Sympathetic reflex regulation of the peripheral circulation in humans

Danish Medical Bulletin

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 126-140

  Jacobsen, Tage Norby ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NONE   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIATRIZOATE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PHENYLEPHRINE; PROPRANOLOL;

CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION; PRESSORECEPTOR; REVIEW; SYMPATHETIC FUNCTION; SYMPATHETIC REFLEX;

ANIMALS; BLOOD CIRCULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; HUMANS; REFLEX; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM;

EID: 0029947319     PISSN: 09078916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Jacobsen TN, Nielsen HV, Kassis E, Amtorp O: Subcutaneous and skeletal muscle vascular responses in human limbs to lower body nega-tive pressure. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1992; 144: 247-252.
2. Jacobsen TN, Converse RL, Victor RG: Contrasting effects of propranolol on sympathtic nerve activity and vascular resistance during orthostatic stress. Circulation 1992; 85: 1072-1076.
3. Converse RL, Jacobsen TN, Jost CMT, Fouad-Tarazi F, Obregon TM, Toto RD and Victor RG: Paradoxical withdrawal of sympathetic vasoconstriction during dialysis induced hypotension. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1992; 90: 1657-1665.
4. Converse RL, Jacobsen TN, Toto RD, Jost CMT. Cosentino F, Fouad-Tarazi F, Victor RG: Sympathetic overactivity in patients with chronic renal failure. The New England Journal of Medicine 1992; 327: 1912-1918.
5. Jacobsen TN, Morgan BJ, Scherrer U, Vissing SF, Lange RA, Johnson N, Ring WS, Rahko PS, Hanson P, Victor RG: Relative contributions of cardiopulmonary and sinoaortic baroreflexes in causing sympathetic activation in the human muscle circulation during orthostatic stress. Circulation Research 1993; 73: 367-378.
6. Jacobsen TN, Kassis E, Amtorp O: Effects of orthostatic stress on peripheral capillary filtration in mild congestive heart failure after healing of myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology 1993; 72: 418-422.
7. Jacobsen TN, Lange RA, Olivari MT, Yancy CW, Horn VPH, Ring SW, Baldwin BJ, Victor RG: Differential effects of chemosensitive cardiac afferent activation on the reflex control of vascular resistance in the human forearm and calf. The Journal of Applied Physiology 1994; 76: 1123-1129.
8. Abboud FM, Eckberg DL. Johannsen UJ. Mark AL. Carotid and cardiopulmonary baroreceptor control of splanchnic and forearm vascular resistance during venous pooling in man. J Physiol (Lond) 1979; 286: 173-184.
9. Abboud FM. Thames M D. Interaction of cardiovascular reflexes in circulatory control. In Sheperd JT, Abboud FM (eds): Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System, Vol III. American Physiological Society, Bethesda 1983, pp 675-753.
10. Abboud FM. Ventricular syncope: Is the heart a sensory organ? N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 390-392
11. Aksamit TR, Floras JS, Victor RG, Aylward PE. Paroxysmal hypertension due to sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation in humans. Hypertension 1987; 9: 309-314.
12. Almquist A, Goldenberg IF. Milstein S, Chen M-Y, Chen X, Hansen R, Gormck CC, Bendill DG. Provocation of bradycardia and hypotension by isoproterenol and upright posture in patients with unexplained syncope. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 346-351.
13. Armour JA. Physiological behavior of thoracic cardiovascular receptors Am J Physiol 1973; 225: 177-185.
14. Arndt JO. Baroreceptors: Morphology and mechanics of receptor zones and discharge properties of baroafferents. In Zucker IH, Gilmore JP (eds): Reflex control of the circulation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 1991, pp 103-138.
15. Arrowood JA, Mohanty PK, Hodgson JMcB, Dibner-Dunlap ME, Thames MD. Ventricular sensory endings mediate reflex bradycardia during coronary arteriography in humans. Circulation 1989; 80: 1293-1300.
16. Bainbridge FA. The influence of venous filling upon the rate of the heart. J Physiol (Lond) 1915; 50: 65-84.
17. Baker DG, Coleridge HM. Coleridge JCG. Vagal allerem C fibres from the ventricle. In Hainsworth R. Ktdd C. Linden RJ (eds): Cardiac receptors. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK 1979. pp 117-137
18. Bakris GL, Wilson DM, Burnett JC. The renal, forearm, and hormonal responses to standing in the presence and absence of propranotol. Circulation 1986; 74: 1061-1065.
