Clinical features of drug use and drug use related HIV

International Journal of STD and AIDS

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 151-165

  Brettle, R P ^a  

^a CITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Drug use; HIV

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; DRUG ABUSE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; KAPOSI SARCOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MORBIDITY; NEEDLE SHARING; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS;

EID: 0029943625     PISSN: 09564624     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1258/0956462961917483     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. White AG. Medical disorders in drug addicts: 200 consecutive admissions. JAMA 1973;223:1469-71
2. Helpern M, Rho YM. Deaths from narcotism in New York City. New York State Med J 1966;66:2391-408
3. Louria DB, Hensle T, Rose J. The major medical complications of heroin addiction. Annals Intern Med 1967;67:1-22
4. Ritson AB, Plant MA. Drugs and Young People in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Health Education Unit, 1977
5. Robertson JR, Bucknall AB. Heroin users in a Scottish City - Edinburgh Drug Addiction Study 1986. Edinburgh: West Granton Medical Group, 1986
6. Waldorf D, Biernachie PJ. Natural recovery from heroin addiction: a review of the incidence literature. J Drug Issues 1979;9:281-9
7. Wille R. Processes of recovery from heroin dependence: relationship to treatment social change and dry use. J Drug Issues 1983;13:333-42
8. Cregler LL, Mark H. Medical complications of cocaine abuse. New Engl J Med 1986;315:1495-500
9. Dukes MNG (Ed). Meyler's Side-Effects of Drugs: an Encyclopedia of Adverse Reactions and Interactions (11th Edition). Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988;pp 78-82, 141-2
10. Baden MM. Pathology of Addictive States in Medical Aspects of Drug Abuse. Hagerstown Md: Harper and Row, 1975 pp 189-211
11. Welch GH, Reid DB, Pollock JG. Infected false aneurysms in the groin of intravenous drug abusers. Br J Surg 1990;77: 330-3
12. Stonebridge PA, Callam MJ, Farouk M, Murie JA. Intra-arterial injection of oral medication in HIV positive drug addicts. Br J Surg 1990;77:333-4
13. Blair SD, Holcombe C, Coombs EN, O'Malley MK. Leg ischaemia secondary to non-medical injection of temazepam. Lancet 1991;338:1393-4
14. Overland ES, Nolan A, Hopewell PC. Alteration of pulmonary function in intravenous drug abusers. Am J Med 1980;68:231-7
15. Tzu-Chin W, Tashkin DP, Djahed B, Rose JE. Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco. New Engl J Med 1988;318:347-51
16. Silber R, Clerkin EP. Pulmonary edema in acute heroin poisoning. Am J Med 1959;27:187-92
17. Troen P. Pulmonary edema in acute opium poisoning. New Engl J Med 1953;248:364-6
18. Osler W. Oedema of the left lung in morphia poisoning. Montreal General Hospital Reports 1880;1:291
19. Siegel H, Helpern M, Ehrenreich T. The diagnosis of death from intravenous narcotism. J Forensic Sci 1966;11:1-16
20. Frand UI, Shimm CS, Williams MH. Methadone-induced pulmonary edema. Ann Intern Med 1972;76:975-9
21. Katz S, Aberman A, Frand UI, Stein IM, Fulop M. Heroin pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972;106:472-4
22. Krainer L, Breman E, Wishnick E. Parenteral talc granulomatosis: a complication of narcotic addiction. Lab Invest 1962;11:671
23. Spain DM. Patterns of pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Intern Med 1950;33:1150-63
24. Wendt VE, Puro HE, Shapiro J, Mathews W, Wolf PL. Angiothrombotic pulmonary hypertension in addicts - "Blue Velvet" addiction. JAMA 1964;188:755-7
