Respiratory infections: Community-acquired pneumonia and newer microbes

Lung

Volumn 174, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 207-224

  Reynolds, H Y ^a  

^a PENN STATE MILTON S HERSHEY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Pneumonia; Respiratory infection

Indexed keywords

CEFUROXIME; GAMMA INTERFERON; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS VACCINE; TETRACYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; BACTERIUM CULTURE; CHLAMYDIASIS; CORYNEBACTERIUM; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HUMAN; HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; INFECTION RISK; LEGIONNAIRE DISEASE; PERTUSSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; TREATMENT PLANNING; VIRUS PNEUMONIA;

EID: 0029951833     PISSN: 03412040     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF00173136     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Ahmed K, Kawakami K, Watanabe K, et al. (1995) Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum: a respiratory tract pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 20:41-46.
2. American College of Physicians (1982) Pneumococcal vaccine recommendation. Ann Intern Med 96:206-207
3. American College of Physicians (1994) Guide for Adult Immunization: Pneumococcal Infections, 3rd ed, Philadelphia, pp 107-114
4. Angier, N (24 August 1995) Deadly chess game: new clue to malaria. New York Times Service, International Herald Tribune, p 10
5. Appelbaum PC, Bhamjee A, Scragg JN, et al. (1977) Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol. Lancet 2:995-997
6. Austrian R (1977) Pneumococcal infection and pneumococcal vaccine. N Engl J Med 297:938-939
7. Austrian R, Gold J (1964) Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 60:759-776
8. Avni-Shemer Y, Lieberman D (1995) Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced ciliostasis in ciliated bronchial epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 171:1274-1278
9. Bartlett JG, Mundy LM (1995) Community-acquired pneumonia: current concepts. N Engl J Med 333:1618-1624
10. Bates JH, Campbell GD, Barron AL, McCracken GA, et al. (1992) Microbial etiology of acute pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Chest 101:1005-1012
11. Bhardwaj N, Nash TW, Horwitz MA (1986) Interferon gamma activated human monocytes inhibit the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila. J Immunol 137:2662-2669
12. Broome CV, Facklam RR, Fraser DW (1980) Pneumococcal disease after pneumococcal vaccination. N Engl J Med 308:549-552
13. Bruyn GAW, Zegers BJM, van Furth R (1992) Mechanisms of host defense against infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 14:251-262
14. Butler JC, Breiman RF, Campbell JF, et al. (1993) Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy. JAMA 270:1826-1831
15. Butler JC, Peters CJ (1994) Hantaviruses and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: state of the art clinical article. Clin Infect Dis 19:387-395
16. Byrd TF, Horwitz MA (1989) Interferon gamma-activated human monocytes downregulate transferrin receptors and inhibit the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila by limiting the availability of iron. J Clin Invest 83:1457-1465
17. Casadevall A, Scharff MD (1995) Return to the past: the case for antibody-based therapies in infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 21:150-161
18. C.D.C. reduces size of disease outbreak. (16 July 1995) Associated Press, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, The New York Times
19. Chu Y-K, Jennings G, Schmaljohn A, et al. (1995) Cross-neutralization of Hantaviruses with immune sera from experimentally infected animals and from hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome patients. J Infect Dis 172:1581-1584
20. Duchin JS, Koster FT, Peters CJ, et al. (1994) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: a clinical description of 17 patients with a newly recognized disease. N Engl J Med 330:949-955
21. Dworet L, Pool RR (1995) "Outbreak," director Wolfgang Peterson, producers Arnold Kopelson, Wolfgang Peterson, Gail Katz, starring Dustin Hoffman and Rene Russo, Warner Brothers
22. Edelstein PH (1993) Legionnaires' disease. Clin Infect Dis 16:741-749
