Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sewage sludge: Sources and fate following sludge application to land

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 185, Issue 1-3, 1996, Pages 109-123

  McLachlan, Michael S ^a   Horstmann, Michael ^a   Hinkel, Margit ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Agricultural land; Dibenzofurans; Organic contaminants; PCDD F; Polychlorinated dibenzo p dioxins; Sewage sludge; Waste disposal

Indexed keywords

DIBENZOFURAN; DIOXIN; ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AGRICULTURE; BIOACCUMULATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; FOOD CHAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SLUDGE; SLUDGE DISPOSAL; SOIL POLLUTION;

EID: 0029934352     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05046-2     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (77)

1. K.-H. Lindner, Rechtliche und technische Anforderungen an die Klärschlammentsorgung. Organohalogen Compounds, 16 (1993) 39-94.
2. H. Hagenmaier, H. Brunner, R. Haag and A. Bechthold, PCDDs and PCDFs in sewage sludge, river and lake sediments from south West Germany. Chemosphere, 15 (1986) 1421-1428.
3. H. Hagenmaier, H. Brunner, W. Knapp and U. Weberuß, Untersuchungen der Gehalte an polychlorierten Dibenzodioxinen, polychlorierten Dibenzofuranen und ausgewählten Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Klärschlämmen; Final Report for the German Federal Environmental Office, Berlin, Nr. 103 03 305, 1988.
4. H. Hagenmaier, C. Lindig and J. She, Correlation of environmental occurrences of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans with possible sources. Organohalogen Compounds, 12 (1993) 271-274.
5. xDF). Organohalogen Compounds, 6 (1991) 21-59.
6. R. Butzkamm-Erker and R.E. Mach, Neuere Daten über Dioxingehalte in Klärschlämmen. Korrespondenz Abwasser, 37 (1990) 161-163.
7. H. Friege, P. Bachhausen, W. Leuchs, J. Alberti, B. Jonke, I. Klinke, R. Reupert and E. Plöger, Belastung von Klärschlammen mit organischen Schadstoffen-Untersuchungsergebnisse und Konsequenzen; keywords ergänzen. Vom Wasser, 73 (1989) 413-427.
8. M. Horstmann, A. Kaune, M.S. McLachlan, M. Reissinger and O. Hutzinger, Temporal variability of PCDD/F concentrations in sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 25 (1992) 1463-1468.
9. M. Horstmann, M.S. McLachlan and M. Reissinger, Investigations of the origin of PCDD/F in municipal sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 27 (1993) 113-120.
10. R. Gihr, W. Klöpffer, G. Rippen, H. Partsch, U. Stoll and J. Müller, Investigations on potential sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 23 (1991) 1653-1659.
11. D. G. Barnes, Toxicity equivalents and EPA's risk assessment of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Sci. Total Environ., 104 (1991) 73-86.
12. D. Schulz, PCDD/PCDF - German policy and measures to protect man and the environment. Chemosphere, 27 (1993) 501-507.
13. F.W. Kutz, D.G. Barnes, D.P. Bottimore, H. Greim and E.W. Bretthauer, The International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) Method of risk assessment for complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds. Chemosphere, 20 (1990) 751-757.
14. H. Friege, H.P. Buysch, A. Leuschs, A. Hembrock and W. König, Belastung von Klärschlämmen und Böden mit organischen Schadstoffen. Korrespondenz Abwasser, 36 (1989) 601-608.
15. H. Hagenmaier, Bundesweite Analyse von Klärschlämmen auf polychlorierte Dibenzo-p-dioxine und polychlorierte Dibenzofurane mit statistischer Stichprobenplanung und Quellenanalyse; Final Report for the German Federal Environmental Office, Berlin, Nr. 103 03 532, 1990.
16. C. Näf, D. Broman, R. Ishaq and Y. Zebühr, PCDDs and PCDFs in water, sludge and air samples from various levels in a waste water treatment plant with respect to composition changes and total flux. Chemosphere, 20 (1990) 1503-1510.
