Neuropeptide genes: Targets of activity-dependent signal transduction

Peptides

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 721-728

  Macarthur, Linda ^a   Eiden, Lee ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DENTAL AND CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Adrenal medulla; Central nervous system; Neuropeptide gene regulation; Signaling pathways

Indexed keywords

NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTOR;

ADRENAL MEDULLA; ANIMAL CELL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; GENE EXPRESSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0029951822     PISSN: 01969781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(95)02100-0     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. 1. Agoston, D. V.; Eiden, L. E.; Brenneman, D. E. Calcium-dependent regulation of the enkephalin phenotype by neuronal activity during early ontogeny. J. Neurosci. Res. 28:140-148; 1991.
2. 2. Agoston, D. V.; Eiden, L. E.; Brenneman, D. E.; Gozes, I. Spontaneous electrical activity regulates vasoactive intestinal peptide expression in dissociated spinal cord cell cultures. Mol. Brain Res. 10:235-240; 1991.
3. 3. Agoston, D. V.; Komoly, S.; Palkovits, M. Selective upregulation of neuropeptide synthesis by blocking the neuronal activity: Galanin expression in septohippocampal neurons. Exp. Neurol. 126:247-255; 1994.
4. 4. Anouar, Y.; MacArthur, L.; Cohen, J.; Iacangelo, A. L.; Eiden, L. E. Identification of a TPA-responsive element mediating preferential transactivation of the galanin gene promoter in chromaffin cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:6823-6831; 1994.
5. 5. Arias, J.; et al. Activation of cAMP and mitogen responsive genes relies on a common nuclear factor. Nature 370:226-229; 1994.
6. 6. Bannon, M. J.; Lee, J. M.; Giraud, P.; Young, A.; Affolter, H. U.; Bonner, T. I. Dopamine antagonist haloperidol decreases substance P, substance K and preprotachykinin mRNAs in rat striatonigral neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 261:6640-6642; 1986.
7. 7. Bartel, D. P.; Sheng, M.; Lau, L. F.; Greenberg, M. Growth factors and membrane depolarization activate distinct programs of early response gene expression - dissociation of fos and jun induction. Genes Dev. 3:304-313; 1989.
8. 8. Benson, D. L.; Huntsman, M. M.; Jones, E. G. Activity-dependent changes in GAD and preprotachnkinin mRNAs in visual cortex of adult monkeys. Cerebral Cortex 4:41-51; 1994.
9. 9. Brenneman, D. E.; Eiden, L. E. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and electrical activity influence neuronal survival. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:1159-1162; 1986.
10. 10. Brenneman, D. E.; Neale, E. A.; Habig, W. H.; Bowers, L. M.; Nelson, P. G. Developmental and neurochemical specificity of neuronal deficits produced by electrical impulse blockade in dissociated spinal cord cultures. Dev. Brain Res. 9:13-27; 1983.
11. 11. Brimijoin, S.; Dagerlind, A.; Rao, R.; McKinzie, S.; Hammond, P. Accumulation of enkephalin, proenkephalin mRNA, and neuropeptide Y in immunologically denervated rat adrenal glands: Evidence for divergent peptide regulation. J. Neurochem. 64:1281-1287; 1995.
12. 12. Chiu, R.; Angel, P.; Karin, M. JunB differs in its biological properties from, and is a negative regulator of, c-jun. Cell 59:979-986; 1989.
13. 13. Collingridge, G. L.; Bliss, T. V. P. Memories of NMDA receptors and LTP. Trends Neurosci. 18:54-56; 1995.
14. 14. Comb, M.; Birnberg, N. C.; Seasholtz, A.; Herbert, E.; Goodman, H. M. A cyclic AMP-and phorbol ester-inducible DNA element. Nature 323:353-356; 1986.
15. 15. Comb, M.; Mermod, N.; Hyman, S. E.; Pearlberg, J.; Ross, M. E. Proteins bound at adjacent DNA elements act synergistically to regulate human proenkephalin cAMP inducible transcription. EMBO J. 7:3793-3805; 1988.
