Glucose transporters in the regulation of intestinal, renal, and liver glucose fluxes

American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology

Volumn 270, Issue 4 33-4, 1996, Pages

  Thorens, Bernard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

diabetes; homeostasis; mutagenesis

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER;

ANIMAL CELL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT SYSTEM; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; KIDNEY TUBULE ABSORPTION; LIVER CLEARANCE; MICHAELIS CONSTANT; MOLECULAR CLONING; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TRANSPORT KINETICS;

EID: 0029938022     PISSN: 01931857     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1996.270.4.g541     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Alvarez, J., D. C. Lee, S. A. Baldwin, and D. Chapman. Fournier transformed infrared spectroscopy study of the structure and conformational changes of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 3502-3509, 1987.
2. Andersson, L., and P. Lundahl. C-terminal-specific monoclonal antibodies against the human red cell glucose transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 11414-11420, 1988.
3. Asano, T., H. Katagiri, K. Tsukuda, J.-L. Lin, H. Ishihara, Y. Yazaki, and Y. Oka. Upregulation of GLUT2 mRNA by glucose, mannose, and fructose in isolated rat hepatocytes. Diabetes 41: 22-25, 1992.
4. Axelrod, J. D., and P. F. Pilch. Unique cytochalasin B binding characteristics of the hepatic glucose carrier. Biochemistry 22: 2222-2227, 1983.
5. Bell, G. L, C. F. Burant, J. Takeda, and G. W. Gould. Structure and function of mammalian facilitative sugar transporters. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 19161-19164, 1994.
6. Birnbaum, M. J. Identification of a novel gene encoding an insulin-responsive glucose transporter protein. Cell 57: 305-315, 1989.
7. Birnbaum, M. J. The insulin-sensitive glucose transporter. Int. Rev. Cytol. 137A: 239-297, 1992.
8. Blakemore, S. J., J. C. Aledo, J. James, F. C. Campbell, J. M. Lucocq, and H. S. Hundal. The GLUT5 hexose transporter is also localized to the basolateral membrane of the human jejunum. Biochem. J. 309: 7-12, 1995.
9. Brichard, S. M., B. Desbuquois, and J. Girard. Vanadate treatment of diabetic rats reverses the impaired expression of genes involved in hepatic glucose metabolism: effects on glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes, and on glucose transporter GLUT2. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 91: 91-97, 1993.
10. Brichard, S. M., J. C. Henquin, and J. Girard. Phlorizin treatment of diabetic rats partially reverses the abnormal expression of genes involved in hepatic glucose metabolism. Diabetologia 36: 292-298, 1993.
11. Brosius, F. C., J. P. Briggs, M. Barac-Nieto, and M. J. Charron. Insulin-responsive glucose transporter expression in renal microvessels and glomeruli. Kidney Int. 42: 1086-1092, 1992.
12. Buchs, A., L. Wu, H. Morita, R. R. Whitesell, and A. C. Powers. Two regions of GLUT2 glucose transporter protein are responsible for its distinctive affinity for glucose. Endocrinology 136: 4224-4230, 1995.
13. Burant, C. F., and G. I. Bell. Mammalian facilitative glucose transporters: evidence for similar substrate recognition sites in functionally monomeric proteins. Biochemistry 31: 10414-10420, 1992.
14. Burant, C. F., S. Flink, A, M. Depaoli, J. Chen, W.-S. Lee, M. A. Hediger, J. B. Buse, and E. B. Chang. Small intestine hexose transport in experimental diabetes. Increased transporter mRNA and protein expression in enterocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 93: 578-585, 1994.
15. Burant, C. F., and M. Saxena. Rapid reversible substrate regulation of fructose transporter expression in rat small intestine and kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 29): G71-G79, 1994.
16. Burant, C. F., J. Takeda, E. Brot-Laroche, G. I. Bell, and N. O. Davidson. Fructose transporter in human spermatozoa and small intestine is GLUT5. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 14523-14526, 1992.
17. Burcelin, R., M. Eddouk, J. Kande, R. Assan, and J. Girard. Evidence that GLUT-2 mRNA and protein concentrations are decreased by hyperinsulinemia and increased by hyperglycemia in liver of diabetic rats. Biochem. J. 288: 675-679, 1992.
