Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Pathogenesis, prevention and treatment

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 199-206

  Gulko, P S ^a,b,d   Mulloy, A L ^a,c  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b Department of Medicine ^*  (United States)

^c Sect of Endocrinology and Nutrition

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

bone metabolism; glucocorticoids; osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CALCIUM; ESTROGEN; ETIDRONIC ACID; FLUORIDE SODIUM; GLUCOCORTICOID; PAMIDRONIC ACID; TESTOSTERONE; VITAMIN D;

HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHOTON ABSORPTIOMETRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; OSTEOPOROSIS;

EID: 0029937161     PISSN: 0392856X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. DYKMAN TR, GLUCK OS, MURPHY WA, HAHN TJ, HAHN BH: Evaluation of factors associated with glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28: 361-8.
2. ADINOFF AD, HOLLISTER JR: Steroid-induced fractures and bone loss in patients with asthma. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 265-68.
3. LUCKERT BP, RAISZ LG: Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis and management. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 352-64.
4. 2, calcium, phosphate and sodium fluoride administration. Clin Endocrinol 1992; 16: 409-15.
5. BAILEY CC, KOMROWER GM, PALMER M: Management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Arch Dis Child 1978; 53: 132-5.
6. FALCINI F, TACCETTI G, TRAPANI S, TAFI L, VOLPI M: Growth retardation in juvenile chronic arthritis patients treated with steroids. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1991; 9: 37-40.
7. LUCKERT BP: Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. South Med J 1992; 85: 2S-48-51.
8. OLBRICHT T, BENKER G: Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis, prevention and treatment, with special regard to the rheumatic diseases. J Intern Med 1993; 234: 237-44.
9. MARCUS R: Secondary forms of osteoporosis. In: COE FL, FAVUS MH (Eds.): Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 1st edition, New York, Raven Press, 1992; 889-904
10. DEMPSTER DW, ARLOT MA, MEUNIER PI: Mean wall thickness and formation periods of trabecular bone packets in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1983; 35: 410-17.
11. KLEIN RG, ARNAUD SB, GALLAGHER JC, DELUCA HF, RIGGS BL: Intestinal calcium absorption in exogenous hypercortisolism: role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and corticosteroid dose. J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 253-9.
12. HAHN TJ, HALSTEAD LR, TEITELBAUM SL, HAHN BH: Altered mineral metabolism in glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia: effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D administration. J Clin Invest 1979; 64: 655-65.
13. ADAMS JS, WAHL TO, LUCKERT BP: Effects of hydrochlorothiazide and dietary sodium restriction on calcium metabolism in corticosteroid treated patients. Metabolism 1981; 30: 217-21.
14. 3 in children receiving glucocorticoid. Lancet 1978; 2: 1123-5.
15. ZERWEKH JE, EMKEY RD, HARRIS ED JR.: Low-dose prednisone therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: effect on vitamin D metabolism. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 1050-2.
16. SEEMAN E, KUMAR R, HUDER GG, SCOTT M, HEATH H III, RIGGS BL: Production, degradation and circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in health and in chronic glucocorticoid excess. J Clin Invest 1980; 66: 664-9.
17. GODSCHALK M, LEVY JR, DOWNS RW: Glucocorticoids decrease vitamin D receptor number and gene expression in human osteosarcoma cells. J Bone Miner Res 1992; 7: 21-7.
18. SUZUKI Y, ICHIKAWA Y, SAITO E, HOMMA M: Importance of increased urinary calcium excretion in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism of patients under glucocorticoid therapy. Metabolism 1983; 32: 151-6.