17. C. Rappe, L.-O. Kjeller and R. Andersson, Analyses of PCDDs and PCDFs in sludge and water samples. Chemosphere, 19 (1989) 13-20.
18. D. Broman, C. Näf, C. Rolff and Y. Zebühr, Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in soil and digested sewage sludge from Stockholm, Sweden. Chemosphere, 21 (1990) 1213-1220.
19. A. Sewart, S.J. Harrad, M.S. McLachlan, S.P. McGrath and K.C. Jones, PCDD/Fs and Non-o-PCBs in digested UK sewage sludges. Chemosphere, 30 (1995) 51-67.
20. W.A. Telliard, H.B. McCarty, J.R. King and J.B. Hoffman, USEPA national sewage sludge survey for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Organohalogen Compounds, 2 (1990) 307-310.
21. A.K.W. Ho and R.E. Clement, Chlorinated dioxins/furans in sewage and sludge of municipal water pollution control plants. Chemosphere, 20 (1990) 1549-1552.
22. C. Rappe, R. Andersson, G. Karlaganis and R. Bonjour, PCDDs and PCDFs in samples of sewage sludge from various areas in Switzerland. Organohalogen Compounds, 20 (1994) 79-84.
23. W. Klöpffer, G. Rippen, R. Gihr, H. Partsch, U. Stoll and J. Müller, Untersuchungen über mögliche Quellen der polychlorierten Dibenzodioxine und Dibenzofurane in Klärschlämmen; Final Report for the German Federal Environmental Office, Berlin, UFOPLAN No. 103 03 531, Battelle No. R-67.234-3, 1990.
24. H. Hagenmaier and H. Brunner, Isomer specific analysis of pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenolate for 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD and PCDF at sub-ppb levels. Chemosphere, 16 (1987) 1759-1764.
25. K. Lexén, C. de Wit, B. Jansson, L.-O. Kjeller, S.-E. Kulp, K. Ljung, G. Söderström and C. Rappe, Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran levels and patterns in samples from different Swedish industries analysed within the Swedish dioxin survey. Chemosphere, 27 (1993) 163-170.
26. M. Horstmann, Untersuchungen zu nicht-industriellen Quellen von Polychlorierten Dibenzo-p-Dioxinen (PCDD) und Polychlorierten Dibenzofuranen (PCDF) in einem kommunalen Entwässerungssystem. PhD Thesis, Verlag Shaker, Aachen, (1994).
27. M. Horstmann and M.S. McLachlan, Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) in urban runoff and household wastewater. Chemosphere, 31 (1995) 2887-2896.
28. M. Horstmann and M.S. McLachlan, Textiles as a source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in human skin and sewage sludge. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1 (1994) 15-20.
29. M. Horstmann and M.S. McLachlan, Results of an initial survey of polychorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) in textiles. Chemosphere, 31 (1995) 2579-2585.
30. L.G. Öberg and C. Rappe, Biochemical formation of PCDD/Fs from chlorophenols. Chemosphere, 25 (1992) 49-52.
31. L.G. Öberg, R. Andersson and C. Rappe, De novo formation of hepta- and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins from pentachlorophenol in municipal sewage sludge. Organohalogen Compounds, 9 (1992) 351-354.
32. R. Abendt, W. Balzer and P. Pluschke, Formation of PCDD/F during drying process of sewage sludge. Organohalogen Compounds, 11 (1993) 289-292.
33. E. Bacci, M.J. Cerejeira, C. Gaggi, G. Chemello, D. Calamari and M. Vighi, Chlorinated dioxins: volatilization from soils and bioconcentration in plant leaves. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol., 48 (1992) 401-408.
34. S. Kieatiwong, L.V. Nguyen, V.R. Hebert, M. Hackett, G.C. Miller, M.J. Miille and R. Mitzel, Photolysis of chlorinated dioxins in organic solvents and on soils. Environ. Sci. Technol., 24 (1990) 1575-1580.
35. H.R. Buser, Preparation of qualitative standard mixtures of polychorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans by ultraviolet and gamma-irradiation of the octachloro compounds. J. Chromatogr., 129 (1976) 303-307.