18. Carruthers, A. Facuilitative diffusion of glucose. Physiol. Rev. 70: 1135-1176, 1990.
19. Castello, A., A. Guma, L. Sevilla, M. Furriols, X. Testar, M. Palacin, and A. Zorzano. Regulation of GLUT5 gene expression in rat intestinal mucosa: regional distribution, circadian rhythm, perinatal development and effect of diabetes. Biochem. J. 309: 271-277, 1995.
20. Charron, M. J., F. C. Brosius, S. L. Alper, and H. F. Lodish. A glucose transport protein expressed predominantly in insulin-responsive tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 2535-2539, 1989.
21. Cheeseman, C. L, and B. Harley. Adaptation of glucose transport across rat enterocyte basolateral membrane in response to altered dietary carbohydrate intake. J. Physiol. Land. 437: 563-575, 1991.
22. Cheeseman, C. I., and D. D. Maenz. Rapid regulation of D-glucose transport in basolateral membrane of rat jejunum. Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 19): G878-G883, 1989.
23. Chin, E., J. Zhou, and C. Bondy. Anatomical and developmental patterns of facuilitative glucose transporter gene expression in the rat kidney. J. Clin. Invest. 91: 1810-1815, 1993.
24. Chin, J. J., E. K. Y. Jung, and C. Y. Jung. Structural basis of human erythrocyte glucose transporter function in reconstituted vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 7010-7104, 1986.
25. Ciaraldi, T. P., R. Horuk, and S. Matthaei. Biochemical and functional characterization of the rat liver glucose transport system. Biochem. J. 240: 115-123, 1986.
26. Craik, J. D., and K. R. F. Elliott. Kinetics of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem. J. 182: 503-508, 1979.
27. Cushman, S. W., and L. J. Wardzala. Potential mechanism of insulin action on glucose transport in the isolated rat adipose cell. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 4758-4762, 1980.
28. Davidson, N. O., A. M. Hausamn, C. A. Ifkovits, J. B. Buse, G. W. Gould, C. F. Burant, and G. I. Bell. Human intestinal glucose transporter expression and localization of GLUT5. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Cell Physiol. 31): C795-C800, 1992.
29. Davies, A., K. Meeran, M. Cairns, and S. A. Baldwin. Peptide-specific antibodies as probes of the orientation of the glucose transporter in the human erythrocyte membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 9347-9352, 1987.
30. Dominguez, J. H., K. Camp, L. Maianu, H. Feister, and W. T. Garvey. Molecular adaptation of GLUT1 and GLUT2 in renal proximal tubules of diabetic rats. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 35): F283-F290, 1994.
31. Dominguez, J. H., K. Camp, L. Maianu, and W. T, Garvey. Glucose transporters of rat proximal tubule: differential expression and subcellular distribution. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 31): F807-F812, 1992.
32. Dominguez, J. H., B. Song, L. Maianu, W. T. Garvey, and M. Qulali. Gene expression of epithelial glucose transporters: the role of diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5: S29-S36, 1994.
33. Fedorak, R. N., E. B. Chang, J. L. Madara, and M. Field. Intestinal adaptation to diabetes. Altered Na-dependent nutrient absorption in streptozocin-treated chronically diabetic rats. J. Clin. Invest. 79: 1571-1578, 1987.
34. Fedorak, R. N., C. I. Cheeseman, A. B. R. Thomson, and V. M. Porter. Altered glucose carrier expression: mechanism of intestinal adaptation during streptozocin-induced diabetes in rats. Am. J Physiol. 261 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 24): G585-G591, 1991.
35. Ferraris, R. P., and J. Diamond. Crypt-villus site of glucose transporter induction by dietary carbohydrate in mouse intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 25): G1069-G1073, 1992.
36. Fischer, E., and F. Lauterbach. Effect of hyperglycemia on sugar transport in the isolated mucosa of guinea pig small intestine. J. Physiol. Lond. 355: 567-586, 1984.
37. Fukumoto, H., T. Kayano, J. B. Buse, Y. Edwards, P. F. Pilch, G. I. Bell, and S. Seino. Cloning and characterization of the major insulin-responsive glucose transporter expressed in human skeletal muscle and other insulin-responsive tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 7776-7779, 1989.
