Two faces of cholecystokinin: Anxiety and schizophrenia

Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 116-126

  Bourin, M ^a   Malinge, M ^a   Vasar, E ^b   Bradwejn, J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

^c CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

anxiety; cholecystokinin; panic disorder; schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

1 (2,3 DIHYDRO 1 METHYL 2 OXO 5 PHENYL 1H 1,4 BENZODIAZEPIN 3 YL) 3 (3 METHYLPHENYL)UREA; 1 [2,3 DIHYDRO 1 (2' METHYLPHENACYL) 2 OXO 5 PHENYL 1H 1,4 BENZODIAZEPIN 3 YL] 3 (3 METHYLPHENYL)UREA; 1 [5 (3 AZABICYCLO[3.2.2]NON 3 YL) 2,3 DIHYDRO 1 METHYL 2 OXO 1H 1,4 BENZODIAZEPIN 3 YL] 3 (3 METHYLPHENYL)UREA; 4 [[2 [2 [[(2 ADAMANTYLOXY)CARBONYL]AMINO] 3 (1H INDOL 3 YL) 2 METHYLPROPIONAMIDO] 1 PHENYLETHYL]AMINO] 4 OXOBUTYRIC ACID MEGLUMINE; APOMORPHINE; BC 264; BENZODIAZEPINE; CERULETIDE; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CHOLECYSTOKININ A RECEPTOR; CHOLECYSTOKININ B RECEPTOR; CHOLECYSTOKININ OCTAPEPTIDE; CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR; CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CLOZAPINE; DEVAZEPIDE; HALOPERIDOL; IMIPRAMINE; LINTITRIPT; LORAZEPAM; LORGLUMIDE; METHAMPHETAMINE; N (4 BROMOPHENYL) 3 OXO 4,5 DIPHENYL 1 PYRAZOLIDINECARBOXAMIDE; N TERT BUTYLOXYCARBONYLTRYPTOPHYL[NEPSILON (2 METHYLPHENYLAMINOCARBONYL)LYSYL]ASPARTYL N METHYLPHENYLALANINAMIDE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; RACLOPRIDE; TETRAGASTRIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANIMAL MODEL; ANXIETY; BRAIN CORTEX; CLINICAL TRIAL; DYSPNEA; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; LIMBIC SYSTEM; NAUSEA; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PANIC; PARESTHESIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; THORAX PAIN; TRANQUILIZING ACTIVITY; VERTIGO; VOLUNTEER;

EID: 0029948238     PISSN: 07673981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1996.tb00154.x     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Abelson JL, Nesse RM, Vinik A. Stimulation of corticotropin release by pentagastrin in normal subjects and patients with panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1991;29:1220-3
2. 3H-L-364,718 membrane binding assays. Mol Pharmacol 1989;36:285-90
3. Bayley PJ, Dawson GR. The effect of iv administration of CCK-4 on lever pressing rates of rats on an operant random interval schedule. Br J Pharmacol 1993;108S:244
4. Beinfeld MC, Meyer DK, Eskay RL, Jensen RT, Brownstein MJ. The distribution of cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat as determined by radioimmunoassay. Brain Res 1981;212/51-7
5. Beinfeld MC. Cholecystokinin in the central nervous system: a minireview. Neuropeptides 1983;3:411-27
6. Biro E, Sarnayi Z, Penke B, Szabo G, Telegdy G. Role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor in mediation of neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfate ester in rats. Neuroendocrinology 1993;57:340-5
7. Boden P, Hill RG. Effects of cholecystokinin and related peptides on neuronal activity in the ventromedial nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Br J Pharmacol 1988;94:246-52
8. Bradwejn J, de Montigny C. Benzodiazepines antagonize cholecystokinin-induced activation of rat hippoccampal neurons. Nature 1984;312:363-4
9. Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Meterissian G. Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide in panic disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1990;35: 83-5
10. Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Shriqui C. Enhanced sensitivity to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide in panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:603-10
11. Bradwejn J, Koszycki D. Imipramine antagonizes the panicogenic effects of CCK-4 in panic disorder patients. Am J Psychiatry 1994;1511:261-3
12. Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Couetoux du Tertre A et al. The panicogenic effects of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide are antagonized by L-365,260, a central cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, in patients with panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:486-93
13. Bradwejn J. Cholecystokinin and panic disorder. In: Bradwejn J, Vasar E, eds. Cholecystokinin and Anxiety: from Neuron to Behavior. Austin: RG Landes Company, 1995;73-86
14. Brambilla F, Bellodi L, Perna G, Garben A, Sacerdote P. Lymphocyte cholecystokinin concentrations in panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1111-3
15. Britton DR, Curzon P, Yahiro L, Buckley M, Tufano M, Nazdan A. Evaluation of a stable CCK agonist (A68552) in conditioned avoidance responding in mice, rats and primates: comparison with typical and atypical antipsychotics. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992;43:369-76
16. Carruthers B, Dawbarn D, De Quidt M, Emson PC, Hunter J, Reynolds GP. Changes in neuropeptide content of amygdala in schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 1984;81 (suppl):190
17. 125L-cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor binding following chronic haloperidol treatment, intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine and ventral tegmental lesions. Life Sci 1983;32: 871-8
18. Chang RSI, Lotti VJ. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of an extremely potent and selective nonpeptide cholecystokinin antagonist. 1986;83:4923-6
19. Chiodo LA, Dunney BS. Typical and atypical neuroleptics: differential effects of chronic administration on the activity of A9 and A10 midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 1983;3:1607-19
20. Chiodo LA, Bunney BS. Population response of midbrain dopaminergic neurons to neuroleptics: further studies on time course and nondopaminergic influences. J Neurosci 1987;7:629-33
21. Cohen SL, Knight M, Tamminga CA, Chase TN. Cholecystokinin octapeptide effects on conditioned avoidance behavior, stereotypy and catalepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 1982;83:213-22
22. Crawley JN, Stivers JA, Blumstein LK, Paul SM. Cholecystokinin potentiates dopamine-mediated behaviors: evidence for modulation specific to a site of coexistence. J Neurosc 1985;5:1972-83
23. Crawley JN. Subtype-selective cholecystokinin receptor antagonists block cholecystokinin modulation of dopamine-mediated behaviors in the rat mesolimbic pathway. J Neurosci 1992;12:3380-91
24. Crawley JN, Corwin RL. Biological actions of cholecystokinin. Peptides 1994;15:731-55
25. Csernansky JG, Glick S, Mellentin J. Differential effects of proglumide on mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine function. Psychopharmacology 1987;91:440-4
26. Csonka E, Fekete M, Nagy G et al. Anxiogenic effect of cholecystokinin in rats. In: Penke B, Török A, eds. Peptides. New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1988;249-52
27. Della-Fera MA, Baile CA. Cholecystokinin octapeptide: continuous picomole injections into the cerebral ventricles of sheep suppress feeding. Science 1979;206:471-3
28. De Montigny C. Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide induces panic-like attacks in healthy volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:511-7
29. Derrien M, Durieux C, Daugé V, Roques BP. Involvement of D2 dopaminergic receptors in the emotional and motivational responses induced by injection of CCK-8 in the posterior part of the rat nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 1993;617:181-8
30. Dockray GJ. Immunochemical evidence of cholecystokinin-like peptides in brain. Nature 1976;264:568-70
31. Dockray GJ. CCK neurons and receptors in the CNS: introduction. In: Dourish CT, Cooper SJ, Iversen SD, Iversen LL, eds. Multiple cholecystokinin receptors in the CNS, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992;3-7