23. Emre U, Sokolovskaya N, Roblin PM, et al. (1995) Detection of anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae IgE in children with reactive airway disease. J Infect Dis 172:265-267
24. Fang G-D, Fine M, Orloff J, et al. (1990) New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy. A prospective multi-center study of 359 cases. Medicine 69:307-316
25. Fang G-D, Yu VL, Vickers RM (1989) Disease due to the Legionellaceae (other than Legionella pneumophila). Medicine 68:116-132
26. Fein AM, Niederman MS (1995) Guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: savory recipe or cookbook for disaster. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152:1149-1153
27. Fick RB Jr, Reynolds HY (1983) Changing spectrum of pneumonia: news media creation or clinical reality? Am J Med 74:1-8
28. Finland M (1987) And the walls come tumbling down: more antibiotic resistance and now the pneumococcus. N Engl J Med 299:770-771
29. Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Orenstien W, et al. (1977) Legionnaires' disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. N Engl J Med 297:1189-1197
30. Friedland IR, McCracken GH Jr (1994) Management of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Engl J Med 331:377-382
31. Gable CB, Holzer SS, Engelhart L, et al. (1990) Pneumococcal vaccine: efficacy and associated cost savings. JAMA 264:2910-2915
32. Gladwell M (17 and 24 July 1995) The plague year: the unscientific origins of our obsession with viruses. The New Republic, pp 38-46
33. Glick TH, Gregg MB, Berman B, et al. (1978) Pontiac Fever: an epidemic of unknown etiology in a health department. I. Clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Am J Epidemiol 107:149-160
34. Goldman EL (15 June 1995) New York records highest pertussis rate in 40 years. Intern Med News 28(12):7. Reporting the comments of Dr. Guthrie Birkhead, director of the Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, New York State Department of Health, Albany, from the annual meeting of new York State Academy of Family Physicians, Saratoga Springs, NY
35. Govaert ME, Thijs CTMCN, Masurel N, et al. (1994) The efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. JAMA 272:1661-1665
36. Grayston JT (1992) Infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. Clin Infect Dis 15: 757-763
37. Grayston JT, Aldous MB, Easton A, et al. (1993) Evidence that Chlamydia pneumoniae causes pneumonia and bronchitis. J Infect Dis 168:1231-1235
38. Grayston JT, Campbell LA, Kuo CC, et al. (1990) A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. J Infect Dis 161:757-761
39. Gross PA, Hermogenes AW, Sacks HS, et al. (1995) The efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons: a metaanalysis and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 123:518-527
40. Hamill RJ, Musher DM, Groover JE, et al. (1992) IgG antibody reactive with five serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in commercial intravenous immunoglobulin preparations. J Infect Dis 166: 38-42
41. Hamory BH, Zwillich C, Bollard T, et al. (December 1994) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Virginia, 1993. MMWR 43(47):876-877
42. Hansman D, Glasgow H, Sturt J, et al. (1971) Increased resistance to penicillin of pneumococci isolated from man. N Engl J Med 284:175-177
43. Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Farley MM, et al. (1995) The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta. N Engl J Med 333:481-486
44. Horwitz MA, Silverstein SC (1981) Interaction of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) with human phagocytes. I. L. pneumophila resists killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, antibody and complement. J Exp Med 153:386-397
45. Ingram JG, Plouffe JF (1994) Danger of sputum purulence screens in culture of Legionella species. J Clin Microbiol 32:209-210
46. Jacobs MR, Koornhof HJ, Robins-Browne RM, et al. (1978) Emergence of multiply resistant pneumococci N Engl J Med 299:735-740
47. 'Legionnaires' disease suspected in 45 patients (14 July, 1995). The Patriot (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania), The Patriot-News Company 154:167
48. Lemonick MD (12 September, 1994) Revenge of the killer microbes. Time Magazine, pp 62-69
49. Levin DC, Schwarz MI, Matthay RA, LaForce FM (1977) Bacteremic Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults: a report of 24 cases and a review of the literature. Am J Med 62:219-224