19. Banner NR, Williams TDM, Patel N, Chalmers J, Lightman SL, Yacoub MH. Altered cardiovascular and neurohumoral responses to head-up tilt after heart-lung transplantation. Circulation 1990; 82: 863-871.
20. Bayliss J, Norell M, Canepa-Anson R, Sutton G, Poole-Wilson P. Untreated heart failure: clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introducing diuretics. Br Heart J 1987; 57: 17-22
21. Bczold A von, Hirt L. Ucbcr die physiologischen Wirkungen des essigsauren Veratrin's. Unters Physiologische Laboratorium Wurzburg 1867; 1: 73-156
22. Bishop VS, Malliani A, Thorén PN. Cardiac mechanoreceptors. In Sheperd JT, Abboud FM (eds): Handbook of Physiology, The Cardiovascular System. Vol III, American Physiological Society. Bethesda 1983, pp 497-555.
23. Blomquist CG. Stone HL Cardiovascular adjustments to gravitational stress. In Sheperd JT, Abboud FM (eds): Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System, Vol III, American Physiological Society, Bethesda 1983, pp 1025-1063.
24. Chen MY, Goldenberg IF, Milstein S, Buetikofer J, Almqvist A, Lesser J, Benditt DG. Cardiac electrophysiologic and hemodynamic correlates of neurally mediated syncope. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 66-72.
25. Cobbold A, Folkow B, Kjellmer I, Mellander S, Nervous and local chemical control of pre-capillary sphincters in skeletal muscle as measured by changes in filtration coefficient. Acta Physiol Scand 1963; 57: 180-192.
26. Cody RJ, Atlas SA, Laragh JH, Kubo SH, Covit AB, Ryman KS, Shaknovich A, Pondolfino K, Clark M, Camargo MJF, Scarborough RM, Lewicki JA. Atrial natriurctic factor in normal subjects and heart failure patients: plasma levels and renal, hormonal, and hemodynamic responses to peptide infusion. J Clin Invest 1986; 78: 1362-1374
27. Coleridge HM, Coleridge JCG. Cardiovascular afferents involved in regulation of peripheral vessels. Ann Rev Physiol 1980; 42: 413-427.
28. Cornish KG, Gilmore JP, McCulloch T. Central blood volume and blood pressure in conscious primates. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: H693-H701.
29. Cox DA, Vita JA, Treasure CB, Fish RD, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. Reflex increase in blood pressure during the intracoronary administration of adcnosine in man. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 592-596.
30. Dawes GS. Studies on veratrum alkaloids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1947; 89: 325-342.
31. Delius W, Hagbarth K-E, Hongell A, Wallin BG. Manoeuvers affecting sympathetic outflow in human skin nerves Acta Physiol Scand 1972a; 84: 177-186.
32. Delius W, Hagbarth K-E, Hongell A, Wallin BG. Manoeuvers affecting sympathetic outflow in human muscle nerves. Acta Physiol Scand 1972b; 84: 82-94.
33. Eckberg DL, Sleight P. Human baroreflexes in health and disease. Oxford University Press. Oxford 1992.
34. Eckberg DL, White CW, Kioschos JM, Abboud FM. Mechanisms mediating bradycardia during coronary arteriography J Clin Invest 1974; 54: 1455-1461
35. Ellenbogen KA, Monhanty PK, Szentpetery S, Thames MD. Arterial baroreflex abnormalities in heart failure: reversal after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1989; 79: 51-58.
36. Escourrou P, Raffestin B, Papelier Y, Pussard E, Rowell LB. Cardiopulmonary and carotid baroreflex control of splanchnic and forearm circulations. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: H777-H782.
37. Essandoh LK, Houston DS, Vanhoutte PM, Shepherd JT. Differential effects of lower body negative pressure on forearm and calf blood flow. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 994-998.
38. Essandoh LK, Duprez DA, Shepherd JT. Postural cardiovascular reflexes: comparison of responses of forearm and calf resistance vessels. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63: 1801-1805.
39. Eyzaguirre C, Fitzgerald RS, Lahiri S, Zapata P. Arterial chemoreceptors. In Sheperd JT. Abboud FM (eds): Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System, Vol 111, American Physiological Society, Bethesda 1983, pp 557-621.