32. Dodd J, Kelly JS. Excitation of CA1 pyramidal neurones of the hippocampus by tetra- and octapeptide C-terminal fragments of cholecystokinin. J Physiol 1979;295:61-2
33. Dodd J, Kelly JS. The actions of cholecystokinin and related peptides on pyramidal neurones of the mammalian hippocampus. Brain Res 1981;205:337-50
34. Dooley DJ, Klamt I. Differential profile of the CCK-B receptor antagonist Cl-988 and diazepam in the 4-plate test. Psychopharmacology 1993;112:452-4
35. Dumbrille-Ross A, Seeman P. Dopamine receptor elevation by cholecystokinin. Peptides 1984;5:1207-12
36. Emson PC, Lee OM, Rehfeld JF. Cholecystokinin octapeptide: vesicular localization and calcium dependent release from rat brain in vitro. Life Sci 1980;26:2157-63
37. Farmery SM, Owen F, Poulter M, Crow TJ. Reduced high affinity cholecystokinin binding in hippocampus and frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Life Sci 1985;36:473-7
38. Fekele M, Lengyel A, Hegedüs B et al. Further analysis of the effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on avoidance behavior in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1984;98:79-91
39. Ferrier IN, Roberts GW, Crow Tj et al Reduced cholecystokinin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in limbic lobe is associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Life Sci 1983;33:475-82
40. Ferrier IN, Crow TJ, Farmery SM, Roberts GW, Owen F. Reduced cholecystokinin levels in the limbic lobe in schizophrenia. Ann NY Acad Sci 1985;448:495-506
41. Fuxe K, Andersson K, Locatelli V et al. Cholecystokinin peptides produce marked reduction of dopamine turnover in discrete areas in the rat brain following intraventricular injection. Eur J Pharmacol 1980;67:329-31
42. Garver DL, Beinfeld MC, Yao JK. Cholecystokinin, dopamine and schizophrenia. Psychol Bull 1991;26:377-91
43. Gerhardt GA, Friedmann M, Brodie MS et al. The effect of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) on dopamine-containing nerve terminals in the caudale nucleus and nucleus accumbens of the anaesthetized rat in vivo electrochemical studies. Brain Res 1989;499:157-63
44. Goltermann NR, Rehfeld JF, Roigaard-Petersen H. In vivo biosynthesis of cholecystokinin in rat cerebral cortex. J Biol Chem 1980;25:6181-5
45. Gully D, Frehel D, Marcy C et al. Peripheral biological activity of SR 27897: a new potent non-peptide antagonist of CCK-A receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;232:13-9
46. Hahne WF, Jensen RT, Lemp GF, Gardner JD. Proglumide and benzotript: members of a different class of cholecystokinin receptor antagonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;78: 6304-8
47. Harro J, Pold M, Vasar E, Allikmets L. The role of CCK-8-ergic mechanisms in the regulation of emotional behaviour in rodents. J Higher Nervous Activity 1989;39:877-83
48. Harro J, Pöld M, Vasar E. Anxiogenic-like action of caerulein, a CCK-8 receptor agonist, in the mouse: influence of acute and subchronic diazepam treatment. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1990a;341:62-7
49. Harro J, Kiivet RA, Lang A, Vasar E. Rats with anxious or non-anxious type of exploratory behaviour differ in their CCK-8 and benzodiazepine receptor characteristics. Behav Brain Res 1990b;39:63-71
50. Harro J, Vasar E. Evidence that CCK-B receptors mediate the regulation of exploratory behaviour in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1991a;193:379-81
51. Harro J, Vasar E. Cholecystokinin-induced anxiety: how is it reflected in studies on exploratory behaviour? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1991b;15:473-7
52. Harro J. Studies on the brain cholecystokinin receptors and behaviour. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala University Press, 1993;421:48
53. Harro J, Vasar E, Bradwejn J. CCK in animal and human research on anxiety. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1993;14:244-9
