monitor, January 1994, p 5.
26. Ahmad Mir Motahari, 'Barnameh-e Avval: Pendarha, Entezarat, Vaqeiytha' [The First Plan: beliefs, expectations, realities], Ettela'at-e Siasi va Eqtesadi, 83-84, p 89.
27. For the schedule of the repayment of foreign debts, see Iran Business Monitor, September 1994, p 4.
28. See the article 'German Oil imports from Iran drop', Rouznameh Ettla'at, Vizeh-e Kharej az Keshvar, 26 Aban 1373 (1994).
29. See Payvast-e Layhe-ye Barnameh-e Dovvum-e Touse'ah Egtesadi, Ejtema'i va Farhangi-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran 1373-1377 [Appendage to the Bill of the Second Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1994-1998], Tehran: Plan and Budget Organisation, 1372 (1993).
30. See Payvast-e Layhe-ye Barnameh-e Dovvum-e, p 4.
31. See the article 'Afsaneh-e Kamboud-e Sarmayeh dar Iran' [The legend of capital shortage in Iran], Hamshahri daily, 1-2 Mordad 1373 (1994), p 1.
32. See the article 'Khosousiat-e Ejtema'i-Eqtesadi-ye Khanavar' [Social-economic characteristics of households], Rouznameh Ettla'at, Vizeh-e Kharej az Keshvar, 11 Aban 1373 (1994), p 3.
33. Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Leader of the Republic, issued a 'guideline' before the final plan formulation demanding many of these distinguishing determinants. See interview with Mr M Shahriari, member of the Parliament's Integration Committee, in Kayhan daily, 11 Mordad 1373 (1994), p 11.