38. Fukumoto, H., S. Seino, H. Imura, Y. Seino, R. L. Eddy, Y. Fushima, M. G. Byers, T. B. Shows, and G. I. Bell. Sequence, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization of mRNA encoding a human glucose transporter-like protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 5434-5438, 1988.
39. Garcia, J. C-, M. Strube, K. Leingang, K. Keller, and M. Mueckler. Amino acid substitution at tryptophan 388 and tryptophan 412 of the HepG2 (GLUT1) glucose transporter inhibit transport activity and targeting to the plasma membrane in Xenopus oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 7770-7776, 1992.
40. Gould, G. W., and G. D. Holman. The glucose transporter family: structure, function and tissue-specific expression. Biochem. J. 295: 329-341, 1993.
41. Gould, G. W., and G. E. Lienhard. Expression of a functional glucose transporter in Xenopus oocytes. Biochemistry 28: 9447-9452, 1989.
42. Haber, R. S., S. P. Weinstein, E. O'Boyle, and S. Morgello. Tissue distribution of the human GLUT5 glucose transporter. Endocrinology 132: 1538-2543, 1993.
43. Hacker, H. J., B. Thorens, and R. Grobholz. Expression of facuilitative glucose transporter in rat liver and choroid plexus. Histochemistry 96: 435-439, 1991.
44. Hashiramoto, M., T. Kadowaki, A. E. Clark, K. Momomura, H. Sakura, K. Tobe, Y. Akanuma, G. D. Holman, and M. Kasuga. Site-directed mutagenesis of GLUT1 in helix 7 residue 282 results in perturbation of exofacial ligand binding. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 17502-17507, 1992.
45. Hebert, D. N., and A. Carruthers. Glucose transporter oligomeric structure determines transport function. Reversible redox-dependent interconversion of tetrameric and dimeric GLUT1. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 23829-23838, 1992.
46. +/glucosc cotransporter. Nature Lond. 330: 379-381, 1987.
47. Hediger, M. A., and D. B. Rhoads. Molecular physiology of sodium-glucose cotransporters. Physiol. Rev. 74: 993-1026, 1994.
48. Henderson, P. J. F. The 12-transmembrane helix transporters. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5: 708-721, 1993.
49. Hresko, R. C., M. Kruse, M. Strube, and M. Mueckler. Topology of the GLUT1 glucose transporter deduced from glycosylation scanning mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 20482-20488, 1994.
50. Hughes, S. D., J. H. Johnson, C. Quaade, and C. B. Newgard. Engineering of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and biosynthesis in non-islet cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 688-692, 1992.
51. +/glucose cotransporter and mRNA along the crypt-villus axis of rabbit small intestine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181: 1208-1217, 1991.
52. Inukai, K., T. Asano, M. Anai, M. Funaki, H. Isbihara, K. Tsukuda, M. Kikuchi, Y. Yazaki, and Y. Oka. Replacement of both tryptophan residues at 388 and 412 completely abolished cytochalasin B photolabelling of the GLUT1 glucose transporter. Biochem. J. 302: 355-361, 1994.
53. James, D. E., and R. C. Piper. Insulin resistance, diabetes, and the insulin-regulated trafficking of GLUT-4. J. Cell Biol. 126: 1123-1126, 1994.
54. James, D. E., M. Strube, and M. M. Mueckler. Molecular cloning and characterization of an insulin-regulatable glucose transporter. Nature Lond. 338: 83-87, 1989.
55. Jetton, T. L., Y. Liang, C. C. Pettepher, E. C. Zimmerman, F. G. Cox, K. Horvath, P. M. Matschinsky, and M. A. Magnuson. Analysis of upstream glucokinase promoter activity in transgenic mice and identification of glucokinase in rare neuroendocrine cells in the brain and gut. J. Biol. Chern. 269: 3641-3654, 1994.
56. m glucose transporter of islets of Langerhans is functionally similar to the low affinity transporter of liver and has identical primary sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 6548-6551, 1990.
57. Jordan, N. J., and G. D. Holman. Photolabelling of the liver-type glucose-transporter isoform GLUT2 with an azitrifluoroethylbenzoyl-substituted bis-D-mannose. Biochem. J. 286: 649-656, 1992.
58. Jungermann, K., and N. Katz. Functional specialization of different hepatocyte populations. Physiol. Rev. 69: 708-764, 1989.