54. Hays SE, Beinfeld MC, Jensen RT, Goodwin FK, Paul SM. Demonstration of a putative receptor site for cholecystokinin in rat brain. Neuropeptides 1980;1:53-62
55. Hicks PB, Vinogradov S, Riney SJ, Su K, Csernansky JG. A preliminary dose-ranging trial of proglumide for the treatment of refractory schizophrenics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989;9:200-12
56. 3H-MK-329. J Neurosci 1990;10:1070-81
57. Hökfelt T, Skirboll LR, Rehfeld JF, Gostein M, Markey K, Dann O. A subpopulation of mesencephalic dopamine neurons projecting to limbic areas contains a cholecystokinin-like peptide: evidence from immunohistochemistry combined with retrograde tracing. Neuroscience 1980;5:2093-142
58. Hökfelt T. Neuropeptide in perspective: The last ten years. Neuron 1991;7:867-79
59. Hommer DW, Skirboll LR. Cholecystokinin-like peptides potentiate apomorphine-induced inhibition of dopamine neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 1983;91:151-2
60. Honda I, Wada H, Battey JF, Wank SA. Differential gene expression of CCK-A and CCK-B receptors in the rat brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 1993;4:143-54
61. Howbert JJ, Lobb KL, Brown RF et al. A novel series of non-peptide CCK and gastrin antagonists: medicinal chemistry and electrophysiological demonstration of antagonism. In: Dourish CT, Cooper SJ, Iversen SD, Iversen LL, eds. Multiple Cholecystokinin Receptors in the CNS. New York; Oxford University Press, 1992;28-37
62. Hughes J, Boden P, Costall B et al. Development of a class of selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonists having potent anxiolytic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:6728-32
63. Huppi K, Siwarski, Pisenga JR, Wank S. Chromosomal localization of the gastric and brain receptors for cholecystokinin (CCK-AR and CCK-BR) in human and mouse. Genomics 1995;25:727-9
64. Innis RB, Snyder SH. Distinct cholecystokinin receptors in brain and pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1980;77:6917-21
65. Innis RB, Bunney BS, Charney DS et al. Does the cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide possess antipsychotic activity. Psychiat Res 1986;18:1-7
66. Ishibaschi S, Omura Y, Okaijma T, Shibata S. Cholecytokinin, motilin and secretin effects on the central nervous system. Physiol Behav 1979;23:401-3
67. Jlang LH, Kasser RJ, Wang RY. Cholecystokinin antagonist lorglumide reverses chronic haloperidol-induced effects on dopamine neurons. Brain Res 1988;473:165-8
68. Kopin AS, Lee Y-M, McBride EW et al. Expression, cloning and characterization of the canine parietal cell gastrin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89;3605-9
69. Kramer MS, Cutler NR, Ballenger JC et al. A placebo-controlled trial of L-365,260, a CCK-B antagonist, in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:162-6
70. Lang A, Harro J, Soosaar A et al. Role of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and cholecystokinin receptors in apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1995;351:363-70
71. Lee Y-M, Beinborn M, McBride EW, Lu M, Kolakowski LF, Kopin AS. The human brain cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor. J Biol Chem 1993;268:8164-9
72. Lindefors N, Linden A, Brené S, Sedvall G, Persson H. CCK peptides and mRNA in the human brain. Prog Neurobiol 1993;40:671-90
73. Lopes da Silva FH, Witter MP, Boeijinga PH, Lohman AHM. Anatomical organization and physiology of limbic cortex. Physiol Rev 1990;70:453-511
74. Lotstra F, Verbanck PMP, Mendelewicz J, Vanderhaegen JJ. No evidence of antipsychotic effect of caerulein in schizophrenic patients free of neuroleptics: a double-bind crossover study. Biol Psychiatry 1984;19:877-82
75. Lotstra F, Verbanck PMP, Gilles C, Mendelewicz J, Vanderhaegen JJ. Reduced cholecystokinin levels in cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinsonian and schizophrenic patients. Ann NY Acad Sci 1985;448:507-17