16. 16. Curran, T.; Morgan, J. I. Barium modulates c-fos expression and posttranslational modification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8521-8524; 1986.
17. 17. Dagerlind, A.; Pelto-Huikko, M.; Lundberg, J. M.; et al. Immunologically induced sympathectomy of preganglionic nerves by antibodies against acetylcholinesterase: Increased levels of peptides and their mRNAs in rat adrenal chromaffin cells. Neuroscience 62:217-239; 1994.
18. 18. Delmas, V.; Molina, C. A.; Lalli, E.; et al. Complexity and versatility of the transcriptional response to cAMP. Rev. Phyiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 124:1-28; 1994.
19. 19. Deutsch, P. J.; Hoeffler, J. P.; Jameson, J. L.; Habener, J. F. Cyclic AMP and phorbol ester-stimulated transcription mediated by similar DNA elements that bind distinct proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7922-7926; 1988.
20. 20. Dingledine, R.; McBain, C. J. Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. In: Siegel, G. J.; Agranoff, B. W.; Albers, R. W.; Molinoff, B. P., eds. Basic neurochemistry, 5th ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994;367-387.
21. 21. Douglas, W. W. Stimulus-secretion coupling: The concept and clues from chromaffin and other cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 34:451-474; 1968.
22. 22. Douglass, J.; McKinzie, A. A.; Pollock, K. M. Identification of multiple DNA elements regulating basal and protein kinase A-induced transcriptional expression of the rat prodynorphin gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 8:333-344; 1994.
23. 23. Dragunow, M.; Faull, R. L. M. The use of c-fos as a metabolic marker in neuronal pathway tracing. J. Neurosci. Methods 29:261-265; 1989.
24. 24. Draisci, G.; Iadarola, M. Temporal analysis of increases in c-fos, preprodynorphin and preproenkephalin mRNAs in rat spinal cord. Mol. Brain Res. 6:31-37; 1989.
25. 25. Eiden, L. E.; Eskay, R. L.; Scott, J.; Pollard, H.; Hotchkiss, A. J. Primary cultures of bovine chromaffin cells synthesize and secrete vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Life Sci. 33:687-693; 1983.
26. 26. Eiden, L. E.; Gíraud, P.; Dave, J.; Hotchkiss, J. A.; Affolter, H.-U. Nicotinic receptor stimulation activates both enkephalin release and biosynthesis in adrenal chromaffin cells. Nature 312:661-663; 1984.
27. 27. Eiden, L. E.; Hotchkiss, A. J. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate regulates vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and enkephalin biosynthesis in cultured bovine chromaffin cells. Neuropeptides 4:1-9; 1983.
28. 28. Eskay, R, L.; Eiden, L. E. Interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha differentially regulate enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neurotensin, and substance P biosynthesis in chromaffin cells. Endocrinology 130:2252-2258; 1992.
29. 29. Fink, J. S.; Verhave, M.; Kasper, S.; Tsukada, T. The CGTCA sequence motif is essential for biological activity of the vasoactive intestinal peptide gene cAMP-regulated enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6662-6666; 1988.
30. 30. Fischer-Colbrie, R.; Eskay, R. L.; Eiden, L. E.; Maas, D. Transsynaptic regulation of galanin, neurotensin, and substance P in the adrenal medulla: Combinatorial control by second-messenger signaling pathways. J. Neurochem. 59:780-783; 1992.
31. 31. Fischer-Colbrie, R.; Iacangelo, A.; Eiden, L. E. Neural and humoral factors separately regulate neuropeptide Y, enkephalin, and chromogranin A and B mRNA levels in rat adrenal medulla. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3240-3244; 1988.
32. 32. Foulkes, N. S.; Borrelli, E.; Sassone-Corsi, P. CREM gene: Use of alternative DNA binding domains generates multiple agonists of cAMP-induced transcription. Cell 64:739-749; 1991.
33. 2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Science 250:1429-1432; 1990.