25. Puro HE, Wolf PL, Skirgaudos J, Vazquez J. Experimental production of human "Blue Velvet" and "Red Devil" lesions. JAMA 1966;197:1100-3
26. Ben-Haim SA, Ben-Ami H, Edoute Y, Goldstein N, Barzilai D. Talcosis presenting as pulmonary infiltrates in an HIV-positive heroin addict. Chest 1988;94:656-8
27. Citron BP, Halpern M, McCarron, et al. Necrotising angiitis associated with drug abuse. New Engl J Med 1970;283: 1003-11
28. Gocke DJ, Hsu K, Morgan G, et al. Association between polyarteritis and Australia antigen. Lancet 1970;2:1149-53
29. Sergent JS, Lockshin MD, Christian CL. Vasculitis with hepatitis B antigenaemia: long term observations in nine patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976;55:1-18
30. Travers RL, Allison DJ, Brettle RP, Hughes RV. Polyarteritis nodosa: a clinical and angiographic analysis of 17 cases. Sem Arthritis Rheum 1979;8:184-99
31. Harman J, Aliapoulios MA. Gynecomastia in marijuana users. New Engl J Med 1972;287:936
32. Kolodny RC, Masters WH, Kolodner RM, Toro G. Depression of plasma testosterone levels after chronic intensive marihuana use. New Engl J Med 1974;290: 872-4
33. Olusi SO, Hyperprolactinaemia in patients with suspected cannabis induced gynecomastia. Lancet 1990;335:255
34. McLellan AT, Woody GE, O'Brien CP. Development of psychiatric illness in drug abusers. New Engl J Med 1989;301:1310
35. Scheidegger C, Zimmerli W. Infectious complications in drug addicts; Seven-year review of 269 hospitalised narcotic abusers in Switzerland. Rev Infect Dis 1989;2:486-93
36. McGowan A, Steedman D, Schofield TC, Robertson CE. Parenteral drug misuse and the accident and emergency department. Health Bulletin 1984;42:252-7
37. Nahass RG, Weinstein MP, Bartels J, Gocke DJ. Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users: a comparison of HIV type 1-negative and -positive patients. J Infect Dis 1990;162:967-70
38. Marantz PR, Linzer M, Feiner C, Feinstein SA, Kozin AM, Friedland GH. Inability to predict diagnosis in febrile intravenous drug abusers. Ann Intern Med 1987;106: 823-8
39. Calandra T, Francioli P, Glauser MP, Baudraz-Rosselet F, Ruffieux C, Grigoriu D. Disseminated candidiasis with extensive folliculitis in abusers of brown Iranian heroin. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1985;4:340-2
40. Collignon PJ, Sorrell T. Disseminated candidiasis: evidence of a distinctive syndrome in heroin abusers. BMJ 1983;287:861-2
41. Dupont B, Drouet E. Cutaneous, ocular, and osteoarticular candidiasis in heroin addicts: new clinical and therapeutic aspects in 38 patients. J Infect Dis 1985;152:577-91
42. Mellinger M, De Beauchamp O, Gallien C, Ingold R, Taboada MJ. Epidemiological and clinical approach to the study of candidiasis caused by Candida albicans in heroin addicts in the Paris region: analysis of 35 observations. Bull Narc 1982;34:61-81
43. Odds FC. Candida and Candidosis. A Review and Bibliography. (Second edn). London: Bailliere Tindall, 1988
44. Servant JB, Dutton GN, Ong-Tone L, Barrie T, Davey C. Candida endophthalmitis in Glaswegian heroin addicts: report of an epidemic. Trans Ophthalmal Soc UK 1985;104:297-308
45. Biggam AG. Malignant malaria associated with the administration of heroin intravenously. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1929;23:147-53
46. Geiger JC. Malaria in narcotic addicts. JAMA 1932;98:1494
47. Helpern M. Epidemic of fatal estivo-autumnal malaria among drug addicts in New York City transmitted by common use of hypodermic syringe. Am J Surg 1934;26:111-42
48. Hussey HH, Katz S. Infections resulting from narcotic addiction. Am J Med 1950;9:186-93
49. Steigman F, Hyman S, Goldbloom R. Infectious hepatitis (homologous serum type) in drug addicts. Gastroenterol 1950;15:642-6