76. Lotti VJ, Chang RSL. A new and selective non-peptide gastrin antagonist and brain cholecystokinin receptor (CCK-B) ligand: L-365,260. Eur J Pharmacol 1989;162;273-80
77. Lydiard RB, Ballenger JC, Laraia MT, Fossey MD, Beinfeld MC. CSF cholecystokinin concentrations in patients with panic disorder and in normal comparison subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:691-3
78. MacVicar BA, Kerrin JP, Davison JS. Inhibition of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus by cholecystokinin (CCK) and its antagonism by CCK analog (CCK27-33). Brain Res 1987;406:130-5
79. Meyer DK, Holland A, Conzelmann U. Dopamine D1-receptor stimulation reduces neostriatal cholecystokinin release. Eur J Pharmacol 1984;104:387-8
80. Migaud M, Durieux C, Roques BP. Evidences of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) uptake in rat cortex synaptosomal fractions. J Neurochem 1993;61 (suppl):S83B
81. Minabe Y, Ashby CR, Wang RY. The CCK-A receptor antagonist devazepide but not the CCK-B receptor antagonist L-365,260 reverses the effects of chronic clozapine and haloperidol on midbrain dopamine neurons. Brain Res 1991;549:151-4
82. Moran TH, Robinson PH, Goldrich MS, McHugh PR. Two brain cholecystokinin receptors: implications for behavioral actions. Brain Res 1986;362:175-9
83. Palmour RM, Bradwejn J, Ervin FR. The anxiogenic effects of CCK-4 in monkeys are reduced by CCK-B abtagonists, benzodiazepines or adenosine A2 agonists. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1992;2:193-5
84. Pavlasevic S, Bednar I, Qureshi GA, Södersten P. Brain cholecystokinin tetrapeptide levels are increased in a rat model of anxiety. NeuroReport 1993;5:225-8
85. Payeur R, Nixon MK, Bourin M, Bradwejn J, Legrand JM. The potential role of cholecystokinin in schizophrenia: review and update. Eur Psychiatry 1993;8:67-78
86. Peters A, Miller M, Kimerer LM Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive neurons in rat cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 1983;8:431-48
87. Pinget M, Strauss E, Yalow RS. Localization of cholecystokinin-like reactivity in isolated nerve terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978;75:6321-6
88. Pinget M, Strauss E, Yalow RS. Release of cholecystokinin peptides from synaptosomal-enriched fraction of rat cerebral cortex. Life Sci 1979;25:339-42
89. Powell KR, Barett JE. Evaluation of the effects of PD 43308 (Cl-988), a CCK-B antagonist, on the punished responding of squirrel monkeys. Neuropeptide 1991;19 (suppl):75-8
90. Pratt JA, Brett RR. The benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist FG 7142 induces cholecystokinin gene expression in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1995;184:97-200
91. Rasmussen K, Stokton ME, Czachura JF, Howbert JJ. Cholecystokinin and schizophrenia: the selective CCK-B antagonist LY-262691 decreases midbrain dopamine unit activity. Eur J Pharmacol 1991;209:749-53
92. Rasmussen K, Czachura JF, Stockton ME, Howbert JJ. Electrophysiological effects of dipenhylpyrazolidinone cholecystokinin-B and cholecystokinin-A antagonists on midbrain dopamine neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 264:480-8
93. Rehfeld JF. Neuronal cholecystokinin: one or multiple transmitters? J Neurochem 1985;44:1-10
94. Rehfeld JF. CCK and anxiety: introduction. In: Dourish CT, Cooper SJ, Iversen SD, Iversen LL, eds. Multiple Cholecystokinin Receptors in the CNS. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992;117-20
95. Rehfeld JF, Hansen HF. Characterization of preprocholecystokinin products in the porcine cerebral cortex: evidence of different processing pathways. J Biol Chem 1986;261: 5832-40
96. Rehfeld JF, Nielsen FC. Molecular forms and regional distribution of cholecystokinin in the central nervous system. In: Bradwejn J, Vasar E, eds. Cholecystokinin and Anxiety: from Neuron to Behavior. Austin: RG Landes Company, 1995;33-56