40. Ferguson DW, Thames MD, Mark AL. Effects of propranolol on reflex vascular responses to orthostatic stress in humans: role of ventricular baroreceptors. Circulation 1983; 67: 802-807.
41. Ferguson DW, Abboud FM, Mark AL. Selective impairment of baroreflexmediated vasoconstrictor response in patients with ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1984; 69: 451-460.
42. Ferguson DW Shock. In Wyngaarden JB. et al., (eds): Cecil Textbook of Medicine. WB Saunders Co. Philadelphia 1992, pp 207-228.
43. Fitzpartick A, Sutton R. Tilting towards a diagnosis in recurrent unexplained syncope. Lancet 1989; 1: 658-660.
44. Fitzpatrick AP, Banner N, Cheng A, Yucoub M, Sullon R. Vasovagal reaction may occur after orthotopic heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 1132-1137.
45. Furness JB, Marshall JM. Correlation of the directly observed response of mesenteric vessels of the rat to nerve stimulation and noradrenaline with the distribution of adrencrgic nerves. J Physiol (Lond) 1974, 239, 75-88.
46. Garrison JC, Peach MJ. Cardiovascular drugs. In Oilman AG. Rail TW, Nies AS, Taylor P (eds): The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Pergamon press. New York 1990. pp 749-756.
47. Goldsmith SR, Francis GS, Levine TB, Cohn JN. Regional blood flow response to orthostasis in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coil Cardiol 1983; 1: 1391-1396.
48. Gorman AJ, Cornish KG, Zucker IH. Renal and iliac vascular responses to left ventricular receptor stimulation in concious dogs. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: R788-R798.
49. Greenfield ADM, Whitney RJ, Mowbray JF. Methods for the investigation of peripheral blood flow. Br Med Bull 1963; 19: 101-109.
50. Groban L, Cowley AW, Ebert TJ. Atrial natriuretic peptide augments forearm capillary filtration in humans. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: H258-H263.
51. Gustafsson D, Lundvall J. β2-Adrenergic vascular control of hemorrhage and its influence on cardiac performance. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: H351-H359.
52. Hainsworth R. Reflexes from the heart. Physiol Rev 1991; 71: 617-658.
53. Henderson LW. Symptomatic hypotension during dialysis. Kid Int 1980; 17: 571-576.
54. Henrich WL. Hemodynamic instability during hemodialysis. Kid Int 1986; 30: 605-612.
55. Henriksen O, Sejrsen P. Local reflex in microcirculation in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 1977; 99: 19-26.
56. Henriksen O, Sejrsen P, Paaskc WP, Eickhoff JH. Effect of chronic sympathetic denervation upon the transcapillary filtration rate induced by venous stasis. Acta Physiol Scand 1983; 117: 171-176.
57. Hébert MT, Marshall JM. Direct observations of the effect of baroreceptor stimulation on skeletal muscle circulation in the rat J Physiol (Lond) 1988; 400: 45-59
58. Hcymans C, Niel E. Reflexogenic areas of the cardiovascular system. Churchill, London 1958.
59. Hillmann J. Beta2-adrenergic control of transcapillary fluid absorption and plasma volume in haemorrhage. Acta Physiol Scand 1983 (suppl 516): 1-62.
60. Imaizumi T, Brunk SD, Gupta BN, Thames MD. Central effect of intravenous phenylephrine on baroreflex control of renal nerves. Hypertension 1984; 6: 906-914.
61. Jarisch A, Richter H. Die afferenten Bahnen des Veratrineeffektes in Den Herznerven. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmacol 1939; 193: 355-371.
62. Jarisch A. Zotterman Y. Depressor re flexes from the heart. Acta Physiol Scand 1948; 16: 31-51.
63. Johnson JM, Rowell LB, Niederberg M, Eisman MM. Human splanchnic and forearm vasoconstrictor responses to reductions of right atnal and aortic pressures. Circ Res 1974; 34: 515-524.
64. Joyner MJ, Suwarno NO, Seals DR, Shepherd JT. Effects of graded lower body negative pressure on forearm blood flow in patients after heart-lung transplantation. FASEB J 1990; 4: A428 (abstract).
65. Kassis E, Jacobsen TN, Mogensen F, Amtorp O. Sympathetic reflex control of skeletal muscle blood flow in patients with congestive heart failure: evidence for β-adrenergic circulatory control. Circulation 1986; 74: 929-939.