59. Kaestner, K. H., R. J. Christy, J. C. McLenithan, L. T. Braiterman, P. Cornelius, P. H. Pekala, and M. D. Lane. Sequence, tissue distribution, and differential expression of mRNA for a putative insulin-responsive glucose transporter in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 3150-3154, 1989.
60. +/glucose cotransporter SGLT2. Delineation of the major renal reabsorptive mechanism for D-glucose. J. Chin. Invest. 93: 397-404, 1994.
61. Karasov, W. H., and E. S. Debnam. Rapid adaptation of intestinal glucose transport: a brush border or basolateral phenomenon? Am. J. Physiol. 253 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 16): G54-G61, 1987.
62. m of transport activity. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 22550-22555, 1992.
63. Katz, E. B., A. E. Stenbit, K. Hatton, R. DePinho, and M. J. Charron. Cardiac and adipose tissue abnormalities but not diabetes in mice deficient in GLUT4. Nature Land. 377: 151-155, 1995.
64. Kayano, T., C. F. Burant, H. Fukumoto, G. W. Gould, Y. S. Fan, R. L. Eddy, M. G. Byers, T. B. Shows, S. Seino, and G. I. Bell. Human facuilitative glucose transporters: isolation, functional characterization, and gene localization, of cDNAs encoding an isoform (GLUT5) expressed in small intestine, kidney, muscle and adipose tissue and an unusual glucose transporter pseudogene-like sequence (GLUT6). J. Biol. Chem. 265: 13276-13282, 1990.
65. Kayano, T., H. Fukumoto, R. L. Eddy, Y.-S. Fan, M. G. Byers, T. B. Shows, and G. I. Bell. Evidence for a family of human glucose transporter-like proteins. Sequence and gene localization of a protein expressed in fetal skeletal muscle and other tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 15245-15248, 1988.
66. Keller, K., M. Strube, and M. Mueckler. Functional expression of the human HepG2 and rat adipocyte glucose transporter in Xenopus oocytes. Comparison of kinetic parameters. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 18884-18889, 1989.
67. Klip, A., T. Tsakiridis, A. Marette, and P. A. Ortiz. Regulation of expression of glucose transporters by glucose: a review of studies in vivo and in cell cultures. FASEB J. 8: 43-53, 1994.
68. +/glucose cotransporter. Re-evaluation of function and distribution of expression. J. Biol. Chern. 269: 12032-12039, 1994.
69. Leloup, C., M.Arluison, N. Lepetit, N. Cartier, P. Marfaing-Jallat, P. Ferré, and L. Pénicaud. Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2): expression in specific brain nuclei. Brain Res. 638: 221-226, 1994.
70. Mäher, F., and I.A. Simpson. The GLUT3 glucose transporter is the predominant isoform in primary cultured neurons: assessment by biosynthetic and photoaffinity labelling Biochem. J. 301: 379-384, 1994.
71. Mäher, F., S. J. Vanucci, and I. A. Simpson. Glucose transporter proteins in brain. FASEB J. 8: 1003-1011, 1994.
72. Mahraoui, L., A. Rodolosse, A. Barbat, E. Dussaulx, A. Zweibaum, M. Rousset, and E. Brot-Laroche. Presence and differential expression of SGLT1, GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3 and GLUT5 hexose transporter mRNAs in Caco-2 cell clones in relation to cell growth and glucose consumption. Biochem. J. 298: 629-633, 1994.
73. Mahraoui, L., M. Rousset, E. Dussaulx, D. Darmoul, A. Zweibaum, and E. Brot-Laroche. Expression and localization of GLUT5 in Caco-2 cells, human small intestine, and colon. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 26): G312-G318, 1992.
74. Mahraoui, L., J. Takeda, J. Mesonero, I. Chantret, E. Dussaulx, G. I. Bell, and E. Brot-Laroche. Regulation of expression of the human fructose transporter (GLUT5) by cyclic AMP. Biochem. J. 301: 169-175, 1994.
75. Mantych, G. J., D. E. James, and S. U. Devaskar. Jejunal/ kidney glucose transporter isoform (GLUT5) is expressed in the human blood-brain barrier. Endocrinology 132: 35-40, 1993.
