Stress and performance: An application of Gray’s three-factor arousal theory to basketball free-throw shooting

Journal of Sports Sciences

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 393-401

  Whitehead, Roger ^a   Wilson Butz, J ^a   Kozar, Bill ^b   Vaughn, Ross E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Arousal; Basketball; Performance; Stress

Indexed keywords

AROUSAL; ARTICLE; BASKETBALL; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; STRESS; VIDEOTAPE;

AROUSAL; ATTENTION; BASKETBALL; HUMANS; MALE; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS;

EID: 0029956474     PISSN: 02640414     EISSN: 1466447X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02640419608727726     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Apter, M.J. (1982). The Experience of Motivation: The Theory of Psychological Reversals. London: Academic Press.
2. Borkovec, T.D. (1976). Physiological and cognitive processes in the regulation of anxiety. In Consciousness and Self-Regulation: Advances in Research (edited by G.E. Schwartz and D. Shapiro), pp. 261-312. New York: Plenum Press.
3. Carli, M., Evenden, J. and Robbins, T.W. (1985). Depletion of unilateral striatal dopamine impairs initiation of contralateral actions and not sensory attention. Nature, 313,. 679-682.
4. Clark, M., Geffen, G.M. and GefFen, L.B. (1989). Catecholamines and the covert orienting of attention. Neuropsyckologia, 27, 131-139.
5. Davidson, R.J. and Schwartz, G.E. (1976). The psychobiology of relaxation and related states: A multiprocess theory. In Behavioral Control and Modification of Physiological Activity (edited by D.I. Mostofsky), pp. 399-441. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
6. Easterbrook, J.A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.
7. Fowles, D.C. (1980). The three-arousal model: Implications of Gray’s two-factor learning theory for heart rate, electro- dermal activity, and psychopathy. Psychophysiology, 17, 87-104.
8. Frowein, H.W., Reitsma, D. and Aquarius, C. (1981). Effects of two counteracting stressors on the reaction process. In Attention and Performance IX (edited by J. Long and A. Baddeley), pp. 261-283. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9. Gould, D., Petlichkoff, L. and Weinberg, R.S. (1984). Antecedents of temporal changes in and relationships between CSAI-2 components. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 289-304.
10. Gray, J.A. (1975). Elements of a Two-Process Theory of Learning. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
11. Gray, J.A. (1981). A critique of Eysenck’s theory of personality. In A Model for Personality (edited by H.J. Eysenck), pp. 246-276. New York: Springer.
12. Hamilton, P., Hockey, G.R.J. and Rejman, M. (1977). The place of the concept of activation in human information processing. In Attention and Performance VI (edited by S. Domic), pp. 463-486. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13. Hardy, L. (1990). A catastrophe model of performance in sport. In Stress and Performance in Sport (edited by G. Jones and L. Hardy), pp. 81-106. Chichester: John Wiley.
14. Hardy, L. and Parfitt, G. (1991). A catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. British Journal of Psychology, 82, 163-178.
15. Hardy, L. and Whitehead, R. (1984). Specific modes of anxiety and arousal. Current Psychological Research and Reviews, 2, 14-24.
16. Hare, R.D. (1978). Electrodermal and cardiovascular correlates of psychopathy. In Psychopathic Behaviour: Approaches to Research (edited by R.D. Hare and D. Schalling), pp. 107-143. New York: John Wiley.
17. Hockey, G.R.J. and Hamilton, P. (1983). The cognitive patterning of stress states. In Stress and Fatigue in Human Per-formance (edited by G.R.J. Hockey), pp. 331-362. New York: John Wiley.
18. Hull, C.L. (1943). Principles of Behavior. New York: Apple- ton-Century. •
19. Ivry, R.B. and Keele, S.W. (1989). Timing functions of the cerebellum. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1, 136-152.
20. Jones, G. (1990). A cognitive perspective on the processes underlying the relationship between stress and performance in sport. In Stress and Performance in Sport (edited by G. Jones and L. Hardy), pp. 17-42. Chichester: John Wiley.
21. Jones, G. (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478
22. Jones, G. and Hardy, L. (1989). Stress and cognitive functioning in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 7, 41-63.