19. BRANDLI DW, GOLDE G, GREENWALD M, SILVERMAN SL: Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study. Steroids 1991; 56: 518-23.
20. HATTERSLEY AT, MEERAN K, BURRIN J, HILL P, SHINER R, IBBERTSON HK: The effect of long- and short-term corticosteroids on plasma calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 54: 198-202.
21. SAKAKURA M, TAKEBE K, NAGAKAWA S. Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion induced by synthetic luteinizing-release hormone by long-term treatment with glucocorticoid in human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975; 40: 774-9.
22. HSUEH AJ, ERICKSON GF: Glucocorticoid inhibition of FSH-induced estrogen production in cultured rat granulosa cells. Steroids 1978; 32: 639-48.
23. MACADAMS MR, WHITE RH, CHIPPS BE: Reduction in serum testosterone levels during chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 648-51.
24. GRONOWICZ G, McCARTHY MB, RAISZ LG: Effect of glucocorticoids stimulate resorption in fetal rat parietal bones in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5: 1223-30.
25. GOTSCHALK MF, DOWNS RW: Effect of short-term glucocorticoid on serum osteocalcin in healthy young men. J Bone Miner Res 1988; 3: 113-5.
26. HUGHES-FULFORD M, BLAUG S: Down regulation of c-fos and cell growth with up-regulation of p-53 oncogene in glucocorticoid treated osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8: S365.
27. GRONOWICZ GA, MCCARTHY MB: Glucocorticoids inhibit the attachment of osteoblasts to bone extracellular matrix proteins and decreases beta-1 integrin levels. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 598-608.
28. 2 and cortisol in bone growth in organ culture. Clin Res 1982; 30: 387A.
29. MCCARTHY TL, CENTRELLA M, CANALIS E: Cortisol inhibits the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-I in skeletal cells. Endocrinology 1990; 126: 1569-75.
30. JONSSON KB, LJUNGHALL S, KARLSTROM O, JOHANSSON AG, MALLMIN H, LJUNGGREN O: Insulin-like growth factor I enhances the formation of type I collagen in hydrocortisone-treated human osteoblasts. Biosci Rep 1993; 13: 297-302.
31. AXELROD L: Glucocorticoid therapy. Medicine 1976; 55: 39-65.
32. KELSO A, MUNCK A: Glucocorticoid inhibition of lymphokine secretion by alloreactive T lymphocyte clones. J Immunol 1984; 133: 784-91.
33. 2 and bone resorption by recombinant human interleukin-1 alfa in fetal mouse bones. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 138: 618-24.
34. CENTRELLA M, MCCARTHY TL, CANALIS E: Glucocorticoid control of transforming growth factor β activity and binding and effects in osteoblast-enriched cultures from fetal rat bone. Mol Cell Biol 1991; 11: 4490-6.
35. PFEILSHIFITER JP, SEYEDIN S, MUNDY GR: Transformed growth factor β (TGF-β) inhibits bone resorption in fetal rat long bone cultures. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 680-5.
36. AKE Y, FUNAHASHI K, SAEGUSA Y, MATSUBARA T, MIZUNO K: Cultured osteoblasts synthesize nitric oxide in response to cytokines and lipopolisaccharide. Kobe J Med 1994; 40: 125-37.
37. ROBINSON DR, TASHJIAN AH JR, LEVINE L: Prostaglandin-stimulated bone resorption in rheumatoid synovia: a possible mechanism for bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 1975; 56: 1181-8.
38. JOFFE I, EPSTEIN S: Osteoporosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenesis and management. Sem Arthritis Rheum 1991; 20: 256-272.
39. DE BENEDETTI F, MASSA M, ROBBIONI P, RAVELLI A, BURGIO GR, MARTINI A: Correlation of serum interleukin-6 levels with joint involvement and thrombocytosis in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 1158-63.
40. DE BENEDETTI F, ROBBIONI P, MASSA M, VIOLA S, ALBANI S, MARTINI A: Serum interleukin-6 and joint involvement in polyarticular and pauciarticular juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992; 10: 493-8.