76. Marcus, R. G., R. England, K. Nguyen, M. J. Charron, J. P. Briggs, and F. C. Brosius. Altered renal expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT-4 in experimental diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Physiol. 267 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 36): F816-F824, 1994.
77. McCall, A. L., A. M. Van Bueren, M. Moholt-Siebert, N. J. Cherry, and W. R. Woodward. Immunohistochemical localization of the neuron-specific glucose transporter (GLUT3) to neuropil in adult rat brain. Brain Res. 659: 292-297, 1994.
78. Miyamoto, K.I., K. Hase, T. Takagi, T. Fuji, Y. Taketani, H. Minami, T. Oka, and Y. Nakabou. Differential responses of intestinal glucose transporter mRNA transcripts to levels of dietary sugars. Biochem. J 295: 211-215, 1993.
79. Miyamoto, K.I., K. Hase, Y. Taketani, H. Minami, and T. Oka. Developmental changes in intestinal glucose transporter mRNA levels. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183: 626-631, 1991.
80. Miyamoto, K.I., K. Hase, Y. Taketani, H. Minami, and T. Oka. Diabetes and glucose transporter gene expression in rat small intestine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181: 1110-1117, 1991.
81. Miyamoto, K.I., T. Takagi, T. Fujii, T. Matsubara, K. Hase, Y. Taketani, T. Oka, H. Minami, and Y. Nakabou. Role of liver-type glucose transporter (GLUT2) in transport across the basolateral membrane in rat jejunum. FEBS Lett. 314: 466-470, 1992.
82. Miyamoto, K.-I., S. Tatsumi, A. Morimoto, H. Minami, H. Yamamoto, K. Sone, Y. Taketani, Y. Nakabou, T. Oka, and E. Takeda. Characterization of the rabbit intestinal fructose transporter (GLUT5). Biochem. J. 303: 877-883, 1994.
83. Mori, H., M. Hashiramoto, A.E. Clark, J.Yang, A. Muraoka, Y. Tamori, M. Kasuga, and G. D. Holman. Substitution of tyrosine 293 of GLUT1 locks the transporter into an outward facing conformation. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 11578-11583, 1994.
84. Mueckler, M. Facilitative glucose transporters. Eur: J. Biochem. 219: 713-725, 1994.
85. Mueckler, M., C. Caruso, S. A. Baldwin, M. Panico, I. Blench, H. R. Morris, W. J. Allard, G. E. Lienhard, and H. F. Lodish. Sequence and structure of a human glucose transporter. Science Wash. DC 229: 941-945, 1985.
86. Mueckler, M., W. Weng, and M. Kruse. Glutamine 161 of GLUT1 glucose transporter is critical for transport activity and exofacial ligand binding. J. Biol Chem. 269: 20533-20538, 1994.
87. Nagamatsu. S., J. M. Kornhauser, C. F. Burant, S. Seino, K. E. Mayo, and G. L Bell. Glucose transporter expression in brain. cDNA sequence of mouse GLUT3, the brain facuilitative glucose transporter isoform, and identification of sites of expression by in situ hybridization. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 467-472, 1992.
88. Nishimura, H., F. V. Pallardo, G. A. Seidner, S. Vannucci, I. A. Simpson, and M. J. Birnbaum. Kinetics of GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporters expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 8514-8520, 1993.
89. Oka, Y., T. Asano, Y. Shibasaki, J.-L. Lin, K. Tsukuda, Y. Akanuma, and F. Takaku. Increased liver glucose-transporter protein and mRNA in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes 39: 441-446, 1990.
90. Oka, Y., T. Asano, Y. Shibasaki, J.-L. Lin, K. Tsukuda, H. Katagiri, Y. Akanuma, and F. Takaku. C-terminal truncated glucose transporter is locked into an inward-facing form without transport activity. Nature Land. 345: 550-553, 1990.
91. Pessino, A., D. N. Hebert, C. W. Woon, S. A. Harrison, B. M. Clancy, J. M. Buxton, A. Carruthers, and M. P. Czech. Evidence that functional erythrocyte-type glucose transporters are oligomers. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 20213-20217, 1991.
92. Pilkis, S. J., and D. K. Granner. Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Annu. Rev. Physiol 54: 885-909, 1992.