34. 34. Ginty, D. D.; Bonni, A.; Greenberg, M. E. Nerve growth factor activates a ras-dependent protein kinase A that stimulates c-fos transcription via phosphorylation of CREB. Cell 77:713-725; 1994.
35. 35. Gonzalez, G. A.; Montminy, M. R. Cyclic AMP stimulates somatostatin gene transcription by phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133. Cell 59:675-680; 1989.
36. 36. Greenberg, M. E.; Thompson, M. A.; Sheng, M. Calcium regulation of immediate early gene transcription. J. Physiol. 86:99-108; 1992.
37. 37. Greenberg, M. E.; Ziff, E. B.; Greene, L. A. Stimulation of neuronal acetylcholine receptors induces rapid gene transcription. Science 234:80-83; 1986.
38. 38. Hai, T.; Curran, T. Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3720-3724; 1991.
39. 39. Hendry, S. H. C.; Jones, E. G.; Burstein, N. Activity-dependent regulation of tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in neurons of monkey visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 8:1225-1238; 1988.
40. 40. Higuchi, H.; Yang, H.-Y.; Sabol, S. L. Rat neuropeptide Y precursor gene expression:mRNA structure, tissue distribution, and regulation by glucocorticoids, cyclic AMP and phorbol ester. J. Biol. Chem. 263:6288-6295; 1988.
41. 41. Höfle, G.; et al. Stimulation of rat adrenal medulla can induce differential changes in the peptide and mRNA levels of chromogranins, neuropeptides and other constituents of chromaffin granules. Regul. Pept. 32:321-331; 1991.
42. 42. Hökfelt, T.; Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z.; Viliar, M.; Melander, T. Increase of galanin-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral axotomy. Neurosci. Lett. 83:217-220; 1987.
43. 43. Hylden, J. L. K.; Noguchi, K.; Ruda, M. A. Neonatal capsaicin treatment attenuates spinal fos activation and dynorphin gene expression following peripheral tissue inflammation and hyperalgesia. J. Neurosci. 12:1716-1725; 1992.
44. 44. Iadarola, M. J.; Douglass, J.; Civelli, O.; Naranjo, J. R. Increased spinal cord dynorphin mRNA during peripheral inflammation. NIDA Res. Monogr. 75:406-409; 1986.
45. 45. Ji, R. R.; Zhang, X.; Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z.; Hökfelt, T. Expression of neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y (Y1) receptor mRNA in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia following peripheral tissue inflammation. J. Neurosci. 14:6423-6434; 1994.
46. 1-dopamine agonists SKF-38393 and A-68930 in neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats: Behavioral effects and induction of c-fos-like immunoreactivity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 262:855-865; 1992.
47. 47. Jones, E. G. The role of afferent activity in the maintenance of primate neocortical function. J. Exp. Biol. 153:155-176; 1990.
48. 48. Kanamatsu, T.; Unsworth, C. D.; Dilberto, E. J., Jr.; Viveros, O. H.; Hong, J. S. Reflex splanchnic nerve stimulation increases levels of proenkephalin A mRNA and proenkephalin A-related peptides in the rat adrenal medulla. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9245-9249; 1986.
49. 49. Kaynard, A. H.; McMurray, C. J.; Douglass, J.; Curry, T. E. J.; Meiner, M. H. Regulation of prodynorphin gene expression in the ovary: Distal DNA regulatory elements confer gonadotropin regulation of promoter activity. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:2244-2256; 1992.
50. 2 dopamine receptor synergy in striatum: Effects of intrastriatal infusions of dopamine agonists and antagonists on immediate early gene expression. Neuroscience 66:903-913; 1995.
51. 51. Kessler, J. A.; Adler, J.; Bohn, M. C.; Black, I. B. Substance P in principal sympathetic neurons: regulation by impulse activity. Science 214:335-336; 1981.
52. 52. Kessler, J. A.; Black, I. B. Regulation of substance P in adult rat sympathetic ganglia. Brain Res. 234:182-187; 1982.