36. A.J. Dobbs and C. Grant, Photolysis of highly chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins by sunlight. Nature, 278 (1979) 163-165.
37. J.K. McCrady and S.P. Maggard, Uptake and photodegradation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin sorbed to grass foliage. Environ. Sci. Technol., 27 (1993) 343-350.
38. G.C. Miller, V.R. Hebert, M.J. Miille, R. Mitzel and R.G. Zepp, Photolysis of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on soils: production of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Chemosphere, 18 (1989) 1265-1274.
39. M. Tysklind, A.E. Carey, C. Rappe and G.C. Miller, Photolysis of OCDF and OCDD on soil. Organohalogen Compounds, 8 (1992) 293-296.
40. K. Schwarz and M.S. McLachlan, The fate of PCDD/F in sewage sludge applied to an agricultural soil. Organohalogen Compounds, 12 (1993) 155-158.
41. R.A. Freeman and J.M. Schroy, Comparison of the rate of TCDD transport at Times Beach and at Eglin AFB. Chemosphere, 18 (1989) 1305-1312.
42. H. Hagenmaier, J. She and C. Lindig, Persistence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in contaminated soil at Maulach and Rastatt in southwest Germany. Chemosphere, 25 (1992) 1449-1456.
43. M.S. McLachlan, A. Sewart and K.C. Jones, Persistence of PCDD/Fs in a sludge-amended soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. Submitted.
44. C. Markard, Organische Stoffe in Klärschlämmen -Eine Gefahr für die Nahrungskette? Teil I. Korrespondenz Abwasser, 35 (1988) 449-455.
45. C. Markard, Organische Stoffe in Klärschlammen -Eine Gefahr für die Nahrungskette? Teil II. Korrespondenz Abwasser, 35 (1988) 582-586.
46. R. Duarte-Davidson, P. Clayton, B. Davis, C. Halsall and K.C. Jones, PCDDs and PCDFs in British urban air and deposition. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1 (1994) 262-270.
47. K.C. Jones, R. Duarte-Davidson and S.J. Harrad, PCDD/Fs in Air, Deposition and Herbage around the Coalite Works, Bolsover, Derbyshire. Report on HMIP Contract PECD 7/9/660. (1995).
48. M.S. McLachlan and M. Reissinger, Der Einfluß der Klärschlammdüngung auf die Konzentrationen organischer Schadstoffe in Böden - Ein Beispiel aus Nordostbayern. VDI Berichte, 837 (1990) 475-488.
49. M.S. McLachlan, M. Hinkel, M. Reissinger, M. Hippelein and H. Kaupp, A study on the influence of sewage sludge fertilization on the concentrations of PCDD/F and PCB in soil and milk. Environ. Pollut., 85 (1994) 337-343.
50. B. Birmingham, A. Gilman, D. Grant, J. Salminen, M. Boddington, B. Thorpe, I. Wile, P. Toft and V. Armstrong, PCDD/PCDF multimedia exposure analysis for the Canadian population: detailed exposure estimation. Chemosphere, 19 (1989) 637-642.
51. H. Beck, A. Droß and W. Mathar, PCDDs, PCDFs, and related contaminants in the German food supply. Chemosphere, 25 (1992) 1539-1550.
52. P. Fürst, C. Fürst and W. Groebel, Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in food-stuffs from the Federal Republic of Germany. Chemosphere, 20 (1990) 787-792.
53. A. Hülster and H. Marschner, Transfer of PCDD/PCDF from contaminated soils to food and fodder crop plants. Chemosphere, 27 (1993) 439-446.
54. J.F. Müller, A. Hülster, O. Päpke, M. Ball and H. Marschner, Transfer pathways of PCDD/PCDF to fruits. Chemosphere, 27 (1993) 195-201.
55. R. Schroll and I. Scheunert, Uptake pathways of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from soil by carrots. Chemosphere, 26 (1993) 1631-1640.
56. J.K. McCrady, C. McFarlane and L.K. Gander, The transport and fate of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in soybean and corn. Chemosphere, 21 (1990) 359-376.