66. Kassis E. Baroreflex control of the circulation in patients with congestive heart failure. Dan Med Bull 1989; 36: 195-211.
67. Katz MA. Capillary filtration measurement by strain gauge. I. Analysis of methods. Am J Physiol 1977; 232: H354-H360.
68. Kersh ES, Kronlield SJ, Unger A, Popper RW, Cantor S, Cohn K. Autonomic insufficiency in uremia as a cause of hemodialysis-induced hypotension. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 650-653.
69. Klinke WP, Christie LG, Nichols WW, Ray ME, Curry RC, Pepine CJ, Conti CR. Use of catheter-tip velocity-pressure transducer to evaluate left ventricular function in man: effects of inttavenous propranolol. Circulation 1980; 61: 946-954.
70. Krogh A, Landis EM, Turner AH. The movement of fluid through the human capillary wall in relation to venous pressure and to the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood. J Clin Invest 1932; 11: 63-95.
71. Kubo SH, Clark M, Laragh JH, Borer JS, Cody RJ. Identification of normal neurohormonal activity in mild congestive heart failure and stimulating effect of upright posture and diuretics. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 1322-1328.
72. Kunze DL, Andresen MC. Arterial baroreceptors: exicatation and modulation. In Zucker IH, Gilmore JP (eds): Reflex control of the circulation. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 1991, pp 139-164
73. Landgren S. On the excitation mechanism of the carotid baroreceptors. Acta Physiol Scand 1952; 26: 1-34
74. Lassen NA, Henriksen O, Sejrsen P. Indicator methods for measurement of organ and tissue blood flow. In Sheperd JT, Abboud FM (eds): Handbook of Physiology: The Cardiovascular System, Vol III, American Physiological Society. Bethesda 1983, pp 21-64.
75. Lazarus JM, Hampers CL, Lowrie EG, Merrill JP. Baroreceptor activity in normotensive and hypertensive uremic patients. Circulation 1973; 47: 1015-1021.
76. Lilley JJ, Golden J. Stone RA. Adrenergic regulation of blood pressure in chronic renal failure J Clin Invest 1976; 57: 1190-1200.
77. Lower RR, Stofer RC, Shumway NE. Homovital transplantation of the heart. J Thorc Cardiovasc Surg 1961; 41: 196-204.
78. Lundvall J, Jarhult J. Beta-adrenergic dilator component of the sympathetic vascular response in skeletal muscle: influence on the micro-circulation and on transcapillary exchange. Acta Phystol Scand 1976; 96: 180-192.
79. Malliani A, Recordati G, Schwanz PJ. Nervous activity of afferent cardiac sympathetic fibres with atrial and ventricular endings. J Physiol (Lond) 1973; 229: 457-469.
80. Mancia G, Mark AL. Arterial baroreflexes in humans. In Shepherd JT, Abboud FM (eds): Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System, Vol III, American Physiological Society, Bethesda 1983, pp 755-785.
81. Mark AL. The Bezold-Jarish reflex revisited: clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 1: 90-102.
82. Mark AL, Victor RG, Nerhed C, Wallin BG. Microneurographic studies of the mechanisms of sympathetic nerve responses to static exercise in humans. Circ Res 1985; 57: 461-469
83. Mark AL. Cyclosporine, sympathetic activity, and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 748-750.
84. McDevitt DG, Shand DG: Plasma concentrations and the time-course of beta blockade due to propranolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975; 18: 708-713.
85. Michel CC, Fluid movements through capillary walls. In Renkin EM, Michel CC (eds): Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System, Vol IV, American Physiological Society. Bethesda 1984, pp 375-409.
86. Milstein S, Buetikofer J, Lesser J, Goldenberg IF, Benditt DG, Gornick C, Reyes WJ. Cardiac asystole: a manifestation of neurally mediated hypotension-bradycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 14: 1626-1632.
87. Minisi AJ, Thames MD. Reflexes from ventricular receptors with vagal afferents. In Zucker IH, Gilmore JP (eds): Reflex control of the circulation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 1991, pp 359-405
88. Mitsumori M, Hayakawa K, Torizuka T, Okuno Y, Monji T, Uwatoko H, Kitamura K, Abe M. Ionized calcium levels in coronary sinus blood during coronary angiography: effects of four contrast media. Radiology 1992; 183: 159-161.