93. Postic, C., R. Burcelin, F. Rencurel, J.-P. Pegorier, M. Loizeau, J. Girard, and A. Leturque. Evidence for a transient inhibitory effect of insulin on GLUT2 expression in the liver: studies in vivo and in vitro. Biochem. J. 293: 119-124, 1993.
94. Postic, C., A. Leturque, R. L. Printz, P. Maulard, M. Loizeau, D. K. Granner, and J. Girard. Development and regulation of glucose transporter and hexokinase expression in rat. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Endocrinol. Metab. 29): E548-E559, 1994.
95. Rand, E. B., A. M. Dcpaoli, N. O. Davidson, G. I. Bell, and C. F. Burant. Sequence, tissue distribution, and functional characterization of the rat fructose transporter GLUT5. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 27): G1169-G1176, 1993.
96. Rencurel, F., G. Waeber, B. Antoine, F. Rocchicioli, P. Maulard, J. Girard, and A. Leturque. Glucose metabolism is required for regulation of the glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) gene expression in liver. Biochem. J. In press.
97. Ross, B. D., J. Espinal, and P. Silva. Glucose metabolism in renal tubular function. Kidney Int. 29: 54-67, 1986.
98. Satoh, S., H. Nishimura, A. E. Clark, I. J. Kozka, S. J. Vannucci, I. A. Simpson, M. J. Quon, S. W. Cushman, and G. D. Holman. Use of bismannose photolabel to elucidate insulin-regulated GLUT4 subcellular trafficking kinetics in rat adipose cells. Evidence that exocytosis is a critical site of hormone action. J. Cell Biol. 268: 17820-17829, 1993.
99. 125I]iodo-4-azidophenetylamido-7-O-succinyldeacetyl (IAPS)-forskolin of two mutants at the tryptophan-388 and -412 of the glucose transporter GLUT1: dissociation of the binding domains of forskolin and glucose. Biochem. J 290: 497-501, 1993.
100. Slieker, L. J., K. L. Sundell, W. F. Heath, H. E. Osborne, J. Bue, J. Manetta, and J. R. Sprostman. Glucose transporter levels in tissues of spontaneously diabetic Zucker fa/fa rat (ZDF/drt) and viable yellow mouse (Avy/a). Diabetes 41: 187-193, 1992.
101. Slot, J. W., H. J. Geuze, S. Gigengack, D. E. James, and G. E. Lienhard. Translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 in cardiac myocytes of the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 7815-7819, 1991.
102. Slot, J. W., H. J. Geuze, S. Gigengack, G. E. Lienhard, and D. E. James. Immuno-localization of the insulin regulatable glucose transporter in brown adipose tissue of the rat. J. Cell Biol. 113: 123-135, 1991.
103. Solberg, D. H., and J. M. Diamond. Comparison of different dietary sugars as inducers of intestinal sugar transporters. Am. J. Physiol. 252 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 15): G574-G584, 1987.
104. Stein, W. D. Transport and Diffusion Across Cell Membrane. Orlando, FL: Academic, 1986, p. 231-361.
105. Stephens, J. M., and P. F. Pilch. The metabolic regulation and vesicular transport of GLUT4, the major insulin responsive glucose transporter. Endocr. Rev. 16: 529-546, 1995.
106. Suzue, K., H. F. Lodish, and B. Thorens. Sequence of the mouse liver glucose transporter. Nucleic Acids. Res. 17: 10099, 1989.
107. Suzuki, K., and T. Kono. Evidence that insulin causes translocation of glucose transport activity to the plasma membrane from an intracellular storage site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 2542-2545, 1980.
108. +-dependent active type and erythrocyte/HepG2-type glucose transporters in rat kidney: immunofluorescence and immunogold study. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 39: 287-298, 1991.
109. m GLUT1 glucose transporter is turned on in perivenous hepatocytes of insulin-deficient diabetic rats. Endocrinology 129: 1933-1941, 1991.
110. Tal, M., D. L. Schneider, B. Thorens, and H. F. Lodish. Restricted expression of the erythroid/brain glucose transporter isoform to perivenous hepatocytes in rats. Modulation by glucose. J. Clin. Invest. 86: 986-992, 1990.
111. 385 of GLUT1 perturbs the glucose transport function by reducing conformational flexibility. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 2982-2986, 1994.