57. A. Hülster, J.F. Müller and H. Marschner, Soil-plant transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to vegetables of the cucumber family (Cucurbitaceae). Environ. Sci. Technol., 28 (1994) 1110-1115.
58. R.M.C. Theelen, A.K.D. Liem, W. Slob and J.H. van Wijnen, Intake of 2,3,7,8 chlorine substituted dioxins, furans and planar PCBs from food in the Netherlands: median and distribution. Chemosphere, 27 (1993) 1625-1635.
59. U. Ruoff, W. Heeschen, H. Nijhuis and A. Blüthgen, Untesuchungen zur Bedeutung von Tränkewasser für die Kontamination der Milch mit polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB). Kieler Milchwirtschaftliche Forschungsberichte, 40 (1988) 71-80.
60. M.S. McLachlan, H. Thoma, M. Reissinger and O. Hutzinger, PCDD/F in an agricultural food chain. Part 1: PCDD/F mass balance of a lactating cow. Chemosphere, 20 (1990) 1013-1020.
61. J.B. Stevens and E.N. Gerbec, Dioxin in the agricultural food chain. Risk Anal., 8 (1988) 329-335.
62. P.L.M. Berende, Grondopname door melkkoeien, Internal Report No. 312, Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands, 1990.
63. W.B. Healy, Ingestion of soil by dairy cows. New Zealand J. Agric. Res., 11 (1968) 487-499.
64. G.F. Fries, G.S. Marrow and P.A. Snow, Soil ingestion by dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 65 (1981) 611-618.
65. G.F. Fries and G.S. Marrow, Influence of soil properties on the uptake of hexachlorobiphenyls by rats. Chemosphere, 24 (1992) 109-113.
66. G.F. Fries, G.S. Marrow and C.J. Somich, Oral bioavailability of aged polychlorinated biphenyl residues contained in soil. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 43 (1989) 683-690.
67. G.F. Fries, Bioavailability of soil-borne polybrominated biphenyls ingested by farm animals. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 16 (1985) 565-579.
68. T.H. Umbreit, E.J. Hesse and M.A. Gallo, Bioavailability of dioxin in soil from a 2,4,5-T manufacturing site. Science, 232 (1986) 497-499.
69. D. Jones, S.H. Safe, E. Morcom, M. Holcomb, C. Coppock and W. Ivie, Bioavailabilty of grain and soil-borne tritiated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) administered to lactating Holstein cows. Chemosphere, 18 (1989) 1257-1263.
70. H. Poiger and C. Schlatter, Influence of solvents and adsorbents on dermal and intestinal absorption of TCDD. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 18 (1980) 477-481.
71. H.J.G.M. Derks, P.L.M. Berende, M. Oiling, H. Everts, A.K.D. Liem and A.P.J.M. de Jong, Pharmacokinetic modeling of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) in cows. Chemosphere, 28 (1994) 711-715.
72. T. Jilg, W. Müller, H. Hagenmaier and O. Päpke, Carry-over of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) from feed into the milk of the dairy cow. Agribiol. Res., 45 (1992) 303-310.
73. 13C-labelled polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in lactating cows. Chemosphere, 23 (1991) 1377-1385.
74. D.S. Jensen and R.A. Hummel, Secretion of TCDD in milk and cream following the feeding of TCDD to lactating dairy cows. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 29 (1981) 440-446.
75. D.J. Jensen, R.A. Hummel, N.H. Mahle, C.W. Kocher and H.S. Higgins, A residue study on beef cattle consuming 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 29 (1981) 265-268.
76. D. Firestone, M. Clower, Jr., A.P. Borsetti, R.H. Teske and P.E. Long, Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and pentachlorophenol residues in milk and blood of cows fed technical pentachlorophenol. J. Agric. Food Chem., 27 (1994) 1171-1177.
77. M.S. McLachlan, Exposure Toxicity Equivalents (ETEs): a plea for more environmental chemistry in dioxin risk assessment. Chemosphere, 27 (1993) 483-490.