89. Mohanty PK, Thames MD, Arrowood JA, Sowers JR, McNamara C, Szentpetery S. Impairment of cardiopulmonary baroreflex after cardiac transplantation in humans. Circulation 1987; 75: 914-921.
90. Morgan BJ, Rahko PS, Pease MO, Berkoff HA, DeBoer LWV, Hanson P. Vasoconstrictor response to lower body negative pressure is attenuated after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1987; 76: IV-59 (abstract).
91. Morgan DA, Thorén P, Wilczynski EA, Victor RA, Mark AL. Serotonergic mechanisms mediate renal sympathoinhibition during severe hemorrhage in rats. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: H496-H502. Monta H. Vatner SF. Effects of hemorrhage on renal nerve activity in conscious dogs. Circ Res 1985; 57: 788-793.
92. Morgan DA, Thorén P, Wilczynski EA, Victor RA, Mark AL. Serotonergic mechanisms mediate renal sympathoinhibition during severe hemorrhage in rats. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: H496-H502. Monta H. Vatner SF. Effects of hemorrhage on renal nerve activity in conscious dogs. Circ Res 1985; 57: 788-793.
93. Nakashima Y, Fouad FM, Nakamoto S, Textor SC, Bravo EL, Tarazi RC Localization of autonomie nervous system dysfunction in dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 1987; 7: 375-381.
94. Nies AS, Robertson D, Stone WJ: Hemodialysis hypotension is not the result of uremic peripheral autonomie neuropathy. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 94: 395-402.
95. Pairital AS. A study of right and left atrial receptors. J Physiol (Lond) 1953; 120: 596-610.
96. Pappenheimer JR, Soto-Rivera A. Effective osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins and other quantities associated with the capillary circulation of the hindlimbs of cats and dogs. Am J Physiol 1948; 152: 471-491.
97. Peuler JD, Schmid PG, Morgan DA, Mark AL. Inhibition of renal sympathetic activity and heart rate by vasopressin in hemorrhaged diabetes insipidus rats. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: H706-H712.
98. Perez-Gomez F, Aguado AG. Origin of ventricular reflexes caused by coron-ary arteriography. Br Heart J 1977; 39: 967-973.
99. Perez-Gomez F, Dios RMD. Rey J, Aguado AG. Prinzmetal's angina: reflex cardiovascular response during episode of pain. Br Heart J 1979; 42: 81-87.
100. Rea RF, Wallin BG. Sympathetic nerve activity in arm and leg muscles during lower body negative pressure in humans. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 2778-2781.
101. Robertson D, Hollister AS, Biaggioni I, Netterville JTL, Mosqueda-Garcia R, Robertson RM. The diagnosis and treatment of baroreflex failure. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1449-1455.
102. Roddie IC, Shepherd JT, Whelan RF. Reflex changes in vasoconstrictor tone in human skeletal muscle in response to stimulation of receptors in a low-pressure area of the intrathoracic vascular bed. J Physiol (Lond) 1957; 139: 369-376.
103. Rouleau JL, Bichet D, Kortas C. Atrial natriuretic peptide in congestive heart failure, postural changes and reset with chronic captopril therapy. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 1060-1067.
104. Rostand SG, Brunzell JD, Cannon RO, Victor RG. Cardiovascular complications in renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992; 2: 1053-1062.
105. Rowan RA, Billingham ME. Myocardial innervation in long-term heart transplant survivors: a quantitative ultrastructural survey. J Heart Transplant 1988; 7: 448-452. Rowell LB. Human cardiovascular control. Oxford University Press. New York 1993.
106. Rowan RA, Billingham ME. Myocardial innervation in long-term heart transplant survivors: a quantitative ultrastructural survey. J Heart Transplant 1988; 7: 448-452. Rowell LB. Human cardiovascular control. Oxford University Press. New York 1993.
107. Rørsgaard S. Secher NH. Slowing of the heart during hypotension in major abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1986; 30: 507-510.
108. Sander-Jensen K. Secher NH. Bie P, Warberg J, Schwartz TW. Vagal slowing of The heart during haemorrhage: observations from 20 consecutive hypotensive patients. Br Med J 1986; 292: 364-366.