50. Appelbaum E, Kalkstein M. Artificial transmission of viral hepatitis among intravenous diacetylmorphine addicts. JAMA 1951;147:222-4
51. Altschul A, Foster PD, Paley SS, Turner L. Incidence of hepatitis among narcotic addicts in the Harlem Hospital, New York. Ach Intern Med 1952;89:24-31
52. Cardon PV, Beck EM. The recent occurrence of hepatitis among drug addicts of New York City. New York Med J 1952;52:1037-8
53. Alter AA, Michael Jr M. Serum hepatitis in a group of drug addicts. New Engl J Med 1958;259:387-9
54. Levine RA, Payne MA. Homologous serum hepatitis in youthful heroin users. Ann Intern Med 1960;53:164-78
55. Esteban JI, Estebahan R, Viladomiu L, et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies among risk groups in Spain. Lancet 1989;ii:294-9
56. Roggendorf M, Deinhardt F, Rasshoper R, et al. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1989;ii:324-5
57. Chamot E, Hirschel B, Wintsch B, et al. Loss of antibodies against hepatitis C virus in HIV seropositive intravenous drug users. AIDS 1990;4:1275-7
58. Chamot E, de Saussure PH, Hirschel B, Deglon JJ, Perrin LH. Incidence of hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HIV infections among drug users in a methadone-maintenance programme. AIDS 1992;6:430-1
59. Hart GJ, Woodward N, Johnson AM, Tighe J, Parry JV, Adler MV. Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, and associated risk behaviours in clients of a needle exchange in central London. AIDS 1991;5:543-7
60. Gruer LD, Peedle M, Carrington D, Clements GB, Follett EA. Distribution of HIV and acute hepatitis B infection among drug injectors in Glasgow. Int J STD AIDS 1991;2:356-8
61. van den Hoek JAR, van Haastrecht HJA, Goudsmit J, de Wolf F, Coutinha RA. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection among drug users in Amsterdam. J Infec Dis 1990;162:823-6
62. Burns SM, Collacott IA, Hargreaves FD, Inglis JM. Incidence of hepatitis B markers in HIV seropositive and seronegative drug misusers in the Edinburgh area. Commun Dis (Scotland) Unit 1987;87/08:7-8
63. Raimondo G, Smedile A, Gallo L, Balbo A, Ponzetto A, Rizzetto M. Multicentre study of prevalence of HBV-associated delta infection and liver disease in drug-addicts. Lancet 1982;1:249-51
64. Shattock AG, Morgan BM, Peutherer J, Inglis JM, Fielding JF, Kelly MG. High incidence of delta-antigen in serum. Lancet 1983;2:104-5
65. Hollsberg P, Hafler DA. Pathogenesis of diseases induced by HTLV type 1 infection. New Engl J Med 1993;328:1173-82
66. Salker R, Tosswill JHC, Barbara JAJ, et al. HTLV-I/II antibodies in UK blood donors. Lancet 1990;336:317
67. Lee H, Swanson P, Shorty VS, Zack JA, Rosenblatt JD, Chen ISY. High rate of HTLV-II infection in seropositive IV drug abusers in New Orleans. Science 1989;244: 471-5
68. Zella D, Mori L, Sala M, et al. HTLV-II infection in Italian drug abusers. Lancet 1990;336:575-6
69. Soriano V, Tor J, Monzon M, Graus JM, Clotet B, Ribas-Mundo M. HTLV-I in Spain. Lancet 1990;336:627-8
70. Tubaro E, Borelli G, Groce C, Cavallo G, Santiangeli C. Effect of morphine on resistance to infection. J Infec Dis 1983;148:656-6
71. Anonymous. Opiates, opioid peptides, and immunity. Lancet 1984;i:774-5
72. Arora PK, Fride E, Petitto J, Waggie K, Skolnick P. Morphine-induced modulation of the immune system: implications for AIDS. IV International Conference on AIDS: 13-16 June 1988, Stockholm, Sweden: Abstract 8021
73. Caiaffa WT, Vlahov D, Graham NMH, et al. Drug smoking, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and immunosuppression increases the risk of bacterial pneumonia in HIV seropositive injection drug users. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:1493-8