50. Luzzatto E, Kopernik G, Sarov I, Priel Z (1989) Effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on ciliary activity in single cells from cultures of human nasal polyps. J Gen Microbiol 135:105-109
51. Mackowiak PA (1982) The normal microbial flora. N Engl J Med 307:83-93
52. Mandell LA (1995) Community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology and treatment. Chest 108 (suppl.):35S-42S
53. Manzella JP, Kellogg JA, Parsey KS (1995) Corynbacterium pseudodiphtheriticum: a respiratory tract pathogen in adults. Clin Infect Dis 20:37-40
54. Marrie TJ (1994) Community-acquired pneumonia: state of the art clinical article. Clin Infect Dis 18:501-515
55. Marrie TJ, Durant H, Yates L (1989) Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: five-year prospective study. Rev Infect Dis 11:586-599
56. Martin RJ, Boguniewicz M, Henson JE, et al. (1993) The effects of inhaled interferon gamma in normal human airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:1677-1682
57. McDade JE, Shepard CC, Fraser DW, et al. (1977) Legionnaires' disease: isolation of a bacterium and demonstration of its role in other respiratory disease. N Engl J Med 297:1197-1203
58. Merrill CW, Gwaltney JM Jr, Hendley JO, Sande MA (1973) Rapid identification of pneumococci: Gram stain versus Quellung reaction. N Engl J Med 288:510-512
59. Muder RR, Yu VL, Fang G-D (1989) Community-acquired Legionnaires' disease. Semin Respir Infect 4:32-39
60. Mullooly JP, Bennett MD, Hornbrook MC, et al. (1994) Influenza vaccination programs for elderly persons: cost effectiveness in a health maintenance organization. Ann Intern Med 121:947-952
61. Mundy LM, Auwaerter PG, Oldach D, et al. (1995) Community-acquired pneumonia: impact of immune status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152:1309-1315
62. Munford RS, Murphy TV (1994) Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: can immunization prevent its spread? J Invest Med 42:613-621
63. Musher DM (1992) Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: clinical spectrum, pathogenesis, immunity, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 14:801-809
64. Musher DM, Kubitschek KR, Crennan J, Baughn RE (1983) Pneumonia and acute febrile tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus influenzae. Ann Intern Med 99:440-450
65. Myerowitz RL, Pasculle AW, Dowling JN, et al. (1979) Opportunistic lung infection due to "Pittsburgh pneumonia agent." N Engl J Med 301:953-958
66. Naber SP (1994) Molecular pathology: diagnosis of infectious disease. N Engl J Med 331:1212-1215
67. Nash TW, Libby DM, Horwitz MA (1984) Interaction between the Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) and human alveolar macrophages. J Clin Infect 74:771-782
68. Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Wuorenma J, Von Sternberg, T (1994) The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 331:778-784
69. Nichol, ST, Spiropoulou CF, Morzunov S, et al. (1993) Genetic identification of a hantavirus associated with an outbreak of acute respiratory illness. Science 262:914-917
70. Nicotra B, Rivera M, Luman I, et al. (1986) Branhamella catarrhalis as a lower respiratory tract pathogen in patients with chronic lung disease. Arch Intern Med 146:890-893
71. Niederman MS (1993) Microbial flora of the respiratory tract: normal inhabitants and abnormal colonization. I. In: Bone R (ed) Infectious Diseases: General Considerations in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, Vol 2 Part I, pp 1-12
72. Niederman MS, Bass JB, Campbell GD, et al. (1993) Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy (ATS statement). Am Rev Respir Dis 148:1418-1426
73. Örtqvist A, Kalin M, Julander I, Mufson MA (1993) Deaths in bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: a comparison of two populations - Huntington, West Virginia, and Stockholm, Sweden. Chest 103: 710-716
74. Plouffe JF (1995) Re-evaluation of the definition of Legionnaires' disease: use of the urinary antigen assay. Clin Infect Dis 20:1286-1291
75. Preston J (5 November, 1995) Fatal illness in Nicaragua is a mystery. New York Times
76. Preston R (1994) The Hot Zone, Random House, New York