109. Sanders JS, Mark. AL, Ferguson DW. Importance of aortic baroreflex in regulation of sympathetic responses during hypotension. Circulation 1989; 79: 83-92. Scherrer U, Vissing SF, Morgan BJ, Hanson P, Victor RG. Vasovagal syncope after infusion of a vasodilator in a heart-transplant recipient. N Engl J Med 1990a; 322: 602-604.
110. Sanders JS, Mark. AL, Ferguson DW. Importance of aortic baroreflex in regulation of sympathetic responses during hypotension. Circulation 1989; 79: 83-92. Scherrer U, Vissing SF, Morgan BJ, Hanson P, Victor RG. Vasovagal syncope after infusion of a vasodilator in a heart-transplant recipient. N Engl J Med 1990a; 322: 602-604.
111. Scherrer U, Vissing S, Morgan BJ, Rollins JA, Tindall RSA, Ring S, Hanson P, Mohanty PK, Victor RG. Cyclosporine-induced sympathetic activation and hypertension after heart transplantation N Engl J Med 1990b; 323: 693-699.
112. Schiller NB, Sahn PM, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, Gutgesel H, Reichek N, Sahn D, Schnittger J, Silverman NH, Jajik AJ. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiography 1989; 2: 358-367.
113. Secher NH, Sander-Jensen K, Werner C, Warberg J, Bie P. Bradycardiaduring severe but reversible hypovolemic shock in man. Circ Shock 1984; 14: 267-274.
114. Sejrsen P, Henriksen O, Paaske WP. Effect of orthostatic blood pressure changes upon capillary filtration-absorption rate in the human calf. Acta Physiol Scand 1981a; 111: 287-291.
115. Sejrsen P, Henriksen O, Paaske WP, Nielsen SL. Duration of increase in vascular volume during venous stasis. Acta Physiol Scand 1981b; 111: 293-298.
116. Shalev Y, Gal R, Tchou PJ, Anderson AJ, Avitall B, Akhtar M, Jazayeri MR. Echocardiographic demonstration of decreased left ventricular dimensions and vigorous myocardial contraction during syncope induced by head-up tilt. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18: 746-751.
117. Shakespeare CF, Crowther A, Cooper IC, Katritsis D, Coltart JD, Webb-Peploe MM. Autonomie reflexes initiated by coronary balloon inflation in man. Circulation 1991; 84: 11-268 (abstract).
118. Shepherd JT. Circulation to skeletal muscle. In Sheperd JT, Abboud FM (eds): Handbook of Physiology The Cardiovascular System, Vol III, American Physiological Society, Bethesda 1983, pp 319-370
119. Siggaard-Andersen J. Venous occlusion plethysmography on the calf: evaluation of diagnosis and results in vascular surgery. Dan Med Bull 1970: 17: 1-42
120. Skagen K, Bonde-Petersen F, Henriksen O. Evidence that arterial baroreceptors influence muscle blood flow and not subcutaneous flow in man. Acta Physiol Scand 1985; 123: 405-409.
121. Skoog P, Månsson J, Thorén P. Changes in renal sympathetic outflow during hypotensive haemorraghe in rats. Acta Physiol Scand 1985; 125: 655-660.
122. Sleight P, Widdicombe JG. Action potentials in fibers from receptors in the epicardium and myocardium of the dog's left ventricle. J Physiol (Lond) 1965; 181: 235-258.
123. Starling EH On the absorption of fluids from connective tissue spaces. J Physiol (London) 1896; 19: 312-326.
124. Stark RP, McGinn AL, Wilson RF. Chest pain in cardiac-transplant recipients: evidence of sensory reinnervation after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1791-1794.
125. Sundlöf G, Wallin BG. Human muscle nerve sympathetic activity at rest. Relationship to blood pressure and age. J Physiol (Lond) 1978; 274: 621-637.
126. Thames, MD, Klopfenstein HS, Abboud FM, Mark AL, Walker JL. Preferential distribution of inhibitory cardiac receptors with vagal afferents to the inferoposterior wall of the left ventricle activated during coronary occlusion in the dog. Circ Res 1978; 43: 512-519.
127. Thames MD, Abboud FM. Reflex inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity during myocardial ischemia mediated by left ventricular receptors with vagal afferents in dogs. J Clin Invest 1979; 63: 395-402.
128. Thames MD. Effects of d- and l-propranolol on the discharge of cardiac vagal C-fibers. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: H465-H470.