74. Rimola A. Infections in liver disease. In: McIntyre N, Benhamou J-P, Bircher J, Rizzetto M, Rodes J, eds. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology. Vol 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991:1272-84
75. Gomez F, Ruiz P, Schreiber AD. Impaired function of macrophage Fcγ receptors and bacterial infection in alcoholic cirrhosis. New Engl J Med 1994;331:1122-8
76. Himmelman RB, Dohrmann M, Goodman P, Schiller NB, Starksen NF, Warnock M, Cheitlin MD. Severe pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:1396-9
77. Speich R, Jenni R, Opravil M, Pfab M, Russi EW. Primary pulmonary hypertension in HIV infection. Chest 1991;100:1268-71
78. Jacob AJ, Sutherland GR, Bird AG, Brettle RP, Ludlam CA, McMillan A, Boon NA. HIV heart muscle disease - prevalence and risk factors. Br Heart J 1992;68:549-53
79. Diaz PT, Clanton TL, Pacht ER. Emphysema-like pulmonary disease associated with human immunodefiency virus infection. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:124-8
80. Stoneburner RL, Des Jarlais DC, Benezra D, et al. A larger spectrum of severe HIV-1 related disease in intravenous drug users in New York City. Science 1989;242:916-18
81. Haastrecht HJA, van dem Hoek AJAR, Coutinho RA. High-mortality among HIV infected injecting drug users without an AIDS diagnosis: implications for HIV infection epidemic modellers? AIDS 1994;8:363-6
82. Zaccarelli M, Gattari P, Rezza G, et al. Impact of HIV infection on non-AIDS mortality among Italian injecting drug users. AIDS 1994;8:345-50
83. Galli M, Musicco M (for the COMCAT study group). Mortality of intravenous drug users living in Milan, Italy: role of HIV infection. AIDS 1994;8:1457-63
84. Handwerker S, Mildvan D, Senie R, McKinley FW. Tuberculosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at a New York City Hospital. Chest 1987;91:176-80
85. Chaisson RE, Schecter GF, Theuer CP, Rutherford GW, Echenberg DF, Hopewell PC. Tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical features, response to therapy, and survival. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:570-4
86. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. New Engl J Med 1989;320:545-50
87. Centers for Disease Control Editorial. Tuberculosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - New York. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep 1987;36(48):785-90, 795
88. Simberkoff MS, El-Sadr W, Schiffman G, Rahal JJ Jr. Streptococcus pneumoniae infections and bacteremia in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, with report of a pneumococcal vaccine failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:1174-6
89. Gilks GF, Brindle RJ, Otieno LS, et al. Life-threatening bacteraemia in HIV-1 seropositive adults admitted to hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet 1990;336:545-9
90. Selwyn PA, Schoenbaum EE, Hartel D, et al. AIDS and HIV-related mortality in intravenous drug users (IVDUs). IV International Conference on AIDS: 13-16 June 1988, Stockholm, Sweden: Abstract 4526
91. Selwyn PA, Feingold AR, Hartel D, et al. Increased risk of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected intravenous drug users without AIDS. AIDS 1988;2:267-72
92. Polsky B, Gold JW, Whimbey E, et al. Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:38-11
93. Centers for Disease Control Editorial. Increase in pneumonia mortality among young adults and the HIV epidemic - New York City, United States. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep 1988;37(38):593-6
94. Redd SC, Rutherford III GW, Sande MA, Lifson AR, Hadley WK, Facklam RR, Spika JS. The role of HIV infection in pneumococcal bacteraemia in San Francisco residents. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1012-17