41. LINKER-ISRAELI M: Cytokine abnormalities in human lupus. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 63: 10-2.
42. HUGHES FJ, HOWELLS GL: Interleukin-6 inhibits bone formation in vitro. Bone Mineral 1993; 21: 21-8.
43. GIRASOLE G, JILKA RL, PASSERI G, BOSWELL S, BODER G, WILLIAMS DC, MANOLAGAS SC: 17β-estradiol inhibits Interleukin-6 production by bone marrow-derived stromal cells and osteoblasts in vitro: a potential mechanism for the anti-osteoporotic effects of estrogens. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 883-91.
44. JILKA RL, HANGOC G, GRASOLE G, PASSERI G, WILLIAMS DC, ABRAMS JS, BOYCE B, BROXMEYER H, MANOLAGAS SC: Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss: mediation by interleukin-6. Science 1992; 257: 88-91.
45. POLI V, BALLENA R, FATTORI E, MARKATOS A, YAMAMOTO M, TANAKA H, CILIBERTO G, RODAN GA, CONSTANTINI F: Interleukin-6 deficient mice are protected from bone loss caused by estrogen depletion. EMBO J 1994; 13: 1189-96.
46. RUEGSEGGER P, MEDICI TC, ANLIKER M: Corticosteroid-induced bone loss: a longitudinal study of alternate day therapy in patients with bronchial asthma using quantitative computed tomography. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 25: 615-20.
47. HUI SL, SLEMENDA CW, JOHNSTON CC, JR: Baseline measurement of bone mass predicts fracture in white women. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 355-61.
48. KLEEREKOPER M, AVIOLI LV: Evaluation and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: FAVUS MJ (Ed.): Primer on Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 2nd edition, New York, Raven Press, 1993; 223-9.
49. GLUCK OS, MURPHY WA, HAHN TJ, HAHN B: Bone loss in adults receiving alternate day glucocorticoid therapy: a comparison with daily therapy. Arthritis Rheum 1981; 24: 892-8.
50. GENAVARI C, IMBIMBO B: Effects of prednisone and deflazacort on vertebral bone mass. Calcif Tissue Int 1985; 37: 592-3.
51. LOFTUS J, ALLEN R, HESP R, DAVID R, REID DM, WRIGHT DJ, GREEN JR, REEVE J, ANSELL BM, WOO PM: Randomized double-blind trial of deflazacort versus prednisone in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a relatively bone-sparing effect of deflazacort. Pediatrics 1991; 88: 428-36.
52. MESSINA OD, BARREIRA JC, ZANCHETTA JR, FLORES ND: Does deflazacort reduce bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving glucocorticoid therapy? J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8: S325.
53. SAMBROOK P, BIRMINGHAM J, KELLY P, KEMPLER S, NGUYEN T, POCOCK N, EISMAN J: Prevention of corticosteroid osteoporosis: a comparison of calcium, calcitriol and calcitonin. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1747-52.
54. BIKLE DB: Formulary of drugs commonly used in treatment of mineral disorders. In: FAVUS MH (Ed.): Primer on Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 2nd edition, New York, Raven Press, 1993; 414-6.
55. LINDSAY R: Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Lancet 1993; 341: 801-5.
56. ARDEN NK, LLOYD ME, SPECTOR TD, HUGHES GRV: Safety of hormone replacement therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1994; 3: 11-3.
57. LUCKERT BP, JOHNSON BE, ROBINSON RG: Estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy reduces glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. J Bone Mineral Res 1992; 7: 1063-9.
58. HALL GM, DANIELS M, DOYLE DV, SPECTOR TD: Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with and without steroids. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1499-505.
59. GRUBER HE, IVEY IL, BAYLINK DJ, CHESNUT CH: Long-term calcitonin therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Metabolism 1984; 33: 295-303.
60. FATOURECHI V, HEATH H III. Salmon calcitonin in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 923-5.