53. 53. Kilpatrick, D. L.; Howells, R. D.; Fleminger, G.; Udenfriend, S. Denervation of rat adrenal glands markedly increases preproenkephalin mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7221-7223; 1984.
54. 54. Kley, N. Multiple regulation of proenkephalin gene expression by protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 263:2003-2008; 1988.
55. 55. Kley, N.; Loeffler, J. P.; Pittius, C. W.; Höllt, V. Proenkephalin A gene expression in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells is regulated by changes in electrical activity. EMBO J. 5:967-970; 1986.
56. 56. Kobierski, L. A.; Chu, H.-M.; Tan, Y.; Comb, M. J. cAMP-dependent regulation of proenkephalin by JunD and JunB: positive and negative effects of AP-1 proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10222-10226; 1991.
57. 57. Konradi, C.; Kobierski, L. A.; Nguyen, T. V.; Heckers, S.; Hyman, S. E. The cAMP-response-element-binding protein interacts, but Fos protein does not interact, with the proenkephalin enhancer in rat striatum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7005-7009; 1993.
58. 58. Kuramoto, H.; Konda, H.; Fujita, T. Substance P-like immunoreactivity in adrenal chromaffin cells and intraadrenal nerve fibers of rats. Histochemistry 82:507-512; 1985.
59. 59. Kwok, R. P. S.; et al. Nuclear protein CBP is a coactivator for the transcription factor CREB. Nature 370:223-226; 1994.
60. 60. LaGamma, E. F.; White, J. D.; Adler, J. E.; Crause, J. E.; McKelvy, J. F.; Black, I. B. Depolarization regulates adrenal preproenkephalin mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8252-8255; 1985.
61. 61. Landschulz, W. H.; Johnson, P. F.; McKnight, S. L. The leucine zipper: A hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science 240:1759-1764; 1988.
62. 62. Larhammar, D.; Ericsson, A.; Persson, H. Structure and expression of the rat neuropeptide Y gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:2068-2072; 1987.
63. 63. Laslop, A.; et al. Insulin hypoglycemia increases the levels of neuropeptide Y and calcitonin gene-related peptide, but not of chromogranin A and chromogranin B in rat chromaffin granules. Regul. Pept. 26:191-202; 1989.
64. 1 dopamine receptor gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4205-4209; 1991.
65. 65. Le Moine, C.; Normand, E.; Guitteny, A. F.; Fouque, B.; Teoule, R.; Bloch, B. Dopamine receptor gene expression by enkephalin neurons in rat forebrain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:230-234; 1990.
66. 2+-and cAMP-inducible transcriptional activation. J. Biol. Chem. 268:6714-6720; 1993.
67. 67. Livett, B. G.; Dean, D. M.; Whelan, L. G.; Udenfriend, S.; Rossier, J. Co-release of enkephalin and catecholamines from cultured chromaffin cells. Nature 289:317-319; 1981.
68. 68. MacArthur, L.; Koller, K. J.; Eiden, L. E. Enkephalin gene transcription in bovine chromaffin cells is regulated by calcium and protein kinase A signal transduction pathways: Identification of DNase I-hypersensitive sites. Mol. Pharmacol. 44:545-551; 1993.
69. 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 267:12197-12201; 1992.
70. 70. Malhotra, R. K.; Wakade, T. D.; Wakade, A. R. Cross-communication between acetylcholine and VIP in controlling catecholamine secretion by affecting cAMP, inositol triphosphate, protein kinase C, and calcium in rat adrenal medulla. J. Neurosci. 9:4150-4157; 1989.
71. 71. Messersmith, D. J.; Gu, J.; Dubner, R.; Douglass, J.; Iadarola, M. J. Basal and inducible transcriptional activity of an upstream AP-1/CRE element (DYNCRE3) in the prodynorphin promoter. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 5:238-245; 1994.
72. 72. Montminy, M. R.; Bilezikjian, L. M. Binding of a nuclear protein to the cyclic-AMP response element of the somatostatin gene. Nature 328:175-178; 1987.