95. Slim J, Boghossian J, Perez G, Johnson E. Comparative analysis of bacterial endocarditis in HIV(+) and HIV(-) intravenous drug users. IV International Conference on AIDS: 13-16 June 1988, Stockholm, Sweden: Abstract 8027
96. Ruggeri P, Sathe SS, Kapila R. Changing patterns of infectious endocarditis (IE) in parenteral drug abusers (PDA) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. IV International Conference on AIDS: 13-16 June 1988, Stockholm, Sweden: Abstract 8028
97. Nahass RG, Weinstein MP, Bartels J, Gocke DJ. Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users: a comparison of HIV type 1-negative and -positive patients. J Infect Dis 1990;162:967-70
98. Selwyn PA, Hartel DA, Wasserman W, Drucker E. Impact of the AIDS epidemic on the morbidity and mortality among intravenous drug users in a New York City methadone maintenance program. Am J Public Health 1989;79:1358-62
99. Robertson JR, Bucknall ABV, Welsby PD, Roberts JJK, Inglis JM, Peutherer JF, Brettle RP. An epidemic of AIDS-related virus (HTLV-III/LAV) infection amongst intravenous drug abusers in a Scottish general practice. BMJ 1986;292:527-30
100. Haw S, Liddell D. Drug problems in Edinburgh district. Report of the SCODA Fieldwork Survey 1987. SCODA 1-4 Hatton Place, London EC1N 8ND
101. Bisset C, Jones G, Davidson J, Cummins B, Burns S, Inglis JM, Brettle RP. Mobility of injection drug users and transmission of HIV. Lancet 1989;ii:44
102. Willocks L, Cowan FM, Brettle RP, Emmanuel FXS, Flegg PJ, Burns S. The spectrum of chest infections in HIV positive patients in Edinburgh. J Infect 1992;24:37-42
103. Verghese A, Al-Samman M, Nabhan D, Naylor AD, Rivera M. Bacterial bronchitis and bronchiectasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:2086-91
104. Klein RS, Selwyn PA, Maude D, Pollard C, Freeman K, Schiffman G. Response to pneumococcal vaccine among symptomatic heterosexual partners of persons with AIDS and intravenous drug users infected with HIV. J Infect Dis 1989;160:826-32
105. Parkin JM, Helbert M, Hughes CL, Pinching AJ. Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency and susceptibility to pyogenic infections in patients with AIDS-related complex and AIDS. AIDS 1989;3:37-9
106. Klimas NG, Blaney NT, Morgan RO, Chitwood D, Milles K, Lee H, Fletcher MA. Immune function and anti-HTLV-I/II status in anti HIV-1 negative intravenous drug users receiving methadone. Am J Med 1991;90:163-70
107. Page JB, Shenghan L, Chitwood DD, Klimas NG, Smith PC, Fletcher MA. HTLV-I/II seropositivity and death from AIDS among HIV-1 seropositive intravenous drug users. Lancet 1990;335:1439-41
108. Selik RM, Starcher ET, Curran JW. Opportunistic diseases reported in AIDS patients: frequencies, associations, and trends. AIDS 1987;1:175-82
109. Vlahov D, Munoz A, Solomon L, et al. Comparison of clinical manifestations of HIV infection between male and female injecting drug users. AIDS 1994;8: 819-23
110. Brettle RP, Foreman A, Povey S. Clinical features of early HIV in the Edinburgh City Hospital Cohort. Int J STD AIDS 1996;7:110-16
111. Selwyn PA, Alcabes P, Hartel D, Buono D, Schoenbaum EE, Klein RS, Davenny K, Friedland GH. Clinical manifestations and predictors of disease progression in drug users with HIV infection. New Engl J Med 1992;327: 1697-703
112. Mientjes GH, van Ameijden EJ, van den Hoek AJAR, Coutinho RA. Increasing morbidity without rise in non-AIDS mortality among HIV-infected intravenous drug users in Amsterdam. AIDS 1992;6:207-12
113. Peters AD, Reid MM, Griffin SG. Edinburgh drug users: are they injecting and sharing less. AIDS 1994;8:521-8
114. Brettle RP, Foreman A, Povey S. Clinical features of AIDS in the Edinburgh City Hospital Cohort. Int J STD AIDS 1996;7:190-6