23. Jones, G., Swain, A.B.J. and Cale, A. (1990). Antecedents of multidimensional competitive state anxiety and selfconfidence in elite inercollegiate middle-distance runners. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 107-118.
24. Jones, G., Swain, A.B.J. and Hardy, L. (1993). Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and rela-tionships with performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11, 525-532.
25. Keele, S.W., Ivry, R.B. and Pokorny R.(1987). Force control and its relation to timing. Journal of Motor Behaviour, 19, 96-114.
26. LaBerge, D. (1995). Attentional Processing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27. Lacey, J.I. (1967). Somatic response patterning and stress: Some revisions of activation theory. In Psychological Stress: Issues in Research (edited by M.H. Appley and R. Trum-bull), pp. 14-44. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
28. Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R., Bump, L.A. and Smith, D.E. (1990). Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In Competitive Anxiety in Sport (edited by R. Martens, R.S. Vealey and D. Burton), pp. 117-213. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
29. Morrison, J.H. and Foote, S.L. (1986). Noradrenergic and serotonergic innervation of cortical, thalamic and tectal visual structures in old and new world monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 243, 117-128.
30. Näätänen, R. and Merisalo, A. (1977). Expectancy and preparation in simple reaction time. In Attention and Performance VI (edited by S. Dornic). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
31. Neiss, R. (1988). Reconceptualizing arousal: Psycho- biological states in motor performance. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 345-366.
32. Oke, A., Keller, R., Mefford, I. and Adams, R. (1978). Later-alization of norepinephrine in human thalamus. Science, 200, 1411-1413.
33. Posner, M.I. (1978). Chronometric Explorations of Mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
34. Posner, M.I. and Boies, SJ. (1971). Components of attention. Psychological Review, 78, 391-408.
35. Posner, M.I. and Petersen, S.E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.
36. Pribram, K.H. and McGuinness, D. (1975). Arousal, activation and effort in the control of attention. Psychological Review, 82, 116-149.
37. Sanders, A.F. (1983). Toward a model of stress and human performance. Acta Psychologia, 53, 61-97.
38. Sanders, A.F. (1986). Energetical states underlying task per-formance. In Energetics and Human Information Processing (edited by G.R.J. Hockey, A. Gaillard and M.G. Coles), pp. 139-154. Amsterdam: Martinus Nijhoff.
39. Sanders, A.F., Wijnes, R. and van Arkel, A.E. (1982). An additive factors analysis of the effects of sleep loss on reaction processes. Acta Psychologia, 51, 41-59.
40. Schwartz, G.E., Davidson, R.J. and Goleman, D.J. (1978). Patterning of cognitive and somatic processes in the self-regulation of anxiety: Effects of meditation versus exercise. Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 321-328.
41. Spence, J.T. and Spence, K.A. (1966). The motivational components of manifest anxiety: Drive and drive stimuli. In Anxiety and Behaviour (edited by C.D. Spielberger), pp. 291-326. New York: Academic Press.
42. Spielberger, C.D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In Anxiety and Behaviour (edited by C.D. Spielberger), pp. 3-22. New York: Academic Press.
43. Sternberg, S. (1969). On the discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donder’s method. Acta Psychologia, 30, 276-315.
44. Tackett, R.L., Webb, J.G. and Privatera, P.J. (1981). Cerebro- ventricular propanolol elevates cerebrospinal fluid nor-epinephrine and lowers blood pressure. Science, 213, 911-913.
45. Vaughn, R.E. and Kozar, B. (1994). Practice and game error tendencies of skilled free-throw shooters. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Abstracts of Completed Research, 65, A67.
46. Whitehead, R. (1991). Right hemisphere processing superiority during sustained visual attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 329-334.
47. Whitehead, R. and Schliebner, S. (in press). Arousal: Brain mechanisms and conscious experience. In From Brain Evolution to Consciousness: Neurocognitive Systems which Control Conscious Experience (edited by P. Grossenbacher). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
48. Yerkes, R.M. and Dodson, J.D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative and Neurological Psychology, 18, 459-482.