77. Puren AJ, Feldman C, Savage N, et al. (1995) Patterns of cytokine expression in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 107:1342-1349
78. Reynolds HY (1974) Prevention and future control of hospital-associated infections commonly caused by gram-negative bacteria. Prevent Med 3:507-514
79. Reynolds HY (1979) Legionnaires' disease. In: Wyngaarden JB, Beeson PB, McDermott W (eds) Cecil's Textbook of Medicine, 15th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 359-360
80. Reynolds HY (1987) Bacterial adherence to respiratory tract mucosa: dynamic interaction leading to colonization. Semin Respir Infect 2:8-19
81. Reynolds HY (1990) Community-acquired pneumonia: problems in respiratory care - current issues. In: (Witek TJ, Schachter EN (eds) Respiratory Public Health. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 20-30
82. Reynolds HY (1994) Host defense mechanisms in the respiratory tract. In: Stein's Textbook of Medicine, 4th ed. Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, pp 1578-1585
83. Reynolds HY (1994) Cytokines: role in respiratory illnesses and potential control with immunomodulatory therapy. Focus and opinion: Intern Med 1(#6):1-10
84. Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Szu SC (1995) Perspective. Hypothesis: serum IgG antibody is sufficient to confer protection against infectious diseases by inactivating the inoculum. J Infect Dis 171:1387-1398
85. Roig J, Domingo C, Morera J (1994) Legionnaires' disease. Chest 105:817-825
86. Rosenthal E (4 May, 1995) Second man dies from rare mouse-borne virus. The New York Times, p B5
87. Saiman L, Ishimoto K, Lory S, Prince A (1990) The effect of piliation and exoproduct expression on the adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to respiratory epithelial monolayers. J Infect Dis 161:541-548
88. Salo P, Örtqvist A, Leinonen M (1995) Diagnosis of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia by amplification of pneumolysin gene fragment in serum. J Infect Dis 171:479-182
89. Schluger NW, Rom WN (1995) The polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis and evaluation of pulmonary infections: clinical commentary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152:11-16
90. Schwartz JS (1982) Pneumococcal vaccine: clinical efficacy and effectiveness. Ann Intern Med 96: 208-220
91. Seybold ZV, Abraham WM, Gazeroglu H, Wanner A (1992) Impairment of airway mucociliary transport by Pseudomonas aeruginosa products. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:1173-1176
92. Shapiro ED, Berg AT, Austrian R, et al. (1991) The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med 325:1453-1460
93. Simberkoff MS, Cross AP, Al-Ibrahim M, et al. (1986) Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in high risk patients: results of a Veterans Administrative cooperative study. N Engl J Med 315:1318-1327
94. Skerrett SJ (1994) Legionnaires' disease: mediguide to Pulm Infect Dis 1:1-7
95. Skerrett SJ, Martin TR (1994) Intratracheal interferon-gamma augments pulmonary defenses in experimental legionellosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:50-58
96. Task Force on Adult Immunization (members representing the American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of American and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (1994) Adult immunization 1994. Ann Intern Med 121:540-541
97. Tillotson JR, Lerner AM (1968) Hemophilus influenzae bronchopneumonia in adults. Arch Intern Med 121:428-432
98. Tuomanen EI, Austrian R, Masure HR (1995) Pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection. N Engl J Med 332:1280-1284
99. White JD, Shirey FG, French GR, et al. (1982) Hantaan virus, aetiological agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever, has Bunyaviridae-like morphology. Lancet 1:768-771
100. Willems JS, Sanders CR, Riddiough MA, Bell JC (1980) Cost effectiveness of vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 303:553-559
101. Wilson R, Pitt T, Taylor G, et al. (1987) Pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit the beating of human respiratory cilia in vitro. J Clin Invest 79:221-229
102. Woo AH, Yu VL, Goetz A (1986) Potential in-hospital modes of transmission of Legionella pneumophila. Am J Med 80:567-573
103. Wright SW, Edwards KM, Decker MD, Zeldin MH (1995) Pertussis infection in adults with persistent cough. JAMA 273:1044-1046