97. Rex A, Barth L, Voigt JP, Domeney A, Fink H. Effects of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide and sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide in rat models of anxiety. Neurosci Lett 1994a; 172:139-42
98. Rex A, Fink H, Marsden CA. Effects of Boc CCK-4 and L-365,260 on cortical 5-HT release in guinea-pigs on exposure to elevated plus maze. Neuropharmacology 1994b; 33:559-65
99. Roberts GW, Ferner IN, Lee Y et al. Peptides, the limbic lobe and schizophrenia. Brain Res 1983;288:199-211
100. Rovafi LC, Bani M, Makovec H, Revel I, Setnikar I. Lorgumide and loxiglumide: two potent and specific antagonists of peripheral CCK. In: Bali JP, Martinez J, eds. Gastrin and Cholecystokinin, Chemistry, Physiology and Pharmacology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987;45-8
101. Rupniak NMJ, Schaffer L, Siegl P, Iversen SD. Failure of intravenous pentagastrin challenge to induce panic-like effects in rhesus monkeys. Neuropeptides 1993;25:115-9
102. Saito AH, Sankaran H, Goldfine ID, Williams JA. Cholecystokinin receptors in the brain: characterization and distribution. Science 1980;208:1155-6
103. Sankaran H, Goldfine ID, Deveney CW, Wong KY, Williams JA. Binding of cholecystokinin to high affinity receptors on isolated rat pancreatic acini. J Biol Chem 1980; 255:1849-53
104. Savasta M, Palacios JM, Mengod G. Regional localization of the mRNA coding for the neuropeptide cholecystokinin in the rat brain studied by in situ hybridization. Neurosci Lett 1988;93:132-8
105. Shalling M, Friberg K, Seroogy K. Analysis of expression of cholecystokinin in dopamine cells in the ventral mesencephalon in several species and in humans with schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;87:8427-31
106. Singh L, Lewis AS, Field MJ, Hughes J, Woodruff GN. Evidence for an involvement of the brain cholecystokinin B receptor in anxiety. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1991;88: 1130-3
107. Song I, Brown DR, Wilshire RN, Gantz I, Trent JM, Yamada T. The human gastrin/cholecystokinin type b receptor gene: Alternative splice donor site in exon 4 generates two variant mRNAS. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:9085-9
108. Stockton ME, Howbert JJ, Rasmussen K. Localization of receptors mediating the effects of the selective CCK-B antagonist LY-262691 on A9 and A10 dopamine cells: lesion and microinjection studies. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1992;18:278
109. Suzuki T, Moroji T, Hori T, Baba A, Kawai N, Koizumi J. Autoradiographic localization of CCK-8 binding sites in the rat brain: effects of chronic metamphetamine on these sites. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34:781-90
110. Swerdlow NR, Van der Kooy D, Koob GF, Wenger JR. Cholecytokinin produces conditioned place-aversions, not place-preferences, in food-deprivated rats: Evidence against involvement in satiety. Life Sci 1983;32:2087-93
111. Tamminga CA, Littman RL, Alphs LD, Chase TN, Thaker GK, Wagman AM. Neuronal cholecystokinin and schizophrenia: pathogenic and therapeutic studies. Psychopharmacology 1986;8:387-91
112. Ulrich CD, Ferber I, Hollcky E, Hadac E, Buell G, Miller LJ. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the human galibladder cholecystokinin A receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;193:204-11
113. Vaccarino FJ, Rankin J. Nucleus accumbens cholecystokinin (CCK) can either attenuate or potentiate amphetamine-induced locomotor activity: evidence for rostral-caudal differences in accumbens CCK function. Behav Neurosci 1989;103:831-6
114. Vanderhaeghen JJ, Signeau JC, Gepts W. New peptide in vertebrate CNS reacting with antigastrin antibodies. Nature 1975;257:601-5
115. Vanderhaeghen JJ, Lotstra F, Demey J, Gilles C. Immunohistochemical localization of cholecystokinin- and gastrin-like peptides in the brain and hypophysis of the rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:1190-4