73. 73. Morgan, J. I.; Cohen, D. R.; Hempstead, J. L.; Curran, T. Mapping patterns of c-fos expression in the central nervous system after seizure. Science 237:192-197; 1987.
74. 74. Morgan, J. I.; Curran, T. The role of ion flux in the control of c-fos expression. Nature 322:552-555; 1986.
75. 75. Morgan, J. I.; Curran, T. Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: Involvement of the inducible proto-oncogenes fos and jun. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14:421-451; 1991.
76. 76. Morgan, J. I.; Curran, T. Immediate-early genes: Ten year later. Trends Neurosci. 18:66-67; 1995.
77. 77. Morris, B. J.; Feasey, K. J.; Bruggencate, G. T.; Herz, A.; Höllt, V. Electrical stimulation in vivo increases the expression of proenkephalin mRNA and decreases the expression of prodynorphin mRNA in rat hippocampal granule cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3226-3230; 1988.
78. 78. Nestler, E. J.; Greengard, P. Protein phosphorylation and the regulation of neuronal function. In: Seigel, G. L.; Agaranoff, B. W.; Albers, R. W.; Molinoff, B. P, eds.. Basic neurochemistry. New York: Raven Press; 1994;449-474.
79. 79. Nguyen, T. V.; Kosofsky, B. E.; Birnbaum, R.; Cohen, B. M.; Hyman, S. E. Differential expression of c-Fos and Zif269 in rat striatum after haloperidol, clozapine, and amphetamine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4270-4274; 1992.
80. 80. Nguyen, T. V.; Ong, H.; Delean, A. Secretion and biosynthesis of atrial natriuretic factor by cultured adrenal chromaffin cells. FEBS Lett. 231:393-396; 1988.
81. 81. Noguchi, K.; Dubner, R.; Ruda, M. A. Preproenkephalin mRNA in spinal dorsal horn neurons is induced by peripheral inflammation and is co-localized with Fos and Fos-related proteins. Neuroscience 46:561-570; 1992.
82. 82. Noguchi, K.; Ruda, M. A. Gene regulation in an ascending nociceptive pathway: Inflammation-induced increase in preprotachykinin mRNA in rat lamina I spinal cord projection neurons. J. Neurosci. 12:2563-2572; 1992.
83. 83. Pruss, R. M.; Moskal, J. R.; Eiden, L. E.; Beinfeld, M. C. Specific regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide biosynthesis by phorbol ester in bovine chromaffin cells. Endocrinology 117:1020-1026; 1985.
84. 84. Pruss, R. M.; Stauderman, K. A. Voltage-regulated calcium channels involved in the regulation of enkephalin synthesis are blocked by phorbol ester treatment. J. Biol. Chem. 263:13173-13178; 1988.
85. 85. Pruss, R. M.; Zamir, N. Regulated expression of atrial natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity in cultured bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. Neurochem. Int. 11:299-304; 1987.
86. 86. Quach, T. T.; et al. Enkephalin biosynthesis in adrenal medulla. Modulation of proenkephalin mRNA content of cultured chromaffin cells by 8-bromo-adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. Mol. Pharmacol. 26:255-260; 1984.
87. 87. Rao, M. S.; Tyrrel, S.; Landis, S. C.; Patterson, P. H. Effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and depolarization on neuropeptide expression in cultured sympathetic neurons. Dev. Biol. 150:281-293; 1992.
88. 88. Rokaeus, A.; Pruss, R. M.; Eiden, L. E. Galanin gene expression in chromaffin cells is controlled by calcium and protein kinase signalling pathways. Endocrinol. 127:3096-3102; 1990.
89. 89. Rokaues, A. Galanin-a newly isolated biologically active peptide. Trends Neurosci. 10:158-164; 1987.
90. 90. Ruda, M. A.; Iadarola, M. J.; Cohen, L. V.; Young, W. S., III. In situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry reveal an increase in spinal dynorphin biosynthesis in a rat model of peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:622-626; 1988.
91. 91. Sagar, S. M.; Sharp, F. R.; Curran, T. Expression of c-fos protein in brain: metabolic mapping at the cellular level. Science 240:1328-1331; 1988.