61. MONTEMURRO L, SCHIRALDI G, FRAIOLI P, TOSI G, RIBOLDI A, RIZZATO G: Prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis with salmon calcitonin. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 49: 71-6.
62. RINGE JD, WELZEL D: Salmon calcitonin in the therapy of corticoid-induced osteoporosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 33: 35-9.
63. LUENGO M, PICADO C, DEL RIO L, GUAÑABENS N, MONTSERRAT JM, SETOAIN J: Treatment of steroid-induced osteopenia with calcitonin in corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 104-7.
64. PATEL S, LYONS AR, HOSKING DJ: Drugs used in the treatment of metabolic bone disease: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs 1993; 46: 594-617.
65. WATTS NB, HARRIS ST, GENANT HK, WASNICH RD, MILLER PD, etal.: Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 73-9.
66. STORM T, THAMSBORG G, STEINICHE T, GENANT HK, SØRENSEN OH: Effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy on bone loss and fracture rate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1265-71.
67. LANE LE, GENANT HK, KINNEY JH, ENGLEMAN E: Effect of intermittent cyclic etidronate therapy for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis: interim analysis. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8: S262.
68. ADACHI JD, BENSEN WG, BIANCHI F, CIVIDINO A, CRAIG GL, et al.: Intermittent cyclic therapy with etidronate in the prevention of corticosteroid induced bone loss. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 1922-6.
69. MULDER H, STRUYS A: Intermittent cyclical etidronate in the prevention of corticosteroid-induced bone loss. Br J Rheumatol 1994; 33: 348-50.
70. SKINGLE SJ, CRISP AJ: Etidronate prevents corticosteroid-induced bone loss from lumbar spine but not from the neck of the femur. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 54: 353.
71. SIRIS ES: Paget's disease of the bone. In: FAVUS MJ (Ed.): Primer on Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 2nd ed., New York, Raven Press, 1993; 375-84.
72. LAMY O, KRIEG MA, BIGLER JM, BURCKHARDT P, THIELBAUD D: Intravenous pamidronate prevents corticosteroid-induced bone loss: a prospective controlled study. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 54: 351.
73. GALLAGHER SJ, FENNER JAK, ANDERSON K, BRYDEN FM, BANHAM SW, LOGUE FC, COWAN RA, BOYLE IT: Intravenous pamidronate in the treatment of osteoporosis associated with corticosteroid dependent lung diseases: an open pilot study. Thorax 1992; 47: 932-6.
74. HOEKMAN K, PAPAPOULOS SE, PETERS ACB, BIJVOET OLM: Characteristics and bisphosphonate treatment of a patients with juvenile osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Met 1985; 61: 952-6.
75. REID IR, ALEXANDER CJ, KING AR, IBBERTSON HK: Prevention of steroid-induced osteoporosis with 3-amino-1 hydroxypropylidene-1, 1 bisphosphonate (APD). Lancet 1988; i: 143-6.
76. REID IR, SCHOOLER BA, STEWART AW: Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5: 619-23.
77. REID IR, HEAP SW, KING AR, IBBERTSON HK: Two-year follow-up of bisphosphonate (APD) treatment in steroid osteoporosis. Lancet 1988; ii: 1144-5.
78. LIBERMAN UA, WEISS SR, BROLL J, et al.: Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1437-43.
79. KRANE SM: Etidronate disodium in the treatment of Paget's disease of the bone. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96: 619-29.
80. EVANS RA, DUNSTAN CR, HILLS E, WONG SYD: Pathologic fracture due to severe osteomalacia following low-dose disphosphonate treatment of Paget's disease of the bone. Aust NZ J Med 1983; 13: 277-9.
81. RIGGS BL, HODGSON SF, O'FALLON M, CHAO EYS, WAHNER HW: Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 802-9.
82. KLEEREKOPER PM, PETERSON E, PHILLIPS E, NELSON D, TILLEY B, et al.: Continuous fluoride therapy does not reduce vertebral fracture in postmenopause osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1989; 4: S379.