116. Vanderhaeghen JJ, Schiffmann SN. Distribution of brain neuronal CCK. An in situ hybridization study. In: Dourish CT, Cooper SJ, Iversen SD, Iversen LL, eds. Multiple Cholecystokinin Receptors in the CNS. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992;38-52
117. Van Dijk A, Richards JG, Trzeciak A, Gillessen D, Möhler H. Cholecystokinin receptors: biochemical demonstration and autoradiographical localization in rat brain and pancreas using 3H-cholecystokinin as radiologand. J Neurosci 1984;4:1021-33
118. Van Megen HJGM, Westenberg HGM, den Boer JA, Haigh JRM, Traub M. Pentagastrin induced panic attacks: enhanced sensitivity in panic disorder patients. Psychopharmacology 1994;114:1021-33
119. Van Ree JM, Gaffori O, De Wied D. In rats, the behavioural profile of CCK8 related peptides resembles that of antipsychotic drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 1983;93:63-78
120. Vasar E, Allikmets L, Ryzhov I, Prakhye I, Soosaar A, Mirzaev S. Interspecies differences in the behavioural effects of caerulein, an agonist of CCK-8 receptors, in mice and rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 1988;105:168-70
121. Vasar E, Harro J, Pöld A, Lang A. CCK receptors and anxiety in rats. In: Dourish CT, Cooper SJ, Iversen SD, Iversen LL, eds. Multiple Cholecystokinin Receptors in the CNS. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992;43-148
122. Vasar E, Peuranen E, Harro J, Lang A, Oreland L, Mannisto PT. Social isolation of rats increases the density of cholecystokinin receptors in the frontal cortex and abolishes the anti-exploratory effect of caerulein. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1993;348:96-101
123. Vasar E, Lang A, Harro J, Bourin M, Bradwejn J. Evidence for potentiation by CCK antagonists of the effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide in the elevated plus maze. Neuropharmacology 1994;33:729-35
124. Verbanck PMP, Lotstra F, Gilles C, Linkowski P, Mendelewicz J, Vanderhaegen JJ. Reduced cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychiatric disorders. Life Sci 1984;34:67-72
125. Verhage M, Ghijsen WEJM, Nicholls DG, Wiegant VM. Characterization of the release of cholecystokinin 8 from isolated nerve terminals and comparison with exocytosis of classical transmitters. J Neurochem 1991;23:1394-400
126. 3H-dopamine efflux from rat nucleus accumbens. Neuropeptides 1989;13: 43-50
127. Virgo L, Humphries C, Mortimer A, Barnes T, Hirsch S, Debelleroche J. Cholecystokinin messenger RNA deficit in frontal cortex and temporal cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:694-701
128. Voigt M, Wang RY, Westfall TC. Cholecystokinin octapeptides after the release of endogenous dopamine from the rat nucleus accumbens in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986;237:147-53
129. Wang RY. Cholecystokinin, dopamine and schizophrenia recent progress and current problems. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988;89:3125-9
130. Wank SA, Harkins R, Jensen RT, Shapira H, de Weerth A, Slatter T. Purification, molecular cloning, and functional expression of the cholecystokinin receptors from rat pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:3125-9
131. Wettstein JG, Grouhel A, Earley B, Junien JL. Unique behavioral profiles of CCK antagonists in rats. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1992;18:815
132. White RJ, Wang RY. Differential effects of classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on A9 and A10 dopamine neurons Life Sci 1983;221:1054-7
133. Wise RA, Rompre PP. Brain dopamine and reward. Annual Rev Psychol 1989;40:191-225
134. Woodruff GN, Hughes J. Cholecystokinin antagonists. Annual Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1991;31:469-501
135. Zetter G. Caerulein and its analogues, neuropharmacological properties. Peptides 1985;6 (suppl 3):33-46
136. Zhang J, Chiodo LA, Freeman AS. Effects of the CCK-A receptor antagonist CR 1109 on the activity of rat midbrain dopamine neurons. Peptides 1991;12:339-43