92. 92. Sheng, M.; Dougan, S. T.; McFadden, G.; Greenberg, M. E. Calcium and growth factor pathway of c-fos transcriptional activation require distinct upstream regulatory sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2787-2796; 1988.
93. 93. Sheng, M.; McFadden, G.; Greenberg, M. E. Membrane depolarization and calcium influx induce c-fos transcription via phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB. Neuron 4:571-582; 1990.
94. +2-regulated transcription factor phosphorylated by calmodulin-dependent kinases. Science 252:1427-1430; 1991.
95. 95. Siegel, R. E.; Eiden, L. E.; Affolter, H.-U. Elevated potassium stimulates enkephalin biosynthesis in bovine chromaffin cells. Neuropeptides 6:543-552; 1985.
96. 96. Sietzen, M.; Schober, M.; Fischer-Colbrie, R.; Scherman, D.; Sperk, G.; Winkler, H. Rat adrenal medulla: Levels of chromogranins, enkephalins, dopamine β-hydroxylase and of the amine transporter are changed by nervous activity and hypophysectomy. Neuroscience 22:131-139; 1987.
97. 97. Sonnenberg, J. L.; Mitchelmore, C.; Macgregor-Leon, P. F.; Hempstead, J.; Morgan, J. I.; Curran, T. Glutamate receptor agonists increase the expression of Fos, Fra and AP-1 DNA binding activity in the mammalian brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 24:72-80; 1989.
98. 98. Sonnenberg, J. L.; RauscherIII, F. J.; Morgan, J. I.; Curran, T. Regulation of proenkephalin by fos and jun. Science 246:1622-1625; 1989.
99. 1 dopamine receptor-mediated immediate-early gene expression in the striatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 353:200-212; 1995.
100. 100. Szekely, A. M.; Barbaccia, M. L.; Costa, E. Activation of specific glutamate receptor subtypes increases c-fos proto-oncogene expression in primary cultures of neonatal rat cerebellar granule cells. Neuropharmacology 26:1779-1782; 1987.
101. 101. Udenfriend, S.; Kilpatrick, D. L. Biochemistry of the enkephalins and enkephalin-containing peptides. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221:309-323; 1983.
102. 2 receptor. Trends Pharmacol. Sci 10:74-77; 1989.
103. 103. Waschek, J. A.; Eiden, L. E. Calcium requirements for barium stimulation of enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal peptide biosynthesis in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. Neuropeptides 11:39-45; 1988.
104. 104. Waschek, J. A.; Hsu, C.-M.; Eiden, L. E. Lineage-specific regulation of the vasoactive intestinal peptide gene in neuroblastoma cells is conferred by 5.2 kilobases of 5′-flanking sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:9547-9551; 1988.
105. 105. Waschek, J. A.; Pruss, R. M.; Siegel, R. E.; Eiden, L. E.; Bader, M. F.; Aunis, D. Regulation of enkephalin, VIP, and chromogranin biosynthesis in actively secreting chromaffin cells. Multiple strategies for multiple peptides. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 493:308-323; 1987.
106. 106. Weihe, E.; Millan, M. J.; Leibold, A.; Nohr, D.; Herz, A. Co-localization of proenkephalin-and prodynorphin-derived opioid peptides in laminae IV/V spinal neurons revealed in arthritic rats. Neurosci. Lett. 85:187-192; 1988.
107. 107. Wilson, S. P. Pertussis toxin enhances proenkephalin synthesis in bovine chromaffin cells. J. Neurochem. 61:1901-1906; 1993.
108. 108. Young, W. S., III; Bonner, T. I.; Brann, M. R. Mesencephalic dopamine neurons regulate the expression of neuropeptide mRNAs in the rat forebrain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9827-9831; 1986.
109. 109. Zhang, X.; Ju, G.; Elde, R.; Hokfelt, T. Effect of peripheral nerve cut on neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord of monkey with special reference to galanin. J. Neurocytol. 22:342-381; 1993.