129. Thames MD, Johannsen UJ, Mark AL. In search of afferent pathways of a cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex. Circulation 1987; 75: 643-650.
130. Thorén P. Evidence for a depressor reflex elicited from left ventricular receptors during occulusion of one coronary artery in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 1973; 88: 23-34.
131. Thorén PN. Activation of left ventricular receptors with nonmedulated vagal afferent fibers during occlusion of a coronary artery in the cat Am J Cardiol 1976; 37: 1046-1051.
132. Thorén PN. Characteristics of left ventricular receptors with nonmedulated vagal afferents in cats. Circ Res 1977; 40: 415-421
133. Thorén P. Role of cardiac vagal C-fibers in cardiovascular control Rev Physiol Biochem Pharm 1979; 86: 1-94.
134. Vallbo Å, Hagbarth K-E, Torebjörk HE, Wallin BG. Somatosensory, proprioceptive, and sympathetic activity in human peripheral nerves. Physiol Rev 1979; 59: 919-957.
135. Vatner SF. Effects of hemorrhage on regional blood flow distribution in dogs and primates. J Clin Invest 1974; 54: 225-235.
136. Victor RG. Autonomie changes during the acute phase of acute myocardial infarction and ischemia. In Califf RM, Wagner GS (eds): Acute coronary care. Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston 1986, pp 3-18.
137. Victor RG, Liembach Jr, WN. Effects of lower negative pressure on sympath-etic discharge to leg muscles in humans. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63: 2558-2562.
138. Victor RG, Thorén P, Morgan DA, Mark AL. Differential control of adrenal and renal sympathetic nerve activity during hemorrhagic hypotension in rats. Circ Res 1989; 64: 686-694.
139. Vissing SF, Scherrer U, Victor RG. Relation between sympathetic outflow and vascular resistance in the caif during perturbations in central venous pressure. Circ Res 1989; 65: 1710-1717.
140. Walker JL, Thames MD, Abboud FM, Mark AL, Klopfenstein HS. Preferential distribution of inhibitory cardiac receptors in left ventncle of the dog. Am J Physiol 1978; 235: H188-H192.
141. Webb SW, Adgey AAJ, Pantridge JF. Autonomic disturbance at onset of acute myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1972; 3: 89-92.
142. Wei JY, Markis JE, Malagold M, Braunwald E. Cardiovascular reflexes stimulated by reperfusion of ischemic myocardium in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1983; 67: 796-801.
143. Wharton J, Polak JM, Gordon L, Banner NR, Springall DR, Rose M, Khagani A, Wallwork J, Yacoub MH. Immunohisto-chemical demonstration of human cardiac innervation before and after transplantation. Circ Res 1990; 66: 900-912.
144. Wieling W, Wesseling KH. Importance of reflexes in the circulatory adjustments to postural changes. In Hainsworth R, Mark AL (eds): Cardiovascular reflex control in health and disease. W B Saunders Co. London 1993: pp 35-63.
145. Wilson RF, Christensen BV, Olivari MT, Simon A, White CW, Laxson DD. Evidence for structural sympathetic reinnervation after orthotopic cardiac transplantation in humans. Circulation 1991; 83: 1210-1220.
146. Zelis R, Caudill CC, Baggette K, Mason DT. Reflex vasodilation induced by coronary angiography in human subjects. Circulation 1976; 53: 490-493.
147. Zoccali C, Ciccarelli M, Maggiore Q. Defective reflex control of heart rate in dialysis patients, evidence for an afferent autonomic lesion. Clin Sci 1982; 63: 285-292.
148. Zoller RP, Mark AL, Abboud FM, Schmid PG, Heistad DD. The role of low pressure baroreceptors in reflex vasoconstrictor responses in man. J Clin Invest 1972; 51: 2967-2972.
149. Zucker IH, Cornish KG. The Bezold-Jarisch reflex in the conscious dog. Circ Res 1981; 49: 940-948.
150. Öberg B. Effects of cardiovascular reflexes on net capillary fluid transfer. Acta Physiol Scand 1964; 62 (Suppl 229): 1-98.
151. Öberg B, Thorén P. Increased activity in left ventricular receptors during hemorrhage or occlusion of caval veins in the cat. -A possible cause of the vaso-vagal reaction. Acta Physiol Scand 1972; 85: 164-173.