112. Thorens, B. Facilitated glucose transporters in epithelial cells. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 55: 591-608, 1993.
113. Thorens, B., Z.-Q. Cheng, D. Brown, and H. F. Lodish. Liver glucose transporter: a basolateral protein in hepatocytes and intestine and kidney cells. Am. J. Physiol. 259 (Cell Physiol. 28): C279-C258, 1990.
114. Thorens, B., J. S. Flier, H. F. Lodish, and B. B. Kahn. Differential regulation of two glucose transporters in rat liver by fasting and refeeding and by diabetes and insulin treatment. Diabetes 39: 712-719, 1990.
115. Thorens, B., H. F. Lodish, and D. Brown. Differential localization of two glucose transporter isoforms in rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 259 (Cell Physiol. 28): C286-C294, 1990.
116. Thorens, B., H. K. Sarkar, H. R. Kahack, and H. F. Lodish. Cloning and functional expression in bacteria of a novel glucose transporter present in liver, intestine, kidney, and β-pancreatic islet cells. Cell 55: 281-290, 1988.
117. Tiedge, M., and S. Lenzen. Differential regulation of glucokinase and GLUT-2 glucose transporter gene expression in pancreas and liver from neonatal and 16 day old rats. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 29: 161-166, 1993.
118. Uchida, S., and H. Endou. Substrate specificity to maintain cellular ATP along the mouse nephron. Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 24): F977-F988, 1988.
119. Unger, R. H., and L. Orci. Glucagon and the A cells. Physiology and pathophysiology. N. Engl. J. Med. 304: 1518-1524, 1981.
120. Valera, A., J. E. Rodrignez-Gil, and F. Bosch. Vanadate treatment restores the expression of genes for key enzymes in the glucose and ketone bodies metabolism in the liver of diabetic rats. J. Clin. Invest. 92: 4-11, 1993.
121. Vera, J. C., and O. M. Rosen. Reconstitution of an insulin signaling pathway in Xenopus laevis oocytes: coexpression of a mammalian insulin receptor and three different mammalian hexose transporters. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 743-751, 1990.
122. Waddell, I. D., A. G. Zomerschoe, M. W. Voice, and A. Burchell. Cloning and expression of a hepatic microsomal glucose transport protein. Comparison with liver plasma membrane glucose transport protein GLUT2. Biochem. J. 286: 173-177, 1992.
123. m glucose transporter GLUT2 gene and its transcriptional regulation by glucose in a differentiated insulin-secreting cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 26912-26916, 1994.
124. Weinstein, S. P., E. O'Boyle, M. Fischer, and R. S. Haber. Regulation of GLUT2 glucose transporter expression in liver by thyroid hormone: evidence for hormonal regulation of the hepatic glucose transport system. Endocrinology 135: 649-654, 1994.
125. Wellner, M., I. Monden, and K. Keller. The role of cysteine residues in glueose-transporter-GLUTl-mediated transport and transport inhibition. Biochem. J. 299: 813-817, 1994.
126. Wells, R., A. M. Pajor, Y. Kanai, E. Turk, E. M. Wright, and M. A. Hediger. Cloning of a human kidney cDNA with similarity to the sodium-glucose cotransporter. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 32): F459-F465, 1992.
127. Williams, T. F., J. H. Exton, C. R. Park, and D. M. Regen. Stereospecific transport of glucose in the perfused rat liver. Am. J. Physiol. 215: 1200-1209, 1968.
128. Wilson, P. D., B. S. Dixon, M. A. Dillingham, J. A. GarciaSainz, and R. J. Anderson. Pertussis toxin prevents homologous desensitization of adenylate cyclase in cultured renal epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 1503-1506, 1986.
129. Yamamoto, Y., H. Fukumoto, G. Koh, H. Yano, K. Yasuda, K. Masuda, H. Ikeda, H. Imura, and Y. Seino. Liver and muscle-fat type glucose transporter gene expression in obese and diabetic rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 175: 995-1002, 1991.
130. Zottola, R. J., E. K. Cloherty, P. E. Coderre, A. Hanse, D. N. Hebert, and A, Carruthers. Glucose transporter function is controlled by transporter oligomeric structure. A single intramolecular disulfide promotes GLUT1 tetramerization. Biochemistry 34: 9734-9747, 1995.